管理信息系統(tǒng)理論基礎與簡介課件

1、上海工程技術大學管理學院第二章 信息技術與信息系統(tǒng)主要內容0 復習1 管理系統(tǒng)2 理解管理信息系統(tǒng)3 管理信息系統(tǒng)的分類4 流程、職能、角色管理信息系統(tǒng)（以下簡稱MIS）課程是一門綜合了管理科學、信息科學、系統(tǒng)科學和計算機科學的課程，依賴于管理科學和計算機科學的發(fā)展及其應用而逐漸形成的，系統(tǒng)的觀點、數(shù)學的方法和計算機應用是其三大要素。MIS課程定義Contemporary Approaches to Information SystemsContemporary Approaches to Information SystemsThe study of information systems

2、deals with issues and insights contributed from technical and behavioral disciplines.4Why to invest on MIS?Business firms invest heavily in information systems to achieve six strategic business objectives:Operational excellenceNew products, services, and business modelsCustomer and supplier intimacy

3、Improved decision makingCompetitive advantageSurvivalThe Role of Information Systems in Business TodayInformation Technology Capital InvestmentInformation technology capital investment, defined as hardware, software, and communications equipment, grew from 32 percent to 52 percent of all invested ca

4、pital between 1980 and 2009.FIGURE 1-16信息與數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)是人們用來反映客觀世界而記錄下來的可以鑒別的物理符號，或者說數(shù)據(jù)是用各種可以鑒別的物理符號記錄下來的客觀事實。 數(shù)據(jù)的含義包括兩個方面：客觀性：客觀性是數(shù)據(jù)對客觀事實的描述，它反映了某一客觀事實的屬性，這種屬性是通過屬性名和屬性值同時來表達的，缺一不可?？设b別性：是數(shù)據(jù)對客觀事實的記錄，這種記錄是通過一些特定的符號來表現(xiàn)的。常用的特定符號包括：聲、光、電、數(shù)字、文字、字母、圖形、圖表和圖像等。信息與數(shù)據(jù)（續(xù)）信息是經(jīng)過加工后的數(shù)據(jù)，它對接收者有用，對決策或行為有現(xiàn)實或潛在價值。Information:

5、Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.信息與數(shù)據(jù)可看作原材料和成品的關系相對/絕對主觀/客觀抽象/具體原材料生產(chǎn)過程產(chǎn)成品數(shù)據(jù)處理數(shù) 據(jù)信 息生產(chǎn)流程信息與數(shù)據(jù)的轉化信息的特征信息與決策信息是管理的基礎。管理的決策理論學派認為：“管理就是決策”，而決策過程就是收集、處理和使用信息的過程。決策分類 決策方法決策類型傳統(tǒng)方法現(xiàn)代方法結構化決策1. 習慣2. 標準作業(yè)規(guī)程3.適當?shù)慕M織機構MIS(包括各種管理科學方法)非結構化決策 1. 判斷力、直覺2.經(jīng)驗規(guī)則3.選拔

6、訓練管理人員1. DSS2.ESS3.人機對話進行探索管理系統(tǒng)管理系統(tǒng)管理系統(tǒng)為了達到組織的目標，針對管理對象，由具有特定管理職能、相互聯(lián)系的各種管理機構、管理制度、管理方法和技術等所構成的完整的組織管理體系。管理系統(tǒng)的構成，可以從不同角度分析企業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)的功能結構企業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)的管理層次管理系統(tǒng)縱向劃分為不同子系統(tǒng)管理系統(tǒng)的構成：功能結構生產(chǎn)銷售研發(fā)財務人事上層管理 政策 計劃 預算 目標 年收入 成本 利潤 調度 度量 產(chǎn)品 服務 性能中層管理操作管理 管理系統(tǒng)橫向劃分為不同層次管理系統(tǒng)的構成：管理層次理解管理信息系統(tǒng)高登戴維斯（G.B.Davis）給出了管理信息系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)典定義：管理信息系統(tǒng)

7、是一個利用計算機軟、硬件，手工作業(yè)，分析、計劃、控制和決策模型以及數(shù)據(jù)庫技術的人-機系統(tǒng)。它能提供信息，支持企業(yè)或組織的運行、管理與決策功能。對MIS定義的理解MIS由四個部分組成： 計算機硬件與軟件。 手工作業(yè)。 分析、計劃、控制與決策模型。 數(shù)據(jù)庫技術。MIS的功能是提供信息：基礎信息、管理信息、決策信息等。MIS提供的信息有兩個方面的作用： 基礎信息與管理信息支持企業(yè)管理活動與正常運行。 它的決策信息能輔助企業(yè)進行有效的企業(yè)決策。 Information system: Set of interrelated components Collect, process, store, and

8、 distribute informationSupport decision making, coordination, and controlInformation vs. dataData are streams of raw factsInformation is data shaped into meaningful formPerspectives on Information SystemsFunctions of an Information SystemAn information system contains information about an organizati

9、on and its surrounding environment. Three basic activitiesinput, processing, and outputproduce the information organizations need. Feedback is output returned to appropriate people or activities in the organization to evaluate and refine the input. Environmental actors, such as customers, suppliers,

10、 competitors, stockholders, and regulatory agencies, interact with the organization and its information systems.Figure 1.420Perspectives on Information SystemsInformation Systems Are More Than ComputersUsing information systems effectively requires an understanding of the organization, management, a

