航空專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)課件：Performance and Limitations

1、Performance and LimitationsWhy do we need to know performance and limitations?Dont want to take off on a runway thats too shortWhat will happen if the density altitude is really high?Will your plane be able to clear the trees at the end of the runway?Figuring out if your plane can be flown under the

2、 given conditions is necessary before flightObjectives Determination of weight and balance conditionEffects of atmospheric conditions on flightUse of performance charts, tables, and other data for determining performance in various phases of flightFactors to be considered in determining that the req

3、uired performance is within the airplanes capabilitiesEffects of exceeding the airplanes limitationsPressure altitudeTells us our altitude on a standard dayA guess of what sea level pressure is where we arePressure altitudePressure decreases with altitudeApproximately 1 inch per 1000 feetPressure al

4、titude29.92- zzzzz=yyyyyx 1000= correction factorAirport elevation +/- correction factor = pressure altitudePressure altitudeA3003Airport elevation is 5045 ftWhats the pressure altitude?29.92 -30.03 =-.11 X1000 = -1105045 -110 = 4935 ftPressure altitudeA2982Airport elevation is 12 ftWhats the pressu

5、re altitude?112 ftDensity altitudePressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperatureThe altitude that the plane thinks its atDensity altitudeAs density altitude increases, air density decreases and airplane performance decreasesAs density altitude decreases, air density increases and airplane

6、performance increasesAir molecules have mass so gravity attracts itAll want to get to the center of mass so they push downDensity altitudeWhen air is less dense it reduces:Power Engine takes in less airLiftThin air exerts less force on the airfoilsL = 1/2 V2CLSThrustPropeller is less efficient in th

7、in airDensity altitudeConditions that result in a high density altitude:High elevationLow pressureHigh temperatureHigh humiditySome combination of these factorsDensity altitudeHigh elevationAir is a gas so it can be compressed and expandedWhen pressure is great, air is compressed and more air can oc

8、cupy a given volumeDensity is increasedWhen pressure is low, air expands and occupies a greater spaceDensity is decreasedLow pressureDensity altitudeHigh temperatureDensity varies inversely with temperatureGasses expand with temperatureAt a constant pressure, increasing temperatures decrease density

9、 and decreasing temperatures increase densityDensity altitudeHigh humidityWater vapor is lighter than airMoist air is lighter than dry airAs water content of the air increases, density decreases and so does performanceDensity altitudeWarm air holds more water than cold airBoth high temps and high wa

10、ter content decrease densityNo charts for humidityDensity altitudeISA Temperature = 59 - (Pressure Altitude / 1000) * 3.6Temperature correction = (actual temperature ISA temperature)*66.67Density alt = pressure alt + temperature correctionDensity altitudeAirport elevation 1840 ftA2976Temp 24CPressur

11、e alt 2000 ftISA temp = 59 (2000/1000) * 3.6F = C*9/5+32Temp correction = (75.2 51.8) * 66.671560Density alt = 2000 + 1560 = 3560 ftDensity altitudeAirport elevation 4035A3004Temp 38CISA temp = 59 (3915/1000)*3.6Temp correction = (100.4 44.6) *66.67Density altitude = 3915 + 3720 = 7635Determine if c

12、onditions are within limitations5.3.4 Wind ComponentsDetermine if conditions are within limitationsRunway 21Wind is from 19015 knotsWhats your headwind and crosswind?Is it within limits?Yes!Determine if conditions are within limitationsRunway 04Wind is from 01020 knotsWhats your headwind and crosswi

13、nd?Is it within limits?Yes!Determine if conditions are within limitationsRunway 17Wind is from 1207 knotsWhats your headwind and crosswind?Is it within limits?Yes!Determine if conditions are within limitationsA3000Airport elevation4090 ftTemp 16CWeight 1600 lbsRunway 14Wind 15018 ktsNo obstacleDeter

14、mine if conditions are within limitationsA3012Airport elevation 3200 ftTemp 32CWeight 1570 lbsRunway 34Wind 01012 kts16 ft obstacleDetermine if conditions are within limitationsA2984Airport elevation2850 ftTemp 28CWeight 1520 lbsRunway 19Wind 310 7 kts20 ft obstacleDetermine if conditions are within

15、 limitationsA2941 Airport elevation5509 feetTemp -4CWeight 1730 lbsRunway 22Wind 24011 kts22 foot obstacleDetermine if conditions are within limitationsA3045 Airport elevation1397 feetTemp 37CWeight 1680 lbsRunway 08Wind 14015 kts30 foot obstacleDetermine if conditions are within limitations5.3.11 L

16、anding distanceInterpolationDetermine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude is 2500 feetWhat are your landing distance and landing roll?1360 -1332 28 *.5 . 14 +1332 1346 ft625.5 ftDetermine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude 3287 ftWhats the landing distance?1368 f

17、tLanding roll?640 ftDetermine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude 361 ftWhats the landing distance?1289 ftLanding roll?587 ft TemperaturesStandard atmosphereAt sea level, 15C, 29.92 in HgTemperature decreases 2C per 1000 feetWhats the temp at 4000 feet?7CWhats the temp at 7000 feet

18、?1CDetermine if conditions are within limitations5.3.9 Maximum Flight DurationDetermine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude4000 ftTemp 14C2500 RPMTemp 7 above stdInterpolate KTAS 112.7GPH 5.33Determine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude3000 ftTemp 9C2700 RPMKTAS

