英語語法教案模板共合集

1、英語語法教案模板（共合集）案課程名稱英語語法Lecture 1 Sentence Structure教學重點及難點：The claification of bound morpheme and the frequently applied bound morphemes;The basic clause types and their transformation and expansion教學基本內容Basic Concepts of morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, and sentences; 2.Ways of word-formation: af

2、fixation, derivation and composition; 3.Ways of sentence analysis: one ways is to divide thepredicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial.The other way is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the predication.4.Basic clause types include SVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA,

3、SVOC, and SvoO.An affirmative clause can be transformed into a negative;a statement intoa question,and a active clauseinto a paive.All these add varieties to the basic clause types.Lecture 1 Sentence structure Owing to the fact that sentencesin authentic language differ structurally inthousandsof wa

4、ys, whatis describedhere as sentencestructure, sentence elements, or sentence patterns is only concernedwith the simplesentence,or rather with theclause.1.1 clause elements As has been pointed out before, the clause or the simple sentence is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a constru

5、ction of - subject+ predicate II .That is to say, the clause or the simple sentence is not just an agglomeration of phrases; it is a group of phrases organized into a construction of - subject+ predicate) I .1Subject and predicate A full-fledged clause can generally be divided into two parts: the su

6、bject and the predicate.The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tell of what the sentence is about.The predicate says something about the subject and bear the new informationwhich thespeaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener orreader.The subject is generally realized by a

7、noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase, while the construction of the predicate, which is more complicated, generally consists of a verb phrase with or without complementation.2) Two ways of sentence analysis To facilitate description of how English language works, sentences can be analyzed in

8、two ways.One way is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial.These elements together with the subject make the five clause elements.The other ways of sentence analysis is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the predication.Theoperator is usua

9、lly theauxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase, while the predicationcomprises the main verb with itscomplementation (object, complement or adverbial).1.2 basic clause types and their transformation and expansion In terms of the different combinations of clause elements, English cl

10、auses can be claified into seven basic types.Innumerable authentic sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types.1) Basic clause types The seven basic clause types are SVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, and SVoO.These seven combinations of clause elements are wholly or largely determined b

11、y the main verb in the clause.The main verb in anSVC pattern is a linking or copula verb which must be followed by a subject complement.The main verb in an SV pattern is an intransitive verb which is not to be followed by any obligatory element except for a limitednumber of intransitiveverbswhich re

12、quire an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the patternSVA.The main verbin an SVO patternus amonotranstitive which must be followed by an object, and with some monotransitives the object must again be followed by an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the pattern SVOA.The main verb in an SV

13、OC pattern is a complex transitive verb which must be followed by an object+ object complement.The main verb in an SVoO pattern is a ditransitive verb which is to e followed by two objects: indirect and direct object.2) Transformation and expansion of basic clause types The basic clause types are al

14、l affirmative statements with verbs in the active voice.An affirmative clause can be transformed into a negative; s statement into a question; and an active clause into a paive.All these add varieties to the basic clause types.The basic clause types and their variants can also be expanded into large

15、r grammatical units through adding modifiers at various levels, and these larger units can again beexpanded through coordinationand subordinationintocompound, complex and compound-complex sentences.Lectures 2Problems of subject-verb concord.教學基本內容The concepts of three principles guiding subject-verb

16、 concord:grammatical concord, notional concord andproximity concord.Problems of concord with a coordinate subject: concord with and II or both and II , con cord with or IH/ either or nlbr, IH neither nor noto nly but also II ;Problems of concord with expreions of quality as subject: concord with exp

17、reion of definite quality as subject, concord with expreion of indefinite quality as subject;Other problems of subject-verb concord: problems ofconcord with a nominal clause as subject, subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause or subject, subject-verb concord in relative clauses, cleft-sentence

18、s, and existential sentences.Lecture 2 Subject-verb Concord (I) 2.1 Guiding principlesGrammatical concordNotional concordProximity 2.2 Problems of concord with nouns ending TOC o 1-5 h z in -s Disease and game names ending in-sThey are mostly treated as singulars.A few such names can be used either

19、as singular or as plural.Subject names ending in-icsSuch names are generally singular nouns, but some suchnouns are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject names. Geographical names ending in-sPlural except for a few treated as singular when used ascountry names.4)Other nouns ending

