英語詞源詞典 l

1、-latry。suffix meaning nworship of,“ in use in native formations from 19c. (e.g. bardolatry from Gk. -latreia worship, service paid to the gods, hired labor J related to latron pay, hire/1 latris servant, worshipper.-less -the suffix meaning lacking“ is from O.E. -leas, from leas nfree (from), devoid

2、 (of), false, feigned, from P.Gmc. lausaz (cf. Du. -loos, Ger, -los less/1 O.N. lauss loose, free, vacant, dissolute, M.Du. los, Ger. los loose, free/ Goth. laus “empty, vain). Related to loose and lease.-ling。dim. suffix, 1314, from O.E. -ling a nominal suffix (not originally dim.), from P.Gmc.atte

3、sted in historical Gmc. languages as a simple suffix, butprobably representing a fusion of the suffixes represented by Eng. -Ie (cf. icicle, thimble, handle), O.E. -ol, -id, -el; and -ing, suffix indicating “person or thing of a specific kind or origin; in masc. nouns also nson of (cf. farthing, ath

4、eling, O.E. horing nadulterer, fornicator). Both these suffixes had occasional dim. force, but this was only slightly evident in O.E. -ling and its equivalents in Gmc. languages except O.N., where it commonly was used as a dim, suffix, esp. in words designating the young of animals (e.g. g次slingr “g

5、osling). Thus it is possible that the dim. use that developed in M.E. is from O.N.-lite。comb, form meaning “stonej from Fr. -lite, variant of -lithe, from Gk. lithos stone.-logy a speaking, discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science/1 from Gk. -logia (often via Fr. -logie or M.L. -logia), from r

6、oot of legein “to speak;H thus, nthe character or department of one who speaks or treats of (a certain subject);n see lecture.describing a ship moored in harbor. Laid 吻“temporarily unemployed1* is from 1955. Laid-back relaxed is first attested 1973, perhaps in reference to the posture of highway mot

7、orcyclists.laidly .c.1300, Scottish and northern English variant of loathly hideous, repulsive.nlair。O.E. leger bed, couch, grave, act or place of lying down,“ from P.Gmc. legran (cf. O.N. legr, O.Fris. leg or, O.H.G. leg ar, Ger. Lager, Goth, ligrs nplace of lying)，from *leg、the root of lie (q.v.).

8、 Meaning animaFs den is from c.1420.laird。c.1450, Scot, and northern England dialectal variant of lord, from M.E. laverd (see lord). Attested as a surname from 1257.laissez-faire O1825, from Fr., lit. nlet (people) do (as they think best) J from laissez let + faire to do” (from L. facere; see factit

9、ious). Phrase chosen to express the ideal of government non-interference in business and industry. A term from 18c. Fr. free-trade economists, usually attributed to Gournay.laity。1541, “body of people not in religious orders/1 Anglo-Fr. laite, from lay (adj.).lake 。“body of water/* c.1205, from O.Fr

10、. lack, from L. lacus pond, lake,“ also basin, tank/* related to lacuna hole, pit, from PIE lak- (cf. Gk. lakkos pit, tank, pond, O.C.S. loky “pool, puddle, cistern/* O.Ir. loch “l(fā)ake, pond). The common notion is basin. There was a Gmc. form of the word, which yielded cognate O.N. logr sea flood, wa

11、ter/ O.E. lacu stream/ lagu nsea flood, water/1 leccan to moistenn (see leak). The N.Amer. Great Lakes so calledlolly the tongue.n Meaning hard candy on a stick” is from 1920s.lollygag Ondawdle, dally/1 1862, lallygag, Amer.Eng., perhaps from dial, lolly tongue + gag deceive, trick.HLombard .banker,

12、 money-changer, pawnbroker/* 1377, from O.Fr. (which also gave the word in this sense to M.Du. and Low Ger) from It. Lombardo (M.L. Lombardus), from L.L. Langobardus, proper name of a Gmc. people who conquered Italy 6c. and settled in the northern region that became known as Lombardy, from P.Gmc. La