11、nd information technology shaping the systems. An information system creates value for the firm as an organizational and management solution to challenges posed by the environment.Figure 1.521總體概念圖高級管理人員（計劃、決策）經(jīng)理支持系統(tǒng)決策支持系統(tǒng)知識工作系統(tǒng)職能人員中央數(shù)據(jù)庫市場分系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)分系統(tǒng)財務分系統(tǒng)其它分系統(tǒng)業(yè)務信息系統(tǒng)管理信息系統(tǒng)中級管理人員（控制、決策）專用數(shù)據(jù)庫公用數(shù)據(jù)庫模型庫應用程序數(shù)

12、據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略決策管理控制運行控制業(yè)務處理用戶訂貨服務市場預測生產(chǎn)調度計劃庫存資產(chǎn)管理生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計劃工廠監(jiān)控采購供應成本計劃（縱向子系統(tǒng)）橫向子系統(tǒng)MIS軟件結構MIS功能結構：金字塔結構戰(zhàn)略計劃管理控制運行控制業(yè)務處理銷售與市場生產(chǎn)財務與會計其它MIS功能（用戶角度）戰(zhàn)略層管理層知識層操作層高層決策者中層決策者知識/數(shù)據(jù)處理者基層決策者市場銷售生產(chǎn)制造財務管理行政管理管理信息系統(tǒng)的分類管理層次作業(yè)控制各類日常業(yè)務處理信息系統(tǒng)、辦公自動化系統(tǒng)管理控制完成計劃、預算、偏差分析、輔助中層管理決策的信息系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃輔助企業(yè)高層領導規(guī)劃、控制企業(yè)的運作的信息系統(tǒng)，如專門的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘和分析系統(tǒng)Perspe

13、ctives on Information SystemsLevels in a FirmBusiness organizations are hierarchies consisting of three principal levels: senior management, middle management, and operational management. Information systems serve each of these levels. Scientists and knowledge workers often work with middle manageme

14、nt.28Transaction processing systemsPerform and record daily routine transactions necessary to conduct businessExamples: sales order entry, payroll, shippingAllow managers to monitor status of operations and relations with external environmentServe operational levelsServe predefined, structured goals

15、 and decision makingTypes of Information Systems29Types of Information SystemsA Payroll TPSA TPS for payroll processing captures employee payment transaction data (such as a time card). System outputs include online and hard-copy reports for management and employee paychecks.FIGURE 2-230Management i

16、nformation systemsServe middle managementProvide reports on firms current performance, based on data from TPSProvide answers to routine questions with predefined procedure for answering themTypically have little analytic capabilityTypes of Information Systems31Types of Information SystemsHow Managem

17、ent Information Systems Obtain Their Data from the Organizations TPSIn the system illustrated by this diagram, three TPS supply summarized transaction data to the MIS reporting system at the end of the time period. Managers gain access to the organizational data through the MIS, which provides them

18、with the appropriate reports.32Types of Information SystemsSample MIS ReportThis report, showing summarized annual sales data, was produced by the MIS in Figure 2-3.33Decision support systemsServe middle managementSupport non-routine decision makingExample: What is impact on production schedule if D

19、ecember sales doubled?Often use external information as well from TPS and MISModel driven DSSVoyage-estimating systemsData driven DSSIntrawests marketing analysis systemsTypes of Information Systems34Types of Information SystemsVoyage-Estimating Decision Support SystemThis DSS operates on a powerful

20、 PC. It is used daily by managers who must develop bids on shipping contracts.35Business intelligenceClass of software applicationsAnalyze current and historical data to find patterns and trends and aid decision-makingUsed in systems that support middle and senior managementData-driven DSS Executive

21、 support systems (ESS)Types of Information Systems36Executive support systemsSupport senior managementAddress non-routine decisionsRequiring judgment, evaluation, and insightIncorporate data about external events (e.g. new tax laws or competitors) as well as summarized information from internal MIS

22、and DSSExample: Digital dashboard with real-time view of firms financial performance: working capital, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash flow, and inventoryTypes of Information Systems37Systems from a constituency perspectiveTransaction processing systems: supporting operational level empl

23、oyeesManagement information systems and decision-support systems: supporting managersExecutive support systems: supporting executivesTypes of Information Systems38Relationship of systems to one anotherTPS: Major source of data for other systemsESS: Recipient of data from lower-level systemsData may

24、be exchanged between systemsIn reality, most businesses systems are only loosely integrated (but they are getting better!) Types of Information Systems39管理層次分類小結組織層次系統(tǒng)類型典型功能戰(zhàn)略層戰(zhàn)略支持系統(tǒng)長期銷售趨勢預測、長期預算計劃、人力資源計劃管理層決策支持系統(tǒng)成本分析、定價分析、投資分析管理信息系統(tǒng)銷售管理、庫存控制知識層辦公自動化文字管理、電子郵件、電子日歷知識工作系統(tǒng)計算機輔助設計、虛擬現(xiàn)實操作層事務處理系統(tǒng)物流管理、現(xiàn)金管理

25、、設備管理、訂單管理、薪資處理Enterprise applicationsSystems for linking the enterpriseSpan functional areasExecute business processes across firmInclude all levels of managementFour major applications:Enterprise systemsSupply chain management systemsCustomer relationship management systemsKnowledge management sys

26、temsSystems that span the enterprise41Systems that span the enterpriseEnterprise Application ArchitectureEnterprise applications automate processes that span multiple business functions and organizational levels and may extend outside the organization.FIGURE 2-642Enterprise systemsCollects data from

27、 different firm functions and stores data in single central data repositoryResolves problem of fragmented, redundant data sets and systemsEnable: Coordination of daily activitiesEfficient response to customer orders (production, inventory)Provide valuable information for improving management decision makingSystems that span the enterprise43Supply chain management (SCM) systems Manage firms relationships with suppliersShare information aboutOrders, produc