第五章微觀經(jīng)濟學成本論ppt課件

1、第五章 本錢實際CH5 The Cost TheoryCONTENTS第一節(jié) 本錢的概念第二節(jié) 短期本錢實際第三節(jié) 長期本錢實際第一節(jié) 本錢的概念5-1 The Concept of Cost一、時機本錢opportunity cost是指假設一定消費要素被用來消費某種產(chǎn)品，便放棄了用在其他用途上的能夠獲得的收益，這筆收益就是消費這種產(chǎn)品的時機本錢。二、顯本錢與隱本錢1、顯本錢explicit cost指廠商購買消費要素支付貨幣所構成的本錢，是一種會計本錢。2、隱本錢implicit cost隱本錢指廠商運用自有消費要素而支付的費用。兩者區(qū)別:購買的消費要素的一切權歸誰？三、利潤profit總

2、本錢=顯本錢+隱本錢經(jīng)濟利潤=總收益總本錢，簡稱“利潤經(jīng)濟利潤與會計利潤的區(qū)別正常利潤：廠商對本人所提供的企業(yè)家才干所支付的報酬，是隱本錢的一種。會計利潤=總收益顯本錢經(jīng)濟利潤=總收益顯本錢隱本錢。不包括正常利潤總收益經(jīng)濟學家眼中的利潤會計師眼中的利潤經(jīng)濟利潤與會計利潤的區(qū)別與聯(lián)絡顯性本錢會計本錢 (只需顯性本錢)TotalRevenue經(jīng)濟學家眼中的利潤會計師眼中的利潤經(jīng)濟利潤與會計利潤的區(qū)別與聯(lián)絡顯性本錢會計本錢 (只需顯性本錢)會計利潤TotalRevenue經(jīng)濟學家眼中的利潤會計師眼中的利潤經(jīng)濟利潤與會計利潤的區(qū)別與聯(lián)絡隱性本錢包括正常利潤顯性本錢會計本錢 (只需顯性本錢)會計利潤To

3、talRevenue經(jīng)濟學家眼中的利潤會計師眼中的利潤經(jīng)濟利潤與會計利潤的區(qū)別與聯(lián)絡經(jīng)濟利潤隱性本錢包括正常利潤顯性本錢會計本錢 (只需顯性本錢)會計利潤TotalRevenue經(jīng)濟學家眼中的利潤會計師眼中的利潤經(jīng)濟利潤與會計利潤的區(qū)別與聯(lián)絡2022/7/1712例：會計師的算法經(jīng)濟學家的算法項 目數(shù) 量項 目數(shù) 量銷售收益原材料費用水電費工資銀行利息 300000 130000 10000 50000 10000銷售收益原材料費用水電費工資銀行利息 300000 130000 10000 50000 10000隱含租金隱含利息隱含工資 50000 10000 40000會計成本 200000

4、經(jīng)濟成本 300000會計利潤 100000經(jīng)濟利潤 0第二節(jié) 短期本錢實際5-2 The Short-run Cost Theory一、短期總產(chǎn)量曲線與短期總本錢曲線From TPL to STC,2022/7/17151、消費函數(shù)、本錢函數(shù)與本錢方程消費函數(shù)：描畫的是一定技術條件下要素與最大產(chǎn)量間的技術關系。本錢函數(shù)：建立在技術關系之上的本錢與產(chǎn)量間的經(jīng)濟關系。本錢方程：表示消費本錢與消費要素的投入量之間的關系。2、短期總本錢函數(shù)STCQ2022/7/1717由短期總產(chǎn)量曲線推導短期總本錢曲線(b) 短期總本錢曲線Cost500200STC(Q) w L(Q) Fixedcost r K

5、25050125150125(a) 總產(chǎn)量曲線L100 50 2530691215150 QQ2022/7/1718二、短期總本錢和擴展線的關系oL123A2E3K3A3A1B1B2B3K2K1L1L2L3E2E1K擴展線短期總本錢大于或者等于長期總本錢擴展線是斜率等于本錢線的等斜線。三、 短期本錢曲線一、七種短期本錢1. 短期總本錢(TC、TFC、TVC)To be continued2、短期平均本錢1ACQ=TC/Q2AFCQ=TFC/Q3AVCQ=TVC/QTo be continued3. 邊沿本錢：MC = Marginal CostTFC = Total Fixed CostsTV