13、nggobardoz, often said to mean lit.nLong-beards,n but perhaps rather from lang- !ftall, long + the proper name of the people (L. Bardi). Their name in O.E. was Langbeardas (pl.), but also Headobeardan, from heado war/ Lombards in Middle Ages were notable throughout Western Europe as bankers and mone

14、y-lenders, also pawn-brokers; Londons Lombard Street (1598) originally was occupied by Lombard bankers. Lombardy poplar, originally from Italy but planted in N.Amer. colonies as an ornamental tree, is attested from 1766.Londonchief city and capital of England, L. Londinium (c.115), often explained a

15、s place belonging to a man named LondinosJ a supposed Celtic personal name meaning the wild one J but this etymology is rejected in an emphatic footnote in Jackson 1953 (p.3o8), and we have as yet nothing to put in its place/ Margaret Gelling, Signposts to the Past: Place-Names and the History of En

16、gland； Chichester, 1978 London Bridge the childrens singing game is attested from 1827. London broil “l(fā)arge flank steak broiled then cut in thin slices” is 1969, Amer.Eng.; London fog first attested 1830.lone。1377, aphetic shortening of alone (q.v.) by misdivision of what is properly al(l) one. The

17、Lone Star in ref. to Texas is first recorded 1843, from its flag. First record of lonely is from 1607; lonesome from 1647. Loner “one who avoids company11 first recorded 1947. Lone wolf in the fig. sense is 1909, Amer.Eng.long (adj.) O.E. lang, long, from P.Gmc. Hanggaz (cf. O.H.G., Ger. lang, O.N.

18、langr, M.Du. lane, Goth, laggs long), perhaps from PIE dlonghos- (cf. L. longus, O.Pers. darga-, Pers, dirang, Skt. dirghah, Gk. dolikhos long, Gk. endelekhes perpetual, L. indulgere nto indulge). The adv. is from O.E. lange, longe, from the adjective. The word illustrates the O.E. tendency for shor

19、t a to become short non before -n- (also retained in bond/band and W. Midlands dial. lond from land and hond from hand). Long vowels (c.iooo) originally were pronounced for an extended time. Long-playing (phonograph record) is from 1929; abbreviation LP is from 1948. Long-bow, the characteristic med

20、ieval Eng. weapon, is attested from c.1500. Longhair is 1920 in the sense of intellectual, especially in musical tastes, devotee of classical music;n sense of “hippie took over 1969. Long-distance in ref. to telephoning is from 1884. Long in the tooth (1852) is from horses showing age by recession o

21、f gums. Long shot in the fig. sense of something unlikely is from 1867. Long-term (adj.) is from 1908. Long run “ultimate outcome0 is attested from 1627. Long time no see, imitative of Amer.Indian speech, is first recorded 1900. Long-winded given to lengthy speeches“ is from 1589.long (v.)。O.E. lang

22、ian Hto yearn, to seem long, lit. nto grow long/* from P.Gmc. langojanan (see long (adj.), Related to O.N. lang a, M.Du. langhen, O.H.G. langen, Ger. verlangen nto desire.11longevity1615, from L.L. long次vitas great age, long life/1 from L. longasvus “l(fā)ong-lived, from longus long” (adj.) + ssvum life

23、time, age.”longitude ,c.1391, from L. longitudo length, from longus long (adj.) (see long (adj.). For origins, see latitude.longshoreman1811, from alongshore + man.loo (1)?！發(fā)avatory,” 1940, but perhaps 1922, probably from Fr. lieux daisances, lavatory,n lit. place of ease, picked up by British servi

24、cemen in France during World War I. Or possibly a pun on Waterloo, based on water closet.loo (2) ,“type of card game, 1675, short for lanterloo, from Fr. lanturelau, originally the refrain of a song.loofah。1887, from Egyptian Arabic lufah, the name of the plant (Luffa ssgyptiaca) with fibrous pods f