20、 in -sDisease and game namesending in sThey are mostly treated as singulars.A few such names can be used either as singular or asplural.Measles, mumps, rickets, shingles, diabetes, arthritis, phlebitis, AIDS, etc.Subject names ending in-icsSuch names are generally singular nouns, but some such nouns

21、 are treated as plural when used in other senses than subject names.Acoustics, claics, electronics, informatics, linguistics, mechanics, optics, plastics, thermodynamics, etc.Geographical names ending in-sPlural except for a few treated as singular when used as country names.Other nouns ending in-sC

22、alipers, compaes, flares, forceps, glaes, jeans, pants, pincers, pliers, scales, sciors, shades, shorts, suspenders, spectacles, etc.3 problems of concord with collective nouns as subjectCollective nouns usually used as pluralPeople, police, cattle, militia, poultry, vermin, etc.2) Collective nouns

23、usually used as singularFoliage, cutlery, poetry, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise, etc.3) Collective nouns used either as plural or as singularCouple, crew, government, majority, opposition ,etc 4) Acommittee, etc + plural nounA committee / board / panel ofLecture 3Subject-verb Concord

24、(II) Teaching Contents 3.1 Problems of concord with a coordinate subject 3.2 Problems of concord with expreions of quantity as subject 3.3 Other problems of subject-verb concordProblems of concord with a coordinate subject Coordination by“ and ” or “ both and ”It is usually treated as plural when it

25、 refers to two or more than two persons/things, but it is singular when referring to one person or thing.e.g. Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports. Your friend and adviser has agreed to lend me his money.After “ each and each ” or every - and every ” ,the verb is also in the singular for

26、m: e.g. Each man and each woman is asked to help.Every flower and every bush is to be cut down.The indefinite pronouns anybody/anyone, everybody/everyone,nobody/noone, andsomebody/someone combine with singular verb forms, even though co-referent pronouns and determiners may be plural forms.e.g.Every

27、body s doing what they think they re supposed to do.Nobody has their fridges repaired any more, they can t afford it.each/every he/she/theye.g.At the moment each of the girls was too busy thinking about her own personal safety to care much about the luggage. But each/every+ singular n. they/their II

28、 is ri(as well. e.g.Each of the students should have his/their own books.Every member brings their own lunch.In such exams asTOEFL, the pronoun referring to一nobody/everybody/everyone/someone/somebod y/any body/anyone/no one II can only be he/his instead of they/their.However, as English learners it

29、must be known that everyone they I isused more oftenthan everyone he II .e.g.Everyone warned you, didnthey?Has anybody brought their camera? No one could have blamed themselves for that.Every one / each / each one /*every one of the students should have their/his own books.Coordinationby “ or”/“ eit

30、her or” ,“ neither nor not only.but also “ Here the problem is dealt with according to theprincipleofproximity.e.g.Mysisters or my brother is likely to be at home.Either my father or my brothers are coming.Informally we can have the following use: e.g.Neither he nor his wife have arrived.can also be

31、In formal cases, especially in exams, neither is Used with singular verb.e.g.Neither of them is bright.When used with plural nouns in informal cases,neither IIwith plural verb.e.g.Neither of the books are/is very interesting.1 cant swim.Neither can I. He didn t like the play. Nor did we.Neither is u

32、sually in formal cases, but nor is often used in spoken English.Subject + as well as, as much as, rather than, more than, no le than; with, along with, together with, in addition to, except + Verb (determined by the form of the subject e.g. Some of the workers, as well as the manager, were working d

33、uring the holidays.No one except two students was late for the dinner.2 Problems of concord with expreions of quantity as subject 1) Concord with expreion of definite quantity as subjectWhen regarded as a single unit, the verb is singular;when regarded as the individuals that constitute the quantity

34、, the verb takes plural form.e.g. Twenty years in prison was the penalty he had to pay. b) a fraction/percentage + of-phrase+(d) onein/outof +Plural noun+ Verb(fml.Singular;infml.plural)e.g.One in ten students has/havefailed theexam.2)Concord withexpreion ofindefinitequantity assubject.a) all of/som

35、e of/ none of /half of/mostof + nounphrase of indefinite quantity + (Usage is fairly evenly divided between singular and plural concord with none of: e.g.None ofus has been aboard except Vinck.None of us really believe it s ever going to happen not to us, she said at last.Fiction However, none alone