6、C = Total Variable CostsAVC = Average Variable CostsTC = Total CostsATC = Average Total Costs七種短期本錢的縮寫方式AFC = Average Fixed Costs二、七種短期本錢的幾何圖形CQCQTFCCQTFCTVCTCa. 總不變本錢曲線b. 總可變本錢曲線c. 總本錢曲線To be continuedCQCQCQCQAFCAVCACMCd. 平均不變本錢曲線f. 平均總本錢曲線e. 平均可變本錢曲線g. 邊沿本錢曲線三七種短期本錢曲線的綜合圖平均本錢等于總本錢曲線上各點與原點連線的斜率；邊沿本

7、錢等于總本錢曲線上各點切線的斜率。留意“拐點。2022/7/1726短期本錢曲線綜合圖示COQOCQTFCAFCTVCAVCTCACMCTC與TVC都隨Q的添加而添加，兩線平行，其間隔就是TFCAC與AVC的間隔隨Q的增大而越來越近，其緣由在于AFC的遞減。AMC相交于AVC的最低點。此時從原點出發(fā)到AVC曲線A點的射線與其切線重合。MC相交于AC的最低點。此時從原點出發(fā)到AC曲線B點的射線與其切線重合。BD與MC曲線的最低點D相對應，TC和TVC都出現(xiàn)拐點，從此它們上升的斜率變大。TFC與Q無關，AFC隨著Q的添加而遞減。CD綜合圖的分解之一：TC、TFC與TVC參與 TFC 到 TVC 意

8、味著在總可變本錢曲線上參與一樣的固定本錢量。所以，總本錢曲線與總可變本錢曲線外形一樣，只是高出一個等于總不變本錢TFC的量。綜合圖的分解之二：AC、AFC與AVC由于 AFC 隨Q的添加而下降，不斷遞減的本錢量參與 AVC得到ATC ，兩者間隔隨Q的增大而越來越近。2022/7/1729綜合圖的分解之三：AC、AVC與MC假設MC低于AC、AVC，AC、AVC下降；反之那么反之。MC曲線與AC、AVC曲線相交于各自的最低點。四、由TC曲線到AC曲線和MC曲線平均本錢等于總本錢曲線上各點與原點連線的斜率；邊沿本錢等于總本錢曲線上各點的切線的斜率。2022/7/17311、由TFC曲線推導AFC曲

9、線TFCAFCAFC是TFC上的各點與原點連線的斜率值的軌跡。2022/7/17322、由TVC曲線推導AVC曲線AVC是TVC線上各 點與原點連線的斜 率值的軌跡。A點是AVC的最低 點。ACQTVCAVC3、由TC曲線推導AC曲線AC是TC曲線上 的點與原點連線斜 率值的軌跡。B點是AC的最低 點。ABCQTCACO2022/7/17344、AVC和AC最低點的比較由于TVC的射線與切線重合點在TC之前出現(xiàn)，所以 AVC的最低點在AC之前。AVCACTCTVC5、由TC或者TVC曲線推導MC 曲線MC是TVC TC曲線對應點導數(shù)的軌跡；B點是一重要拐點，它是TVC曲線斜率最小之處，對應B點

10、。CQTVCMCBB0拐點B處一階導數(shù)最小，且二階導數(shù)為零。比較:MC曲線與AC、AVC曲線MC曲線先到達最低點；MC分別與AVC或 AC曲線在各自最低處相交。QCMCACAVCMarginal Cost = MC Total Fixed Costs = TFCTotal Variable Costs = TVCAverage Variable Costs = AVCTotal Costs = TC Average Total Costs = ATCAverage Fixed Costs = AFCSummary of Definitions. QuantityCosts (dollars)C

11、osts Graphically Presented.QuantityCosts (dollars)TVCVariable CostCosts Graphically Presented.QuantityCosts (dollars)TFCCosts Graphically Presented.QuantityCosts (dollars)TFCCombining with variable cost.Costs Graphically Presented.QuantityCosts (dollars)Costs Graphically Presented.TVCVariable CostQu