19、123GPH 6.6Determine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude5000 ftTemp 0CRPM 2650KTAS 119GPH 6Pressure alt 2000 ftRpm 2700Temp 7CKTAS 1246.98 GPHPressure alt 7000Rpm 2600Temp 5CKTAS 1165.43 GPHPressure alt 3000 ftRpm 2550Temp 0CKTAS 115GPH 5.86Determine if conditions are within limitat

20、ionsAirport elevation 4240 ftTemp -2CAltimeter setting 29.662550 RPMDetermine:Pressure altitudeKTASGPHPressure altitude 4500 ftDetermine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude4500 ftTemp -2C2550 RPMKTAS 114GPH 5.62BEW 1153 lbsMoment 12562 Pilot weighs 155 lbsPassenger weighs 132 lbsTh

21、ey sit at 5.6 inches31 lbs of baggage at 32.44 in area 120 gallons of fuel at 32.44They fly for 1.5 hours1153125625.62871607.23132.441005.6432.441203892.8159119067.64-50.5832.44-1640.821540.4217426.82Determine if conditions are within limitationsKHSV elevation 629 ftBEW 1153 Moment 12562You weigh 15

22、0 lbs, your friend weighs 160 lbs. You both sit at station 5.6You have 14 gallons of fuel at 32.4442 lbs of bags in area 2 at station 62Youll fly for 1.8 hours at 2500 RPM and 6000 ftFT 3000 6000 9000 BHM 1131 1012+12 0620+07 HSV 1135 0906+13 0716+06MOB 1120 0608+12 0512+07Determine if conditions ar

23、e within limitationsATIS information: JulietTime: 1553ZWind: 200 7 ktsClouds/visibility: 10SM, FEW 9000Temp/dew point: 22/08Altimeter setting: 30.21Active runway: 18L/RDetermine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude339 ftDensity altitudeISA temp = 59 (339/1000) * 3.6 = 57.77Temp corr

24、ection = (71.6 57.77) * 66.67 = 922Density alt = 339 + 922= 1261 ftDetermine if conditions are within limitations1153125623105.61736426226048432.442724.96158919626.96Determine if conditions are within limitationsDetermine if conditions are within limitationsKHSV elevation 629 ftBEW 1153 Moment 12562

25、You weigh 150 lbs, your friend weighs 160 lbs. You both sit at station 5.6You have 14 gallons of fuel at 32.4442 lbs of bags in area 2 at station 62Youll fly for 1.8 hours at 2500 RPM and 6000 ftFT 3000 6000 9000 BHM 1131 1012+12 0620+07 HSV 1135 0906+13 0716+06MOB 1120 0608+12 0512+07Determine if c

26、onditions are within limitationsDetermine if conditions are within limitations1153125623105.61736426226048432.442724.96158919626.965432.441751.76153517875.2Determine if conditions are within limitationsDetermine if conditions are within limitationsDetermine if conditions are within limitationsTakeof

27、f distanceDetermine if conditions are within limitationsLanding distance1288 ftLanding roll587 ftDetermine if conditions are within limitationsWinds aloftWind at 3000 ft from 110 at 35 ktsWind at 6000 ft from 090 at 6 ktsDetermine if conditions are within limitationsKBOI elevation 2871 ftBEW 1096 Mo

28、ment 11763You weigh 183 lbs, your friend weighs 119 lbs. You both sit at station 5.6You have 19 gallons of fuel at 32.4426 lbs of bags in area 2 at station 62Youll fly for 2.1 hours at 2700 RPM and 7000 ftFT 3000 6000 9000 BOI 3315+06 3520+00LWS 3106 2910+02 3016-01 PIH 2723 3318+02Determine if cond

29、itions are within limitationsATIS information: VictorTime: 2055Z (UTC -6)Wind: 320 12 ktsClouds/visibility: 8SM, FEW 2900, BKN 7000, OVC 11000Temp/dew point: 13/11Altimeter setting: 30.11Active runway: 28L/RDetermine if conditions are within limitationsPressure altitude2681 ftWinds aloftWind at 6000

30、 ft from 330 at 15 ktsWind at 9000 ft from 350 at 20 ktsDetermine if conditions are within limitations5.87 GPHDetermine if conditions are within limitations1096117633025.61691.22662161211432.443698.16153818764.36Determine if conditions are within limitationsDetermine if conditions are within limitat

31、ions1096117633025.61691.22662161211432.443698.16153818764.3632.4473.962399.261464.0416365.1Determine if conditions are within limitationsDetermine if conditions are within limitationsDetermine if conditions are within limitationsTakeoff distanceDetermine if conditions are within limitationsLanding d

32、istance1351 ftLanding roll629 ftEffects of exceeding limitationsMight make it so you cant flyBeing too heavy or having too high of temps can make it so you cant clear an obstacle at the end of the runwayMight not have enough runway to takeoff or landAirspeed limitationsNormal Category- maneuvers lim

33、ited to stalls and steep turns of 60deg Typical limit load factors +3.8g and -1.8gUtility Category- Normal category, plus limited aerobaticsTypical limit load factors are +4.5g and -1.8gAcrobatic Category- fully aerobaticTypical limit load factors are +6.0g and -3.0gAirspeed limitations2.10. MANEUVE

34、RING LOAD FACTORS Table of structural maximum permissible load factors: Positive + 4.4 Negative - 2.2 Airspeed limitationsVa Maneuvering speedThe speed at which we can make full and abrupt elevator movementsBelow Va, well stall before reaching 4.4 Gs and causing structural damageAirspeed limitations2.2. AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS Speed KIAS Remarks vA. Maneuvering Speed. 106 Do