國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教學(xué)課件：ch08 Trade Restrictions Tariffs

1、International EconomicsTenth EditionTrade Restrictions: TariffsDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER E I G H T8Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.In this chapter:8.1 Introduction 引言8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.3 The Theo

2、ry of Tariff Structure 關(guān)稅的結(jié)構(gòu)理論8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country 小國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.In this chapter:8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country 大國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析8.6 The Optimum Tariff 最優(yōu)關(guān)稅

3、Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Introduction 引言While it is generally accepted that free trade maximizes world output and benefits all nations, most nations impose some restrictions on the free flow of international trade.廣泛的認(rèn)為自由貿(mào)易可以使世界產(chǎn)出最大化并且對(duì)所有國(guó)家都有利，然而所有

4、國(guó)家都會(huì)給自由貿(mào)易的自由流動(dòng)增設(shè)一些限制條件Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Introduction 引言Trade policies are advocated by special groups that stand to benefit from trade restrictions.通常是那些受益于貿(mào)易壁壘的的一些特殊利益群體會(huì)極力贊成貿(mào)易壁壘Import vs. export tariffs 進(jìn)出口關(guān)稅An import tariff is a tax or du

5、ty levied on imported commodities. This is the most common form of tariff.進(jìn)口關(guān)稅是對(duì)進(jìn)口商品課征的稅收 這是最常見(jiàn)的稅收形式Introduction 引言An export tariff is a tax on exported commodities.Prohibited by the U.S. Constitution, but occasionally practiced in developing countries to generate government revenue出口關(guān)稅是對(duì)出口商品課征的一種稅收

6、美國(guó)憲法禁止出口關(guān)稅，但是發(fā)展中國(guó)家卻經(jīng)常對(duì)其傳統(tǒng)出口商品征收出口稅，以增加政府收入 Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Ad valorem tariffA fixed percentage on the value of the traded commodity.從價(jià)關(guān)稅表示為貿(mào)易商品價(jià)值的一個(gè)固定百分比Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 Jo

7、hn Wiley & Sons, Inc.Specific tariffA fixed sum per physical unit of a traded commodity.從量關(guān)稅含義是對(duì)每單位貿(mào)易商品征收某一固定稅額Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.A compound tariffA combination of an ad valorem and specific tariff.混合關(guān)稅是從價(jià)和從量關(guān)稅的結(jié)合Introduction 引

8、言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Tariffs have been sharply reduced since World War II.自二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來(lái)關(guān)稅水平有明顯下降Tariffs average 5 percent or less on industrial products in developed nations, but are much higher in developing nations.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家工業(yè)制成品的平均關(guān)稅大約為5%或者更低，發(fā)展中國(guó)家這

9、一比例則要高很多Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)Consumption effect Reduction in domestic consumption關(guān)稅的消費(fèi)效應(yīng)即關(guān)稅帶來(lái)的國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)的減少Salvatore: International Economic

10、s, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)Production effect Expansion of domestic production關(guān)稅的生產(chǎn)效應(yīng)即關(guān)稅帶來(lái)的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的增加Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Eq

11、uilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)Trade effect Decline in imports關(guān)稅貿(mào)易效應(yīng)關(guān)稅導(dǎo)致的進(jìn)口的減少Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)

12、Revenue effect Revenue collected by the government關(guān)稅收入效應(yīng)即政府從關(guān)稅中取得的收入Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅局部均衡效應(yīng)The more elastic the demand curve, the greater the consumptio

13、n effect.需求曲線(xiàn)彈性越大，消費(fèi)效應(yīng)越大Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅局部均衡效應(yīng)The more elastic the domestic supply curve, the greater the production effect.供給曲線(xiàn)越大，生產(chǎn)效應(yīng)就越大Salvatore: In

14、ternational Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅局部均衡效應(yīng)The more elastic the demand and domestic supply curves, the greater the trade effect, and the smaller the revenue effect.供給曲線(xiàn)和需求曲線(xiàn)彈性越大，關(guān)稅的貿(mào)易效應(yīng)

15、就越大，并且關(guān)稅的收入效應(yīng)就越小Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2B Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus 消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者剩余的關(guān)稅效應(yīng)Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers would be willing to pay and

16、 what they actually pay.Imposition of a tariff reduces consumer surplus.消費(fèi)者剩余是消費(fèi)者對(duì)每一單位商品所愿意支付的價(jià)格與實(shí)際價(jià)格的差征收關(guān)稅會(huì)導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)者剩余的減少Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2B Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surpl

17、us 消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者剩余的關(guān)稅效應(yīng)Increase in producer surplus, or rent, is the payment that need not be made in the long run to induce domestic producers to supply additional goods with the tariff.Also called subsidy effect of tariff.生產(chǎn)者剩余增加量或者租金在長(zhǎng)期看，是國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者提供由于關(guān)稅所增加的額外商品而不必兌現(xiàn)的支出有時(shí)也被稱(chēng)為關(guān)稅的補(bǔ)貼效應(yīng)Salvatore: International

18、 Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2C Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff 關(guān)稅的成本與利益Tariff redistributes income -From domestic consumers (who pay higher price for the commodity) to domestic producers (who receive t

19、he higher price)關(guān)稅對(duì)收入進(jìn)行了再分配從國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者（支付更高價(jià)格者）轉(zhuǎn)移到國(guó)內(nèi)商品生產(chǎn)者（獲得更高價(jià)格者）Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2C Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff 關(guān)稅的成本與利益Tariff redistributes income -From nations abu