36、 shows a distinct preference for singular concord: e.g.None describes him/herself as such in the partys official literature.(NEWS) Plural concord is the norm in conversation, while in the written registers there is an overall preference for singular concord.None of + N.+ V 1) 當none與不可數(shù)名詞連用或指代不可 數(shù)名詞時

37、，其謂語動詞總是用單數(shù)。e.g.I wanted some more coffee, but there was none left.2)當none與復數(shù)名詞連用或指代復數(shù)名詞時，傳統(tǒng)語法規(guī)定其謂語動 詞必須用單數(shù)。此用法得到英語教材和各類英語實體的肯定和強調。但是，實際應用中人們往往使用一概念一致II原則，用動詞的復數(shù)形式。所以，Quirk說：一用復數(shù)動詞較為常見，并且，在正式用法中也為人們普遍接受。II e.g.None of the books has/have been placed on the shelves.None but the brave deserves the fair

38、.唯有勇者才配得上美女。None are so deaf as those who will not hear.不愿聽從的人是最聾的人。no one單獨使用時只用于指人。e.g.No one should pride themselves on this result. 但是， no one之后接-of短語時，既可指人也可指物。e.g.No one of you could lift it.I reach three books on this subject, no one of which was helpful.None既可指人也可指物。e.g.How many elephants di

39、d you see? None.No one of them really understands the problems.No one 與no-one 在英語里是并存的，目前尚未統(tǒng)一形式。No-one為英國英語，而no one是美國英語lots of/heaps of/loads of/scads of/plenty of + noun phrase + (There is a collection of pictures at the Town Hall.a great deal / a great manya great (good) deal 之后要加介詞of才能與名詞連用，而a g

40、reat (good) many可以直接與名詞連用。另夕卜，a great deal of跟不可數(shù)名詞連用，而a great many 則與可數(shù)名詞連用。e.g.The chest contained a great/good deal of money.A great deal還可作形容詞或副詞比較級的修飾語e.g.Thatjob was a great deal easier.a lot of既可跟不可數(shù)名詞也可跟可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞決定于名詞的單復數(shù)。e.g.There is a lot of beer in those bottles there.lots of 與 amounts of

41、 , quantities of 不同，后兩者是中心詞而非修飾語。e.g.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.Quantities of food were on the table.a variety of + n.做主語時，其謂語動詞決定于名詞的數(shù)，也就 是說，此處起作用的是概念一致原則。e.g.A great variety of books were recently published.a wide range of + pl.n. 充當主語時，其謂語動詞應用單數(shù)； a bouquet of flowers 也是用單數(shù)。e.

42、g.A wide range of washing-machines and refrigerators is displayed in our showroom.A bouquet of flowers was presented to the vicar s wife.a set of + pl.n.做主語時，人們使用謂語動詞的形式并不是很 一致。e.g.There is a set of rules that you must follow if you are going mountain-climbing.There are set of unscrupulous scoundrel

43、s.d) determiner + species nouns (kind/type/sort) of + noun phrase (singular countable noun/uncountable noun) +verb (singular) e.g.This kind of apples is highly priced.With countable nouns there tends to be agreement in number between the species noun and the followingnoun(e.g.that kind of thing v.al

44、l kinds of things).But we also find: Singular species noun + pl.noun e.g.I don t know what kind of dinosaurs they all are.I mean, do we want these kind of people in our team?Pl.species noun + singular noun e.g.Thieves tended to target certain types of car he said.e) many a + noun phrase + verb (sing

45、ular)more than one + singular noun + singular verbmore pl.noun + than one + pl.verb e.g.Many a man has sacrificed his life. More than one member has protested against the proposal.More persons than one have been involved.f) In “ an average of/a majority of + noun phrase (pl.) + verb ” , when noun is

46、 regarded as the individuals that constitute the quantity, the verb takes plural form; otherwise, it is singular.e.g.A majority of the town “ syounger men are moving to the city.A majority of three votes to one was recorded.3.3 Otherproblems of subject-verb concord 1) Problems of concord with a nomi

47、nal clause as subject When the subject is a nominal clause introducedby what, which, how, why, whether, the verb usually takes the singular form.But when two or more such clauses are coordinated by and or both and, a plural verb is used.e.g.What I saw was a car.What I saw and think are no busine of

