有機化合物中英文命名培訓(xùn)資料

1、有機(yuj)化合物的命名n系統(tǒng)命名(mng mng)nIUPAC names (systematic names) n 俗名法ntrivial names (popular names)n國際純粹化學(xué)和應(yīng)用化學(xué)聯(lián)合會n IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryNomenclature of Organic Compounds第一頁，共29頁。n不含官能團化合物n Nonfunctional Compoundsn1烴類-（烷烴 Alkane烯烴(xtng) Alkene炔烴Alkyne）n2單環(huán)化合物（Monocyclic

2、 compounds） n官能團化合物n Functional compounds有機(yuj)化合物的命名第二頁，共29頁。1烴類nAlkane 烷烴，鏈烷nAlkene 烯烴(xtng)，鏈烯nAlkyne 炔烴第三頁，共29頁。烷烴命名(mng mng)nAlkane十二十二十一十一十十九九NumberNumberocta-octa-八八hepta-hepta-七七hexa-hexa-六六penta-penta-五五PrefixPrefixNumberNumbertetra-tetra-四四tri-tri-三三di-di-二二mono-mono-一一PrefixPrefixNumberN

3、umberdodeca-dodeca-undeca-undeca-deca-deca-nona-nona-PrefixPrefix前綴(qinzhu)prefix第四頁，共29頁。鏈烷烴命名(mng mng)(The names of linear alkanes)CH4MethaneC8H18OctaneC15H32pentadecane C2H6EthaneC9H20NonaneC16H34hexadecaneC3H8PropaneC10H22DecaneC17H36heptadecaneC4H10ButaneC11H24UndecaneC18H38octadecaneC5H12Penta

4、neC12H26DodecaneC19H40nonadecane C6H14HexaneC13H28TridecaneC20H42icosaneC7H16HeptaneC14H30TetradecaneNames of continuous-chain alkanes(C1-C20) 后綴(huzhu)Suffix -ane 第五頁，共29頁。烯烴(xtng)的命名（Alkene）n-ene （Suffix）nIUPAC names： Ethene propene butenenTrivial name: ethylene propylene butylenen如果不是端烯烴則需要給出雙鍵(s

5、hun jin)在碳鏈中的位置ngive position of C=C第六頁，共29頁。烯烴(xtng)的命名（Alkene）C8H18OcteneC15H32pentadecene C2H6EtheneC9H20NoneneC16H34hexadeceneC3H8PropeneC10H22DeceneC17H36heptadeceneC4H10ButeneC11H24UndeceneC18H38octadeceneC5H12PenteneC12H26DodeceneC19H40nonadecene C6H14HexeneC13H28TrideceneC20H42icoseneC7H16He

6、pteneC14H30TetradeceneNames of continuous-chain alkenes(C1-C20) 第七頁，共29頁。炔烴的命名(mng mng) （Alkyne） n-yne（ Suffix）nIUPAC names： Ethyne propyne butynenTrivial name: acetylene n如果不是端烯烴(xtng)則需要給出叁鍵的位置ngive position of CC第八頁，共29頁。直鏈烴基取代(qdi)基(substituents)的命名n烷基alkyl-alkanen Rule :omit the suffix “ane” an

7、d add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉(q dio)后綴“ane” ,加上 “yl”)n methyl nonadecyl icosyl第九頁，共29頁。直鏈烴基取代(qdi)基的命名n烯基alkenyl- alkenenRule : omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉最后一個字母(zm)“e” ，加上后綴“yl”)n ethenyl (乙烯基） 1-propenyl (丙烯基)第十頁，共29頁。直鏈烴基取代(qdi)基的命名n炔基alkynyl alkynenRule

8、: omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉最后(zuhu)一個字母“e” ，加上后綴“yl”)n 1-propynyl（丙炔基）, 1-pentynyl（戊炔基）n苯基 benzene=phenen phenyl（苯基）-benzyl （苯甲基，芐基） 第十一頁，共29頁。n如果相同的烷基（簡單的烷基）在一個分子中超過一個，用前綴(qinzhu)來表示：di-, tri-, tetra- n如果相同的烷基（復(fù)雜的烷基）在一個分子中超過一個，用前綴(qinzhu)來表示：bis-, tris-, tetrak

9、is-, pentakis-nbi-: biphenyl（聯(lián)苯）, binuclear-（雙核）烴基取代(qdi)基的命名第十二頁，共29頁。支鏈烴(lin tn)的命名（Branched-alkyl group）nRule i. Choose the longest continuous chain with the greatest number of substituents as the parent body. n規(guī)則1.選擇(xunz)最長、取代基最多的碳鏈作為主鏈.第十三頁，共29頁。支鏈烴(lin tn)的命名3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）2,3,5-trime

10、thyl-4-propylheptaneRule ii. Give the lowest position numbers for substituents.規(guī)則2. 取代基的位置(wi zhi)數(shù)目總和最小。第十四頁，共29頁。支鏈烴(lin tn)的命名2,3,3-trimethylpentane2,2,4-trimethylpentane2,3,5-trimethylhexane第十五頁，共29頁。nRuleiii. Give the first listed substituent a lower position number; the sum of the position num

11、bers for all sbustituents should be as low as possible.n規(guī)則3. 數(shù)字較小的取代(qdi)基排在前面，表示取代(qdi)基位置的數(shù)字總和盡可能小。支鏈烴(lin tn)的命名第十六頁，共29頁。支鏈烴(lin tn)的命名（Branched-alkyl group）nThe names of the substituents are given in alphabetical order in the systematic names of organic compounds. nExcept the prefixes iso- and

12、neo-, the other prefixes, such as di-, tri- are not involved in alphabetical listing.第十七頁，共29頁。支鏈烴(lin tn)的命名 2,3,5-trichlorohexaneNot 2,4,5-trichlorohexane 2,7,8-trimethyldecaneNot 3,4,9-trimethyldecane第十八頁，共29頁。烴基取代(qdi)基的命名n如果是枝狀的烷基，用前綴(qinzhu)iso-, neo-, tert- 表示n- normal (正）iso- isomeric (異） te

13、rt- tertiary(叔）CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3n-pentaneCH3CH3CH3CH3CH2n-pentyl第十九頁，共29頁。2單環(huán)化合物（Monocyclic compounds）的命名(mng mng)n命名(mng mng)規(guī)則：n 環(huán)烷烴 cyclo + alkane cyclo + alkyln 環(huán)烯烴 cyclo + alkene cyclo + alkenyl n 環(huán)炔烴 cyclo + alkyne cyclo + alkynyl cyclohexane cyclohexene第二十頁，共29頁。monocyclic compounds cyclo + the

14、 name of alkane cyclopropane cyclopentane cyclohexane monosubstituted: chlorocyclohexane methylcyclopentane第二十一頁，共29頁。multisubstituted: Give the functional group the lowestposition number. The sum of position numbers for all substituents should be as low as possible.第二十二頁，共29頁。cyclopentylcyclohexane

15、trans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexaneHC2H5CH3H5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane環(huán)烷烴第二十三頁，共29頁。環(huán)烯烴(xtng)1,3 cyclohexadi ieneCH3CH3C2H5H3C3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene第二十四頁，共29頁。benzenetoluene芳香(fngxing)化合物Arometic compoundsCH3第二十五頁，共29頁。單取代(qdi)苯 Monosubstituted benzenesnitrobenzeneC2H5ethylbenzeneClchlorobenzeneNO2第