高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)：“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 完成時(shí)”的語(yǔ)法用法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)（素材）

1、高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重難點(diǎn) 高考學(xué)習(xí)/復(fù)習(xí)微專題【高頻考點(diǎn)精講版全國(guó)通用】02“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成時(shí)”的語(yǔ)法用法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)課本中有這樣一個(gè)句子：Frederick William I, the king of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history.普魯士國(guó)王威廉一世絕不可能想到，他送給俄羅斯人民的厚禮會(huì)有這樣一段令人驚訝的歷史。句中could never have imagined表示什么含義呢？同學(xué)們可能會(huì)碰到這樣

2、的問題：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后必須接動(dòng)詞原形嗎？如果不是動(dòng)詞原形而是完成式，那么表達(dá)的意思是什么呢？所謂的“動(dòng)詞原形”，指的是跟在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面的那個(gè)動(dòng)詞要用原形。事實(shí)上，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面的動(dòng)詞，除了原形以外，可用進(jìn)行式、完成式等。例如：She might be waiting for you.她可能在等你。You must have seen him.你一定見過他了。She may have missed her train.她可能誤火車了。The door must have been locked by my wife.門一定是我妻子鎖的。課本中，could have imagined即是“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完

3、成時(shí)”結(jié)構(gòu)，在這里表示對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè)。注意，原句用的是否定形式，表示“過去不可能發(fā)生的情況”（could never have imagined意為“不可能想到”）。本文對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后用完成時(shí)的情況，以及所表達(dá)的語(yǔ)法意義，做一點(diǎn)總結(jié)。一、must have done的用法must have done表示“對(duì)過去情況肯定的推測(cè)”。該結(jié)構(gòu)只用于肯定句。意為“一定做過某事；肯定做了某事”。Rosa must have attended the party last night.羅莎昨天晚上一定參加了晚會(huì)。Angus must have read the book before.安格斯以前一定讀過這本

4、書。It must have rained last night, for the road is all wet.昨晚一定下過雨，因?yàn)榈缆范际菨竦摹！咀⒁狻坑⒄Z(yǔ)中不存在must not have done的說法，must have done的否定式是cant /couldnt have done二、may/might have done的用法1. may/might have done表示“對(duì)過去情況不肯定的推測(cè)”，might的語(yǔ)氣比may弱。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以是肯定句，意為“可能做過某事”；也可以是否定句。意為“可能沒有做過某事”。但不可以是疑問句，若表示疑問，則用Can/Could . hav

5、e done?She may have read it in the papers.她可能在報(bào)上已讀到過此事。They may not have known it before hand.他們事先可能不知道這事兒。You might have known about it from Milla.你可能從米拉那兒了解了此事。He might have gone to have his hair cut.他可能理發(fā)去了。There might have been someone waiting outside.可能曾有人在外面等候。Ill try phoning him, but he may h

6、ave gone out by now.我要給他打電話，但他現(xiàn)在可能出去了。She may have missed her train.她可能誤火車了。2.might have done表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性該結(jié)構(gòu)僅限于使用might,不用may。表示過去本來(lái)可以發(fā)生，而實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生的情況，即“過去本來(lái)可以做某事，而實(shí)際沒有做”。通常譯為“本來(lái)可以”，“本來(lái)可能”等。例如：A lot of men died who might have been saved.很多人本來(lái)可以獲救的卻死了。He came home alone. You shouldnt have let him do that;

7、 he might have got lost.他獨(dú)自回家了。你本不應(yīng)當(dāng)讓他那么做的，他可能會(huì)迷路的。You were stupid to try climbing up there. You might have killed yourself.你從那兒往上爬，太蠢了，你可能會(huì)摔死的。You might have phoned to let us know where you were.你本來(lái)可以打個(gè)電話讓我們知道你在哪。有時(shí)，也可根據(jù)語(yǔ)境譯為“好在沒有”，“差點(diǎn)”，尤其是當(dāng)談?wù)摰氖遣焕闆r時(shí)。如：It was really very dangerous. You might have in

8、jured him.真是很懸，你差點(diǎn)把他打傷了It was really very dangerous. I might have killed myself.那真的是太危險(xiǎn)了，我差點(diǎn)沒命了。3. might have done除了含有上述的意思外，還表示批評(píng)或責(zé)備即表示過去本來(lái)有責(zé)任或義務(wù)應(yīng)該做某事的，但實(shí)際上卻沒有做成，含有批評(píng)和責(zé)備的意味，通常譯為“本來(lái)應(yīng)該”，“本來(lái)可以”等，用法同上。例如：You might have let me know before!你要是早點(diǎn)讓我知道就好了!She might have told me she was going to stay out all

