醫(yī)學(xué)微生物學(xué)課件：0緒論

1、Medical MicrobiologyIntroductionWhat is microbe?Section 1 microorganisms 一 microorganism(微生物) Features (特點(diǎn)) simple structure 結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單 micro-generation 形體微小 Rapid reproduction 繁殖迅速 Widely distributed 分布廣泛 種 類(lèi)Eukaryotic microbes (真核細(xì)胞型微生物)Prokaryotic microbes (原核細(xì)胞型微生物)acellular microbes (非細(xì)胞型微生物)Bacteriu

2、m (細(xì)菌)Mycoplasma (支原體)Chlamydia (衣原體) Rickettsia (立克次體 )Spirochetes (螺旋體)Actinomyces (放線菌 )Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsCharacteristicProkaryotic Bacterial CellsEukaryotic Fungal CellsDNA within a nuclear membrane NoYesMitotic divisionNoYesDNA associated with histonesNoYesChrom

3、osome number11Membrane-bound organellesNoYesSize of ribosome70S80SCell wall containing peptidoglycanYesNoMicroorganisms and human beingsRelationship of Microorganisms and human beingsBeneficial activitiesNatural habitatIndustry and agricultureNormal floraHarmful activitiesPathogens or pathogenic ger

4、msOpportunistic (conditional) pathogensNormal microbial floraThe populations of microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of healthy normal persons總計(jì)1271g腸道1000g皮膚200g口腔20g上呼吸道20g陰道20g鼻腔10g眼部1gNormal microbial floraSome members of normal flora may aid the host：Biological barrier 生物屏障

5、 Nutrition 營(yíng)養(yǎng) Immunity 免疫 Anti-tumor 抑癌 Anti- aging 抗衰老:Free radicals, SODconditional pathogensConditions defense mechanisms are impaired removed from the restrictions of that environment dysbacteriosisSection 2 Microbiology Microbiology Microbiology is the biology of microorganisms. It is a bioscie

6、nce for the study of the evolution, classification , morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology of microbes under certain definite conditions, The law of their life activities, and their interaction with human being, animals or plants as well as with natural environment.Medical microbiologyMedical mi

7、crobiology is the study of interactions between human and the microorganism with their coexisting. The microorganisms involved are classified, according to the nature of their interacting with human beings, on a spectrum that varies from beneficial to harmful. to study pathogens biological character

8、istics pathogenicity and immunity laboratory diagnosis control: treatment and preventionMedical microbiologyThe history of medical microbiologyAntony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)(1673)巴氏消毒法：6230min推翻“自然發(fā)生說(shuō)”炭疽疫苗、狂犬疫苗Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Robert Koch(1843-1910)method for isolating pure culture of ba

9、cteriaNew methods of staining bacteriaKochs postulatesKochs postulatesThe microbe should be found in the body in all cases of the disease The microbe should be isolated from a case and grown in a series of pure cultures in vitroThe microbe should reproduce the disease on the inoculation of a late pu

10、re culture into a susceptible animal.To prove that a particular microorganism was the cause of a particular diseaseLister(1827-1912)Asepsis Operation石炭酸噴灑消毒手術(shù)Edward Jenner (1749-1823)Discovered safe immunization against smallpox (vaccination)牛痘苗預(yù)防天花Fleming(1881-1955)Discovered penicillinAwarded the

11、Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1945伊凡諾夫斯基，俄羅斯著名科學(xué)家1892年發(fā)現(xiàn)煙草花葉病病源的濾過(guò)性 Iwanovsky (18641920)伊凡諾夫斯基(俄羅斯) 1892年,煙草花葉病病毒 (TMV)湯非凡 (1897-1958)Modern microbiology discovery of new microbes mechanisms of diseases new diagnostic techniques improvements of control當(dāng)前嚴(yán)重威脅人類(lèi)的微生物傳染病疾病名稱(chēng)每年死亡人數(shù)（萬(wàn)）病原微生物急性下呼吸道感染370細(xì)菌、病毒、原生動(dòng)物、真菌結(jié)核病290細(xì)菌痢疾250細(xì)菌、病毒艾滋病230病毒瘧疾150-270原生動(dòng)物肝炎100-200病毒麻疹22病毒細(xì)菌性腦膜炎20細(xì)菌百日咳10細(xì)菌阿米巴痢疾4-10原生動(dòng)物狂犬病3.5病毒黃熱病3病毒非洲睡眠病2原生動(dòng)物小 結(jié)微生物概念 種類(lèi)：真核細(xì)胞型微生物 原核細(xì)胞型微生物 非細(xì)胞型微生物醫(yī)學(xué)微生物學(xué)Key wordsMic