12、antityCosts (dollars)Add vertically toget Total CostCosts Graphically Presented.TFCTVCVariable CostQuantityCosts (dollars)TCTotalCostFixed CostCosts Graphically Presented.TVCVariable CostTFCQuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)Plotting Average CostsCosts Graphically Presented.QuantityShort-run a

13、verage costs (dollars)AFCCosts Graphically Presented.QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCCosts Graphically Presented.QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCAdd vertically to get.Costs Graphically Presented.QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCATCCosts Graphically Present

14、ed.QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCATCPlotting the changesin total cost yields.Costs Graphically Presented.QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCATCMCCosts Graphically Presented.2022/7/1752五、短期本錢變動的決議要素：邊沿報酬遞減規(guī)律回想：邊沿報酬遞減規(guī)律MPL先升后降2022/7/1753Total Product, TPQuantity of LaborAv

15、erage Product, AP, andmarginal product, MPQuantity of Labor再閱讀一遍：Law of Diminishing ReturnsMarginalProductAverageProductTotal OutputIncreasingMarginalReturns2022/7/1754Total Product, TPQuantity of LaborAverage Product, AP, andmarginal product, MPQuantity of LaborLaw of Diminishing ReturnsDiminishing

16、MarginalReturnsMarginalProductAverageProductTotal Output2022/7/1755Total Product, TPQuantity of LaborAverage Product, AP, andmarginal product, MPQuantity of LaborTotal OutputMarginalProductAverageProductNegativeMarginalReturnsLaw of Diminishing Returns2022/7/1756MPL與MC的關系在短期消費中， MPL遞增階段對應MC遞減階段； MPL

17、遞減階段對應MC遞增階段； MPL最大值對應MC最小值。2022/7/1757MPL與MC的關系圖示Quantity of laborCosts (dollars)Average product andmarginal productQuantity of outputProductivity & Cost Curve RelationshipQuantity of laborCosts (dollars)Average product andmarginal productQuantity of outputMPMCProductivity & Cost Curve Relationship

18、Quantity of laborCosts (dollars)Average product andmarginal productQuantity of outputMPAPMCAVCProductivity & Cost Curve Relationship六短期產(chǎn)量曲線與短期本錢曲線之間的關系短期消費函數(shù)短期本錢函數(shù)為1、邊沿產(chǎn)量和邊沿本錢246MPL0 4 10369MCCQL根據(jù)邊沿本錢定義，得：2022/7/1763Quantity of outputMPMC邊沿產(chǎn)量曲線與邊沿本錢曲線之間的關系QC00LQ邊沿報酬遞減規(guī)律決議了曲線的外形！APAVC2、平均產(chǎn)量和平均可變本錢La

19、bor246MPAPLabor0 4 10369MCAVCCACQTFC短期消費函數(shù)和短期本錢函數(shù)之間的對應關系QL0TPL QLMPLAPLQCACAVCCQTCTVC0(a)(b)(c)(d)MC邊沿本錢處于上升階段，平均可變本錢也越過最低點，處于遞增形狀TFC短期消費函數(shù)和短期本錢函數(shù)之間的對應關系QL0TPL QLMPLAPLQCACAVCCQTCTVC0(a)(b)(c)(d)MC第二階段：經(jīng)濟區(qū)域2022/7/1767Marginal Cost = MC Total Fixed Costs = TFCTotal Variable Costs = TVCAverage Variabl

20、e Costs = AVCTotal Costs = TC Average Total Costs = ATCAverage Fixed Costs = AFCSummary of Definitions. 2022/7/1768QuantityCosts (dollars)Costs Graphically Presented.2022/7/1769QuantityCosts (dollars)TVCVariable CostCosts Graphically Presented.2022/7/1770QuantityCosts (dollars)TFCCosts Graphically P

21、resented.2022/7/1771QuantityCosts (dollars)TFCCombining with variable cost.Costs Graphically Presented.2022/7/1772QuantityCosts (dollars)Costs Graphically Presented.TVCVariable Cost2022/7/1773QuantityCosts (dollars)Add vertically toget Total CostCosts Graphically Presented.TFCTVCVariable Cost2022/7/