20、ndant factor (producing exports) to the scarce factor (producing imports).關(guān)稅對(duì)收入進(jìn)行了再分配從國(guó)家富有要素部門(mén)（生產(chǎn)出口商品部門(mén)）轉(zhuǎn)移到國(guó)內(nèi)稀缺要素生產(chǎn)部門(mén)（生產(chǎn)進(jìn)口商品部門(mén)）FIGURE 8-1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff.FIGURE 8-2 Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus.FIGURE 8-3 Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff

21、.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論8.3A The Rate of Effective Protection 有效保護(hù)率When a nation imposes a lower tariff on imported inputs than on the final commodity produced with the inputs, the rate of effective protect

22、ion exceeds the nominal tariff rate.當(dāng)一國(guó)征收進(jìn)口要素的關(guān)稅比用進(jìn)口要素生產(chǎn)的最終產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅低時(shí)，有效關(guān)稅保護(hù)率會(huì)超過(guò)名義關(guān)稅稅率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論Calculated as follows:計(jì)算公式如下：g = t - aiti1 - aig = rate of effective protection 最終產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者的有效保護(hù)率 t = no

23、minal tariff rate on final commodity 最終商品消費(fèi)者的名義關(guān)稅稅率ai = ratio of cost of imported input to price of final commodity with no tariff 無(wú)關(guān)稅時(shí)進(jìn)口要素的名義關(guān)稅稅率 ti = nominal tariff rate on imported input 進(jìn)口要素的名義利率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff

24、 Structure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論8.3 B 有效保護(hù)理論的一般化Calculated as follows:g = t - aiti1 - aiConclusions 結(jié)論If ai = 0, g = t 如果ai = 0,則g = t For given values of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is t對(duì)于給定的ai和ti值，t越大，g越大For given values of t and ti, g is larger the greater is ai對(duì)于給定的ai和ti值，ai越大，g越大Salvatore: International

25、 Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論8.3 B 有效保護(hù)理論的一般化Calculated as follows:g = t - aiti1 - aiConclusions 結(jié)論The value of g is , = or t, as ti t當(dāng)ti小于等于或者大于t時(shí)，g值大于等于或者小于t When aiti t, the rate of effective protection is negative當(dāng)aiti值大于t時(shí)，有效保護(hù)率是負(fù)的

26、FIGURE 8-4 Pre- and Post-Uruguay Round Cascading Tariff Structure in Industrial Countries.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析A small nation will not affect prices on the world market w

27、hen imposing a tariff.一個(gè)小國(guó)征收關(guān)稅時(shí)，不會(huì)影響世界市場(chǎng)的價(jià)格Domestic price of importable commodity will rise by the full amount of the tariff for individual producers and consumers in the small nation.對(duì)單個(gè)生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō)，可進(jìn)口商品的國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格會(huì)增加與關(guān)稅相同的金額Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 G

28、eneral Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析Price remains constant for nation as a whole because the nation collects the tariff.小國(guó)作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)說(shuō)，價(jià)格是不變的，因?yàn)槭沁@個(gè)國(guó)家自己征收關(guān)稅Volume of trade for small nation declines, but terms of trade do not change, so welfare always falls.國(guó)家的貿(mào)易量會(huì)下降，但是貿(mào)易條

29、件沒(méi)有改變，所以福利會(huì)下降FIGURE 8-5 General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析8.4 C Stolper-Samuelson Theorem 斯托爾怕薩繆爾森定理An increase in the relat

30、ive price of a commodity (for example, as the result of a tariff) raises the return of the factor used intensively in production of the commodity.當(dāng)商品相對(duì)價(jià)格上升時(shí)（如由于無(wú)關(guān)稅造成價(jià)格上升）會(huì)增加商品生產(chǎn)中密集使用的要素的回報(bào)率或收益率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analys

31、is of a Tariff in a Small Country小國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析8.4 C Stolper-Samuelson Theorem 斯托爾怕薩繆爾森定理Thus, the real return to the nations scarce factor of production will rise with the imposition of a tariff.因此，該國(guó)生產(chǎn)所使用的稀缺要素的真實(shí)回報(bào)率會(huì)隨著關(guān)稅而上升Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8

32、.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析A tariff causes the imposing nations offer curve to shift or rotate toward the axis measuring the importable commodity by the amount of the tariff.當(dāng)一大國(guó)征收關(guān)稅時(shí)，其提供曲線(xiàn)沿著衡量其可進(jìn)口商品的軸的方向轉(zhuǎn)變或旋轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)大小等于進(jìn)口關(guān)稅的量Salvatore: International Economic

33、s, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析Under these circumstances, for a large nation:A reduction in trade volume will reduce welfareAn improvement in terms of trade will increase welfare在這種大國(guó)征收稅收的情況下：貿(mào)易量的減少使其國(guó)家財(cái)富減少貿(mào)易條件的改善

34、使得國(guó)家財(cái)富增加Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大國(guó)關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析Whether welfare actually rises or falls depends on net effect.國(guó)家財(cái)富的增減實(shí)際上取決于這兩種反作用的凈效應(yīng)FIGURE 8-6 General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.6 The Optimum Tariff最優(yōu)關(guān)稅An optimum tariff maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of trade against the negative effect from declining trade volume.最優(yōu)關(guān)稅是指這樣一種