25、rom which flesh-brushes are madelook (v.)。O.E. locian see, gaze, look, spy/ from W.Gmc. lokjan (cf. O.S. lokon, M.Du. loeken, O.H.G. luogen, Ger. dial, lugen “to look out), of unknown origin, perhaps cognate with Bret, lagud eye.” In O.E., usually with on; the use of at began 14c. Meaning to have a

26、certain appearance is from c.1400. Noun meaning an act of looking11 is c.1200； meaning appearance of a person is from c.1385. To look down upon in the fig. sense is from 1711; to look down ones nose is from 1921; looker nattractive woman” is from 1893; look-see (n.) inspection first recorded 1883. I

27、n look sharp (1711) sharp originally was an adv. sharply. Look after ntake care of is from 1375; look into “investigate” is from 1586; to not look back make no pauses is colloquial, first attested 1893. Look up research in books or papers is from 1692. Look-alike (n.) “someone who closely resembles

28、another is 1947, Amer.Eng. Looking-glass first attested 1526. Look-out “person who stands watch or acts as a scout is from 1699.loom (n.)O.E. geloma utensil, tool, from ge- perfective prefix + -loma, of unknown origin. Originally implement or tool of any kind” (cf. heirloom); thus, “the penis” (c.14

29、00-1600). Meaning na machine in thich yarn or thread is woven into fabric11 is from 1404.loom (v.)。1542, perhaps from a Scand. source (cf. dial. Swed. loma, E.Fris. lomen ”move slowly)，perhaps a variant from the root of lame (adj.); first used of ships.loon (1)。diving bird” (esp. the Great Northern

30、Diver), 1634, from a Scand. source (cf. Norw. lom, from O.N. lomr).loon (2) “crazy person/1 0.1450, lowen rascal/* of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Du. loen “stupid person.”1853, Amer.Eng., short for lunatic9 but also infl. by loon (2), which is noted for its wild cry and method of escaping f

31、rom danger. Slang loony bin insane asylum“ is from 1919. Looney left in ref. to holders of political views felt to be extreme is from 1977.loop0.1390, probably of Celtic origin (cf. Gael. lub nbend?n Ir. lubiam), influenced by O.N. hlaup na leap, run. In ref. to magnetic recording tape or film, firs

32、t recorded 1931. Computer programming sense first attested 1947. The verb meaning to form a loopn is first recorded 1856. Looped drunk” is from 1934; loopy ncrazy is from 1925. To loop the loop (1902) originally was a stunt of bicycle-riding.loophole1464, from M.E. loupe “opening in a wall (0.1300),

33、 perhaps related to M.Du. lupen to watch, peer; + hole. Figurative sense of outlet, means of escape” is from 1663.loose (adj.)。C.1300, from O.N. lauss loose, free, vacant, dissolute/1 cognate with O.E. leas devoid of, false, feigned, incorrect/1 from P.Gmc. lausaz (cf. Dan. 10s “l(fā)oose, untied/ M.Du.

34、, Ger. los, Goth. laus from PIE *lau-/*leu- to loosen, divide, cut apart” (see lose). The verb is first recorded 0.1225, nto set free. Sense of unchaste, immoraln is recorded from c.1470. Figurative sense of loose cannon was in use by mid-20c.loot (n.)。1788, Anglo-Indian, from Hindi lut, from Skt. l

35、ota-m booty, stolen property/ The verb is first attested 1842, from the noun.cut off/1 1519, from M.E. loppe (n.) small branches and twigs trimmed from trees,* (c.1420), of unknown origin.lop (2) ,droop/ 1578, probably a variant of lap (v.); cf. lopsided (1711), originally lapsided, first used of sh

36、ips.lope?！皌o run with long strides/1 c.1825; earlier to leap, jump, spring11 (1483), fromO.N. hlaupa “to run, leap/1 from same Gmc. root as leap and gallop.loquacious。1667, from stem of L. loquax (gen. loquacis) ntalkative?n from loqui nto speak/ of unknown origin. Loquacity is much earlier (12c.),