22、1774QuantityCosts (dollars)TCTotalCostFixed CostCosts Graphically Presented.TVCVariable CostTFC2022/7/1775QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)Plotting Average CostsCosts Graphically Presented.2022/7/1776QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCCosts Graphically Presented.2022/7/1777QuantityS

23、hort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCCosts Graphically Presented.2022/7/1778QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCAdd vertically to get.Costs Graphically Presented.2022/7/1779QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCATCCosts Graphically Presented.2022/7/1780QuantityShort-run average

24、costs (dollars)AFCAVCATCPlotting the changesin total cost yields.Costs Graphically Presented.2022/7/1781QuantityShort-run average costs (dollars)AFCAVCATCMCCosts Graphically Presented.第三節(jié) 長期本錢實際5-3 The Long-run Cost Theory2022/7/1783Long-run or Short-run Cost？2022/7/1784LTC曲線、LAC曲線和LMC曲線總本錢平均本錢邊沿本錢產(chǎn)

25、量產(chǎn)量ab0LACLMCLTC一、LTC函數(shù)和LTC曲線由長期消費函數(shù)和本錢方程，得最優(yōu)消費規(guī)模選擇和LTC曲線每條STC曲線代表一種消費規(guī)模。a、b、c是STC曲線與LTC曲線的切點，表示不同產(chǎn)量下的最低總本錢。STC1STC2STC3LTC0QCdeba cQ1Q2Q32022/7/1787LTC曲線LTC線是STC線的包絡線。 包絡線 envelope-curve 是指LTC線把無數(shù)條STC線包圍起來的連線。在包絡線上，每一條STC線與LTC線不相交但相切。擴展線和LTC曲線oA2A3A1KB1B2B3LowOB3=rOA3C50100150QE3E2E1擴展線1=503=1502=10

26、0RLTCwOB2=rOA2wOB1=rOA12022/7/1789REVIEW：擴展線和STCoL123A2E3K3A3A1B1B2B3K2K1L1L2L3E2E1K擴展線STCLTC擴展線是斜率等于本錢線的等斜線。二、長期平均本錢2022/7/1791LAC曲線的推導一LTC曲線上各點與原點的連線的斜率值，即為LAC曲線。00CCQQLTCLACBAABCCLAC曲線的推導二LAC曲線是無數(shù)條SAC曲線的包絡線。0QCSAC1SAC2SAC3C1Q1Q2Q1C2Q2C3Q3CostsOutputFor every plant capacity size. there is a short-

27、run AC curve and every AC has a minimum cost每條SAC曲線代表一種規(guī)模的消費平均本錢COutputAn infinite number of such costcurves can be constructed.無數(shù)不同規(guī)模的SAC曲線LAC與SAC最低點的右邊相切LAC與SAC最低點的左邊相切The Long-run AC just “envelopesall of the short-run AC curvesCOutput構成LAC曲線LAC曲線是SAC曲線的包絡線：SAC曲線與LAC曲線切點的連線。留意：LAC曲線不一定是SAC曲線的最低點連

28、線。LACOutput分析LAC曲線的外形CLAC曲線是條“U型曲線，表示在企業(yè)消費擴張的開場階段，由于擴展消費規(guī)模而使經(jīng)濟效益得到提高，此為規(guī)模經(jīng)濟內(nèi)在經(jīng)濟；然后，隨著企業(yè)規(guī)模的擴展，經(jīng)濟效益下降，此為規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟內(nèi)在不經(jīng)濟。規(guī)模經(jīng)濟規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟2022/7/1797規(guī)模經(jīng)濟economies of Scale的緣由 不可分性投入本錢的分攤投入的專業(yè)化2022/7/1798不可分性投入本錢的分攤一個計算機芯片公司中的無菌車間、精細儀器和檢驗設備；船商橫渡大西洋，將電視機從日本運往美國所運用的大型輪船；比薩餅店運用的烤爐；有線電視公司在其領域內(nèi)鋪設的電纜；嚇跑海獅的假食人鯨模具。2022/7/1799投入的專業(yè)化分工提高效率亞當斯密Adam Smith，The Wealth of NationsNew York：The Modern Library，1937，pp.4-5.2022/7/17100規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟Diseconomies of Scale的緣由協(xié)調(diào)問題遞增的投入本錢2022/7/17101