9、 night.她要是一夜不回來(lái)，應(yīng)事先告訴我一聲呀。You might have taken the trouble to tell me the meeting was put off.你本來(lái)可以費(fèi)心告訴我一聲會(huì)議推遲了的。You might have told us half an hour ago.你半個(gè)鐘頭前告訴我們就好了。4.might have done用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣在虛擬條件句中，當(dāng)談?wù)撨^去的情況時(shí)，其句型通常是：主句用“could/would/might +have+過去分詞”，if從句用過去完成時(shí)。例如：We might have arrived earlier if we h

10、ad taken the other road.如果我們當(dāng)時(shí)走了另一條路，就可能到得早一些。If you had left it there, someone might have stolen it.要是你當(dāng)時(shí)把那東西落在那里，就可能有人把它偷走。If the weather hadnt been so bad, we might have gone out.如果天氣不是那么壞，我們可能都出去了。I might have saved his life if I had found him earlier.要是我那時(shí)早點(diǎn)找到他的話，我可能會(huì)把他救活的。三、can/could have done

11、的用法1.can/could have done表示“對(duì)過去的可能性推測(cè)”，could的語(yǔ)氣較can弱。該結(jié)構(gòu)表推測(cè)時(shí)無(wú)肯定式，一般用于否定句和疑問句。否定句表示“過去不可能發(fā)生過某事”，它是must have done的否定式；疑問句表示“過去可能發(fā)生過某事嗎”。例如：He cant have forgotten it.他不可能已忘記此事。Can he have gone to his aunts?他有可能到他姑姑家去了嗎？I saw Mr. Zhang just now and he couldnt have gone to Beijing.我剛才看見張先生了，他不可能去了北京。Why d

12、oes he know this? Could someone have told him about it?他怎么知道?會(huì)是哪個(gè)人告訴他了嗎?We could not have heard them because of the noise from the river.由于有河水聲我們不能聽見他們的話。Can he have left already?他會(huì)已經(jīng)離開了嗎?They cant have gone out because the lights on.他們不可能出去了，因?yàn)闊暨€亮著。注意：在非正式英語(yǔ)或口語(yǔ)中，偶見到could have done也可用于肯定句，表示推測(cè)：She c

13、ould have forgotten to tell him.她可能忘記告訴他了。Tom could have taken the money; he was here alone yesterday.有可能是湯姆把錢拿走了，昨天他單獨(dú)一個(gè)人在這里呆過。In the example mentioned above, either method of construction could have been used.在上面提到的例子中，兩種建造方法均可能用過。2. could have done表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性該結(jié)構(gòu)僅限于使用could，不用can。表示過去本來(lái)有能力、有可能、有打算、有

14、選擇做某事的，但實(shí)際上卻沒有那樣做。即“過去本來(lái)可能做某事，而實(shí)際沒有做”。通常譯為“本來(lái)可以”，“本來(lái)能夠”等。例如：You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.你本可能做得更好，但你沒有盡力。We could have got in for nothingnobody was collecting tickets.我們本可以不買票就進(jìn)去根本沒人收票。I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.我本可以輕易通過考試

15、，但我犯了太多不該犯的錯(cuò)誤。You could have stayed with me when you were in this city on business.在這個(gè)城市出差時(shí)你本能夠和我住在一起的。She could have been seriously injured.她本來(lái)可能傷得很重的。Its difficult enough, but it could have been worse.這事情夠困難的了，本來(lái)可能會(huì)更糟呢！I could have given you some hints, but I suppose you thought yourself too grand

16、.我本可以給你點(diǎn)提示的，但是我認(rèn)為你太自負(fù)了。I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me?我本來(lái)可以借這筆錢給你的，你為什么不向我提出?You neednt have walked up; you could have taken the lift.你沒必要走著上去，你本來(lái)可以乘電梯的。有時(shí)，也可根據(jù)語(yǔ)境譯為“好在沒有”，“差點(diǎn)”，尤其是當(dāng)談?wù)摰氖遣焕闆r時(shí)。如：She felt miserable. She could have cried.她感到很痛苦，她差點(diǎn)哭了。That was a had place to go skii

17、ngyou could have broken your leg.那不是一個(gè)滑雪的好地方，好在你沒有把腿給摔斷。Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? Somebody could have been hurt.你為什么把瓶子扔出窗外呢?好在沒有砸傷人。3.could have done除了含有上述的意思外，還表示批評(píng)或責(zé)備即表示過去本來(lái)有責(zé)任或義務(wù)應(yīng)該做某事的，但實(shí)際上卻沒有做成，含有批評(píng)和責(zé)備的意味，通常譯為“本來(lái)應(yīng)該”，“本來(lái)可以”等，用法同上。例如：You could have helped mewhy did you just