37、from L. loquacitatem talkativeness, from loquax.loquitur。stage direction, uhe or she speaks/1 from L,third person pres, indie, sing, of loqui Hto talk.”lord。M.E. laverd, loverd (13c) from O.E. hlaford nmaster of a household, ruler, superior/1 also “God” (translating L. Dominus, though O.E. drihten w

38、as used more often), earlier hlafiueard, lit. one who guards the loaves/1 from hlafbread, loaf1 + weard keeper, guardian, ward. Cf. lady, and O.E. hlafd8ta nhousehold servant, lit. nloaf-eater.n Modern monosyllabic form emerged 14c. The verb meaning nto play the lord, domineer is from 1377; to lord

39、it is from 1579. Interjection Lordy first attested 1853, Amer.Eng. Lord cf the Flies translates Beelzebub (q.v.) and was name of 1954 book by William Golding.loreO.E. lar learning, what is taught, knowledge, doctrine/ from P.Gmc. laizo (O.H.G. lera, O.Fris. lare, Du. leer, Ger. Lehre from *lais- (se

40、e learn).lorelei。1878, name of a rock in the River Rhine near Koblenz, Germany. In legend, a lovely woman sat atop it and sang while combing her long blond hair, distracting sailors so their ships foundered on the rock and they drowned.lornlost, ruined (archaic), 0.1300, from O.E. loren, pp. of leos

41、an to lose (see lose).Lorraineregion in eastern France, from M.L. Lotharingia, lit. Lothars Realm/ name later given to the northern portion of the lands assigned by the Treaty of Verdun (843 C.E.) to Lothair I in the first division of the Carolingian empire. His empire stretched from the North Sea t

42、o the Mediterranean. Before his death (855 C.E.), Lothair subdivided his lands among his three sons. His son, Lothair (for whom the region is named), was given Lotharingia as his kingdom.lorry。nA truck, a long, flat wagon,“ 1838, British railroad word, probably from verb lurry to pull, tug/ of uncer

43、tain origin. Meaning large motor vehicle for carrying goods11 is first attested 1911.lose。O.E. losian be lost, perish,“ from los ndestruction, loss,“ from P.Gmc.lausa (cf. O.N. los the breaking up of an army), from PIE base *leu- nto loosen, divide, cut apart, untie, separate (cf. Skt. lunati cuts,

44、cuts off, lavitram sickle;H Gk. lyein nto loosen, untie, slacken/1 lysus na loosening;*1 L. luere nto loose, release, atone for). Replaced related leosan (a class II strong verb whose pp. loren survives in forlorn and love-lorn), from P.Gmc. leusanan (cf. O.H.G. virliosan, Ger. verlieren, O.Fris. ur

45、liasa, Goth, fraliusan to lose). Transitive sense of to part with accidentally is from c.1205. Meaning nto be defeated11 (in a game, etc.) is from c.1533. To lose (ones) mind “become insane11 is attested from c.1500. To lose out fail is 1858, Amer.Eng.loser 。na destroyer/1 1340, from lose (q.v.). Se

46、nse of one who suffers loss is from 1548; meaning horse that loses a race” is from 1902; nconvicted criminal is from 1912； nhapless person0 is 1955 student slang.loss。O.E. los loss, destruction/* from P.Gmc. lausam- (see lose). The modern word, however, probably evolved 14c. from lost, the original

47、pp. of lose. Phrase at a loss (1592) originally refers to hounds losing the scent. To cut ones losses is from 1912.lost (adj.).“defeated” (c.1300), wasted, spent in vain/1 c.1500； also no longer to be found” (1526), from the pp. of lose (q.v.). Lost Cause in ref. to the Southern U.S. bid for indepen

48、dence is from the title of E.A. Pollards history of the CSA and the rebellion (1866). Lost Generation in ref. to the period 1914-18 first attested 1926 in Hemingwa/s The Sun Also Rises, where he credits it to Gertrude Stein.O.E. hlot object (anything from dice to straw, but often a chip of wood with