48、yours.In SVC construction with a what-clause as subject, when the subject complement is plural, or when the what-clause is plural in meaning, the verb of themain clausecan be plural.e.g.What they want are promises.2) Subject-verb concord with a non-finite clause as subject Generally speaking, the ve

49、rb is singular.But when two or more such clauses are coordinated by and, the verb of the main clause is singular when the subject refers to one thing, and is plural when thesubject refers to separate things.e.g.To eat well is all he asks.3) Subject-verb concord in relative clauses one of +plural nou

50、n + relative clause (verb) the (only) one of + pluralnoun + relative clause (singular verb) 4) Subject-verb concord in cleft-sentences Here the verb is determined by the number of the focal element functioning as subject in the clause.Iam; methirdperson singular number e.g. It is Iwho am to blame.It

51、 is me that is to blame.5) Subject-verb concord in existential sentences Generally the verb is determined by the notional subject.When the notional subject is a coordinate construction, the verb form goes with the first coordinate element of the notional subject.But in informal style, esp.in spoken

52、language, the verb is often singular.e.g. There is a book on the desk.There is many people in the street.There is more grace and le carelene.American and Dutch beer are much lighter than British.The short term and the long term loan are handled differently.按英語慣用法，一個單數(shù)名詞受前置限定時，如果此名 詞表示兩個或兩個以上的事物，根據(jù)概念

53、一致的原則，其謂語動詞用 復數(shù)；但是當此類名詞受后置限制時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。e.g.Beer from America and Holland is much lighter than British beer.majority許多英美出版的語法書和慣用法都指出，majority和minority 不能與不可數(shù)名詞連用。T.Wood 的一Curren English Usage II (p161) 說：Majority may be used only for number with countable nouns, not for amount or quantitywith ma nou

54、ns: Themajority of the eggs were bad is correct; The majority of the butter was bad is not.Similarly, we cannot speak of the majority of the land/time/one s wealth.We must use most, or the greater partII .但是，Practical English Usage (1980)有一例：e.g.The majority of the damage is easy to repair.建議按照 T.Wo

55、od 的觀點來使用 the majority of 。Majority雖然在語法上是個單數(shù)名詞，但在概念上卻具有復數(shù)的意義：most, almost all, many。因此一般與復數(shù)動詞連用。 e.g.The majority of children like sweets.The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.若后面沒有-of短語時，the majority 作主語時。如果泛指 多數(shù)(與少數(shù)相對)，謂語單復數(shù)均可。Eg, The majority is /are doing its/their best 。

56、 /in favor of the plan 。 /against him 。.如果指整體、統(tǒng)一體， majority 常被看作單數(shù)。The majority is always able to impose its will on theminority/ is for him.如果指多數(shù)中的各個成員，majority 被看成復數(shù)。The majority are of different minds on the matter 3. 如果指多出的數(shù)目，majority 看成單數(shù)。Her Majority was 5 vote /His majority was a big (small )

57、one.the rest (+of noun) +verb遵循概念一致原則，而非語法一致原則。e.g.The rest are to wait for us. The rest needs no telling.the + adjective 做主語：)當表示一類人的整體時，e.g.the young, the old, the poor, the rich, the blind, the dead,謂語動詞用復數(shù)。.g.The wise look to the wiser for advice.2 ) 當表示具體的 人，而不是某一類人的整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。e.g.The decease

58、d is my uncle.3 )表示抽象的概念或某種籠 統(tǒng)的東西時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。e.g.The best is yet to come.The unknown is always something to be feared.Worth + of + pl.noun ,其謂語動詞形式取決于上下文和所表達的真正意思。當充當 of賓語 的名詞具 有重要意義時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式，當所表達的價值具有重要意義時，則謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。e.g.Nearly a thousand pounds worth of cigarettes werestolen.（此處重要的是香煙被盜）大約價值1000

59、英鎊的香煙被盜。There is nearly a thousand pounds worth of cigarettes on that shelf.（此處重要的是香煙的價值）在那個架子上的香煙價 值大約為1000英鎊Leon 4Noun and noun phrase教學重點及難點：Number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun.教學基本內容Claification of nouns: simple, compound and derivative nouns, proper and common nou

60、ns, count and noncount nouns.Number forms of nouns: regular and irregular plural forms of nouns;Number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper noun: number forms of the collective noun, number forms of the material nouns, number forms of the abstract noun, number forms of the proper n