18、sit and watch?你本來(lái)可以幫我一把嘛為什么你只是坐在那兒觀望呢?I am disappointed that you didnt tell me. You should have told me.你沒告訴我，我感到很失望，你本來(lái)應(yīng)該告訴我的。4.could have done用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣在虛擬條件句中，當(dāng)談?wù)撨^去的情況時(shí)，其句型通常是：主句用“could/would/might +have+過去分詞”，if從句用過去完成時(shí)。例如：You could have been killed if I hadnt warned you.我如不是警告了你，你就可能喪命了。If he had k

19、nown the facts, he could have told us what to do.如果他了解事實(shí)，他是可能告訴我們?cè)鯓幼龅?。If you had come sooner, you could have helped us.你如早來(lái)一點(diǎn)，就會(huì)幫上我們了。I could have told them what happened if anybody had asked me.如果有誰(shuí)問過我，我可以告訴他們發(fā)生了什么情況。四、should have done的用法1. should have done表示“過去本應(yīng)做某事，但實(shí)際沒有做”，其否定式shouldnt have done表

20、示“過去不該做某事，但實(shí)際卻做了”。這種句式含有不滿或責(zé)備之意，通?？勺g為“本來(lái)應(yīng)該”；其否定式意為“本來(lái)不該”。ought to可以跟should換用，但語(yǔ)氣比should強(qiáng)烈。例如：You should have finished your homework.(But you didnt.)你本應(yīng)該完成你的作業(yè)了。（但是你卻沒有。）You should have reported the matter to the police.你本應(yīng)該把這件事報(bào)告警察。I beg your pardon. I suppose I should have knocked.對(duì)不起，我想我應(yīng)該先敲一下門的。如

21、果是否定式，則表示本來(lái)不該發(fā)生的情況卻發(fā)生了。例如：You shouldnt have told her the news.(But you did.)你本不應(yīng)該把這個(gè)消息告訴他。（但你卻已告訴。）You shouldnt have opened her letter.你是不應(yīng)該拆她的信的。She shouldnt have stood in a queue. She should have got tickets from the machine.她本來(lái)就不該去排隊(duì)，她應(yīng)該在售票機(jī)那兒買票。該用法中的should也可換成ought to，意思不變。例如：You should (ought t

22、o) have told us earlier.你應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)告訴我們的。You shouldnt (oughtnt to) have parked there.你本不該把車停在這里。2.表示對(duì)過去情況的主觀推測(cè)指對(duì)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況作主觀猜測(cè)，其意為“大概已經(jīng)”，“應(yīng)該已經(jīng)”。例如：The letter should have arrived by now.信函現(xiàn)在該到達(dá)了。I wonder why he should have been so angry.我想不通他怎么會(huì)這樣生氣。該用法中的should也可換成ought to，意思不變。例如：The train should (ought t

23、o) have already left.火車大概已經(jīng)開走了吧。但是，我認(rèn)為，should表推測(cè)時(shí)僅限于使用肯定形式，不能用否定形式。否則，就不是推測(cè)。這一點(diǎn)跟must表推測(cè)的用法是一致的，must一旦使用了否定形式，就不表示推測(cè)。You should have no problem with reading this language.讀這種語(yǔ)言你應(yīng)該沒問題。The doctor says it will take six weeks and I should be fine by then.醫(yī)生說需要6周時(shí)間，到那時(shí)我就會(huì)好了。3.表示驚訝對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況表示驚訝或不理解，通常含有“竟然”

24、的意味。例如：It is a pity that he should have failed in the exam.他考試竟然沒有及格，真是可惜。I cant think why he should have said that it was my fault.我真不明白，他怎么竟然說這是我的過錯(cuò)。Its strange that he should have left without telling us.奇怪，他竟沒有和我們說一聲就走了。4.用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣在虛擬條件句中，當(dāng)談?wù)撨^去的情況時(shí)，其句型通常是：主句用“could/would/should /might +have+過去分詞”，i

25、f從句用過去完成時(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的“should+have+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，僅限于使用第一人稱。例如：If I had seen her I should have invited her.我當(dāng)時(shí)要是看到她的話我本會(huì)邀請(qǐng)她的。If I had received the present, I should have thanked her.如果我收到了禮物，我是應(yīng)當(dāng)向她道謝的。I should not have laughed if I had thought you were serious.如果我想到你是認(rèn)真的，我就不會(huì)笑了。五、neednt have done的用法neednt have do

26、ne表示過去沒有必要做某事，意為“本來(lái)不必做某事”（但實(shí)際做了）。I neednt have taken the umbrella, for the weather is fine.天這么好，我本沒必要帶雨傘的。You neednt have told her again.I have told her already.你當(dāng)時(shí)沒必要再告訴她了。我已經(jīng)告訴過她了。I neednt have gone to the office yesterday.昨天我沒必要去辦公室?！皀eed +完成時(shí)”僅限于否定句或疑問句，不用于肯定句。又如：I was the first to get there. I neednt have gone