49、 a name inscribed on it) used to determine someones share, also what falls to a person by lot, from P.Gmc. khlutom (cf. O.N. hlutr lot, share,” O.H.G. hluz “share of land/1 O.E. hleotan nto cast lots, to foretell0), of unknown origin. The object was placed with others in a receptacle, which was shak

50、en, the winner being the one that fell out first. Hence, to cast lots. In some cases the lots were drawn by hand. The word was adopted from Gmc. into the Romanic languages (cf. lottery, lotto). Meaning choice resulting from the lasting of lots” first attested c.1205. Sense of nplot of land“ is first

51、 recorded 1633 (distribution of the best property in new settlements often determined by casting lot), that of group, collection11 is 1725, from notion of auction lots. The generalized sense of great many“ is first attested in 1812. To cast (ones) lot with another is to agree to share winnings.lotha

52、rio O“l(fā)ady-killer,” 1756, from principal male character of Nicholas Rowes nThe Fair Penitent0 (1703). The name is the It. form of O.H.G. Hlothari, Hludher (whence Ger. Luther), lit. famous warrior, from O.H.G. lut (see loud) + heri “host, army.lotion。c.14OO5 from O.Fr. lotion, from L. lotionem (nom.

53、 lotio) “a washing/* from lotus, popular form of lautus, pp. of lavere nto wash (see lave).lottery。1567, arrangement for a distribution of prizes by chance/1 from It. lotteria, from same root as O.E. hlot (see lot).lotto。1778 type of card game, from It. lotto na lot, from O.Fr. lot lot, from Frank,

54、(cf. O.E., O.Fris. hlot, see lot). Meaning a lottery is attested from 1787.lotus ,CI540, from L. lotus, from Gk. lotos, name used for several plants before it came to mean Egyptian white lotus (a sense attested in Eng. from 1584); perhaps from a Sem. source (cf. Heb. lot nmyrrhn). The yogic sense is

55、 attested from 1848. Lotus-eaters (1832) are from Gk. lotophagoi, mentioned in Odyssey,rt book IX.loud (adj.)。O.E. hlud “making noise, sonorous/ from W.Gmc. khluthaz heard” (cf. O.Fris. hlud, M.Du. luut, Du. luid, O.H.G. hlut, Ger. laut loud)，from PIE pp. klutos- (cf. Skt. srutah, Gk. klytos nheard

56、of, celebrated/1 Arm. lu “known,“ Welsh clod praise), from base nto hear (see listen). The adv. is from O.E. hlude, from P.Gmc. khludai. Application to colors first recorded 1849. Loudmouth (n.) first recorded 1934. Loudspeaker is from 1884.lough Oc.1330, na lake/1 Anglo-Celtic, representing a north

57、ern form of Ir. and Gale. loch, Welsh llwch.Louismasc. proper name, from Fr. Louis, from O.Fr. Loois, probably via M.L. Ludovicus from O.H.G. Hluodowig (Ger. Ludwig), lit. nfamous in war, from P.Gmc. *hluda- heard of, famous11 (see loud) + *wiga nwar.n Louis Quatorze (1855) refers to styles reminisc

58、ent of the time of King Louis XIV of France (1643-1715).lounge (v.) 1508, from Scot., of uncertain origin, perhaps from Fr. sallonger (paresseusement) “to lounge about, lie at full length/1 from O.Fr. alongier lengthen/1 from L. longus long. Another etymology traces it through obsolete lungis (n.) “

59、slow, lazy person (c.1560), from M.Fr. longis, a generic application of Longinus, supposed to be the name of the centurion who pierced Christs side with a spear in John xix.34. Popular etymology associated the name with long (adj.). The noun in the sense of comfortable drawing room” is first recorde

60、d 1881； in the sense of couch on which one can lie at full length, 1830. Lounge lizard is from 1912, originally in reference to men who hung around in tea rooms to flirt.lour。to frown/ c.1290, variant of lower (v.2).louse。O.E. lus, parasitic insect infecting human hair and skin J from P.Gmc. *lus (c