交通工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯The-Evolution-of-Transport

1、The Evolution of Transport 交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)的開(kāi)展The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth s history Transport s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials But with the formation of tribes， then peoples， a

2、nd finally nations， the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals ， clans， households， and animals to protect them against， and to escape from ， the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggression，s and in the s

3、earch for the best places to settleAs tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity， transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development， to provide access to natural resources， to promote intercommunal trade ， and to mobilize territorial defense When th

4、e first nations came into being， transport played a major role in establishing national integrity交通運(yùn)輸?shù)拈_(kāi)展一直密切聯(lián)系在一起的人類(lèi)開(kāi)展的整個(gè)地球的歷史。 運(yùn)輸?shù)脑缙诠δ苁菫榱藵M足提供食物供應(yīng)和搬運(yùn)建筑材料。 但是 隨著部落甚至最后國(guó)家的形成，運(yùn)輸?shù)纳鐣?huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)功能越來(lái)越復(fù)雜。起初有需要調(diào)動(dòng)個(gè)人，家族，家庭和動(dòng)物以保護(hù)他們的反對(duì)，并逃避自然災(zāi)害和部族侵略的危險(xiǎn)， 尋找最好的地方定居。 隨著種族部落的形成和地理界線的逐步確定，開(kāi)發(fā)新區(qū)域、開(kāi)采新資源、開(kāi)展社區(qū)間的貿(mào)易以及保衛(wèi)領(lǐng)地， 這些都日益需要交通

5、的開(kāi)展。 當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,在建立全國(guó)的完整性方面,交通運(yùn)輸扮演著重要角色。After basic societal needs had generally been attended to ， local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic， cultural ， and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regions Again ， transport pro

6、vided the mobility required for such intertribal, international， and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society ， represented today through the international family of nations ， transport as physical process of moving

7、 people and goods， thus promoting such development， continuously underwent technological and organizational change s Such changes were induced by several factors and circumstancesIn fact， today s transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in resp

8、onse to societal requirements and preferences根本的社會(huì)需求一般都得到照顧后，當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)可以越來(lái)越多地奉獻(xiàn)自己的努力，用來(lái)加強(qiáng)與其他國(guó)家的人民和他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易聯(lián)系，文化和科技開(kāi)展。 而且交通提供了諸如部落間、 國(guó)際間乃至于洲際間便利的貿(mào)易和文化交流。 在向有組織的人類(lèi)社會(huì)的演變過(guò)程中， 這種組織在今天是通過(guò)由各國(guó)組成的國(guó)際化大家庭表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的， 交通作為人與貨物移動(dòng)的物理過(guò)程， 電促進(jìn)了這種開(kāi)展， 不斷地經(jīng)歷著技術(shù)與組織方面的改變。這些變化是由多種因素和情況引起的。事實(shí)上 ,今 天的運(yùn)輸在它的各種形態(tài)和組織仍然高度受變化的社會(huì)需求和偏好的回應(yīng)。Clear

9、ly ， the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency For centuries， and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics ， society required reliable ， fast ， and low cost transport The search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrained There were t

10、imes in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronounce，dand quick solutions were required for national self-defense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisi

11、ve element for survival, and sometimes victory. Subsequently refined and developed, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.顯然 ,首先也是最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是運(yùn)輸效率。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，特別是在地方經(jīng)濟(jì)起飛階段，社會(huì)需要可靠、快速、低本錢(qián)的運(yùn)輸。為尋找適宜的技術(shù)相對(duì)不受限制。 在人類(lèi)歷

12、史上有可靠的時(shí)候， 快速運(yùn)輸?shù)男枨笥绕涿黠@，快速的解決方法，為國(guó)家自衛(wèi)所需的時(shí)間。在當(dāng)?shù)睾蛧?guó)際沖突的時(shí)期內(nèi)， 人類(lèi)的聰明才智設(shè)計(jì)出新的傳輸技術(shù)， 可往往被證明是為逃生、 有時(shí)也是為了勝利， 的決定性因素。 隨后完善和開(kāi)展，這種新技術(shù)使我們能夠更好地滿足日益增加的運(yùn)輸需求， 從而改善雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)展和人類(lèi)福祉。The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliab

13、le and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent conce

14、ntration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.為更好的戰(zhàn)略機(jī)動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)努力提高海上和陸路運(yùn)輸?shù)男枰?。這導(dǎo)致了更大，更快的船，更可靠，穩(wěn)固的地面車(chē)輛。最后，詳細(xì)介紹了汽船，鐵路，然后是汽車(chē)的例證。研究和運(yùn)輸領(lǐng)域的開(kāi)展終于成為一個(gè)具體的目標(biāo)和組織目標(biāo)的承諾。 隨之而來(lái)的是專(zhuān)家的集中， 越來(lái)越復(fù)雜的運(yùn)輸技術(shù)的進(jìn)化,如飛機(jī),和最新的火箭推進(jìn)器。The

15、 gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today s transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and

16、 belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.其中包括空中、 路面和水上運(yùn)輸。 特殊行業(yè)的需求， 引起了開(kāi)展出相當(dāng)有限的應(yīng)用的運(yùn)輸模式，如管道，電纜和傳送帶。因?yàn)楫?dāng)前社會(huì)的需求和喜好，以及經(jīng)濟(jì)要求的本錢(qián)效益，現(xiàn)有的各種運(yùn)輸方式一般都能完成特定功 能。Al

17、though transports potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As

18、a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized th

19、at the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.盡管運(yùn)輸?shù)臐摿σ詽M足社會(huì)的流動(dòng)性需要而水平不斷提高，但很明顯， 這種效果有其代價(jià)。 大量的交通技術(shù)要求和隱含的能耗高的巨大的資金投入生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)。 因此， 一些運(yùn)輸方式對(duì)使用者來(lái)說(shuō)是昂貴的。 這引起權(quán)益問(wèn)題， 因?yàn)樾枰Ц哆\(yùn)作本錢(qián)費(fèi)用是不是所有的人口群體負(fù)擔(dān)， 從而限制其流動(dòng)性和福利。 許多國(guó)家的政府選擇了運(yùn)輸補(bǔ)貼，但很快就意識(shí)到，預(yù)算往往對(duì)其國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)造成嚴(yán)重的扭曲。Pollution caused by various

20、 transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environmen

21、t have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.各種運(yùn)輸方式污染造成的，逐漸成為另一問(wèn)題，如同世界大多數(shù)國(guó)家需要應(yīng)付不斷上升的商品流動(dòng)和人的旅行量嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。 在一些地區(qū)具有高濃度的人口和產(chǎn)業(yè)， 這種對(duì)環(huán)境的不利影響已到達(dá)很高的水平。這種損害是這些影響尚未得到充分開(kāi)發(fā)。Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly

22、 impeded transport services and operations. Most existing transport modes are critically dependent on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning. With unabated growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily. In

23、particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has caused serious inflationary problems to arise in many countries. Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their cur

24、rent accounts.最后，這些問(wèn)題引起世界能源資源的日益減少，特別是石油，已越來(lái)越多地阻礙交通效勞和操作。 大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有的運(yùn)輸方式都是以依賴(lài) 石油衍生品才能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 隨著需求量的增長(zhǎng)與不衰減得運(yùn)輸和能源 供應(yīng)的有限，逐步提供運(yùn)輸?shù)谋惧X(qián)已經(jīng)穩(wěn)步增加。特別是，石油需求和石油供應(yīng)不均衡造成了嚴(yán)重的通貨膨脹問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)在許多國(guó)家。 尤其沉重的打擊與對(duì)外部石油供應(yīng)， 其中也經(jīng)歷了他們的經(jīng)常帳赤字增長(zhǎng)局部或完全依賴(lài)國(guó)家。The transport sector s increasing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress. Energy-supply constraints, high capital and operating costs