托福閱讀tpo 4 Petroleum Resources石油資源原題解析

1、閱讀原文:Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxy

2、gen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.當(dāng)氧氣消耗殆盡分解便停止，settling on the sea bottom temperatures and pressures,石油是由原油和天然氣組成，似乎都源自于海洋的有機(jī)物沉淀。微小的有機(jī)物沉積到海 底并堆聚在海泥里，有機(jī)物會局部分解，消耗沉淀里的溶解氧 留下剩余的有機(jī)物。Continued sedimentationthe process of deposits buries the organic matter and subjects

3、it to higher which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in th

4、e sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.持續(xù)的沉積一一堆積物沉積到海底的過程將有機(jī)物埋在海底使之受到海底溫度、高壓的 影響，最終轉(zhuǎn)變成石油和天然氣。當(dāng)泥狀沉積物被擠壓在一起時，天然氣和石油液滴會被擠 出泥層，然后進(jìn)入附近的沙層。經(jīng)過很長的一個周期（數(shù)百萬年），積聚的天然氣和石油會在 沙層中聚集。因為石油和天然氣的密度都比水低，所以他 們通常通過飽含水的巖層和

5、沉積物 往上升。Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drillin

6、g pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost

7、 alwayscarefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural

8、gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.油床是寶貴的地下石油積聚處，而油田是被一個或多個油藏覆蓋區(qū)域。當(dāng)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)油藏 或油田時，就會把井鉆到地下。固定的塔稱為井架，建造井架是為了控制長距離的鉆桿?，F(xiàn) 代使用的便攜式鉆井機(jī)安裝使用完成后，會被拆除和移走。因為石油的密度與在下層的水不 同，或者因為石油上面的氣體擴(kuò)張形成的壓力，當(dāng)井探至油藏時，石油通常會上升至井內(nèi)。 現(xiàn)

9、在石油的上升已經(jīng)可以很好的進(jìn)行控制，但在過去，井噴或管涌經(jīng)常發(fā)生。氣體壓力逐漸 減小，然后油從井中被抽出。水或蒸汽會通過相鄰的井被注入，以幫助推出石油。在煉油廠， 地下的原油被分離成天然氣、汽油、煤油和各種油類。石油還可用來生產(chǎn)石油化工產(chǎn)品，如 染料、化肥、塑料制品等。As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of A

10、laska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean s continental shelvesthose gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than

11、 one-quarter of the world s oil and almost one-fifth of the world s natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.隨著石油越來越

12、難以找到，石油勘探已經(jīng)開始到更惡劣的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行。比如，在最新發(fā) 現(xiàn)的油田案例中，阿拉斯加北坡油田的開發(fā)和阿拉斯加管道建設(shè)就是成本高、難度大的例子。 海底鉆探平臺將尋找石油的區(qū)域延伸到了海洋大陸架上一一陸地附近淺海下緩緩的斜坡。世 界上1/4以上的石油和近1/5的天然氣都來自近海，盡管近海鉆井的成本比陸地鉆井高6 至7倍。世界上相當(dāng)一部分的石油和天然氣來自英國和挪威之間的北海。Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far fr

13、om a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest i

14、s far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.當(dāng)然，地下還能發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的石油。油藏可能太小或遠(yuǎn)離潛在的市場因而鉆井費(fèi)用過高而 不適宜開采。一些石油存在于禁止鉆井的地區(qū)，如國家公園或其他公共土地。即使提供最好 的采油技術(shù)，油藏中也只有大約30%到40%的石油可以抽至地面。其余的因為太難抽取而不得 不留在地下。Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environme

15、ntal problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at

16、sea. Offshoreplatforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drifshore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil fieldmay subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers

17、have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.此外，從地下和海底開采石油并運(yùn)送到消費(fèi)者的途中的任何地方都會產(chǎn)生環(huán)境問

18、題。如 果石油運(yùn)輸管道因為故障或塌方損壞，將會造成嚴(yán)重的石油泄漏。運(yùn)載石油的油輪在發(fā)生碰 撞或意外擱淺（如在1989年阿拉斯加發(fā)生的油輪擱淺）的情況下，石油泄露會導(dǎo)致海上產(chǎn)生 浮油。海上鉆井平臺也可能會泄露石油，導(dǎo)致油污漂流到岸上造成海灘污染，危害環(huán)境。有 時一個油田的石油被抽取后，地面會發(fā)生下沉。加利福尼亞州長灘附近的威爾明頓油田在50 年內(nèi)下沉了 9米；人們不得不建造 保護(hù)圍墻以防止海水灌進(jìn)這個地區(qū)。最后，石油煉制、燃 燒以及其產(chǎn)品也會造成空氣污染。不過不管怎樣，先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和嚴(yán)格的法律正在協(xié)助控制這 些對環(huán)境的不利影響。第1題:The word “accumulate” in the pa

19、ssage is closest in meaning toA： grow upB： build upC： spread outD： break apart題目解析個和累積不是- apart意思反了所以都不對。accumulate沉積，聚集，累積之意，所以build up正確，注意grow up表示長大，這 個概念，原文與之并列的動詞是settle，叫做落下來，穩(wěn)定下來，所以break ，而且grow up和spread out在某種意義上是差不多的，第2題:According formation?to paragraph 1, which of the following is trueab

20、out petroleumand natural gas.A： Microscopic organisms that live in mud produce crude oilB： Large amounts of oxygen are needed for petroleum formation to begin.C： Petroleum is produced when organic material in sediments combines with decayingmarine organisms.D： Petroleum formation appears to begin in

21、 marine sediments where organic matter is present.題目解析以 petroleum formation 做關(guān)鍵詞，沒有，但有 petroleum originate from blablabla， 說石油起源于海洋沉積物當(dāng)中的有機(jī)物，與D選項說的完全一致，D正確；A錯，原文沒說 live； B錯，原文沒說需要大量氧氣，只說用光了氧氣之后有機(jī)物能夠保存;C錯，原文沒說 combineo第3題:In paragraphs 1 and 2, the author s primary purpose is toA： describe how petrol

22、eum is formedB： explain why petroleum formation is a slow processC： provide evidence that a marine environment is necessary for petroleum formationD： show that oil commonly occurs in association with gas題目解析問兩段，分別看兩段的開頭，第一段開頭說石油是怎么開始的，第二段第一句說繼續(xù)沉 積blabla，也就是在延續(xù)第一段所說的石油的形成過程，所以A正確。第4題:Which of the sen

23、tences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A： Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation.B：Depos

24、its of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.C：Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.D： The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.題目解析去掉

25、原句中的插入語，原句變成了 sedimentation bury and subject to blabla, convert to petro, A錯，沒說溫度壓力提升sedimentation； B遺漏了重要信息，原句的變成石油沒 說；C正確；D完全沒重現(xiàn)原文的重要信息，錯。第5題：The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA：nearbyB： existingC：specialD：deep題目解析adjacent相鄰的，臨近的，答案A，原句說水或者蒸汽可以從什么樣的井弄下去，把油 壓出來。根據(jù)物理學(xué)的U型管原理，

26、從注水的U型管一端向管內(nèi)吹起，另外一端的液面就會 上升，同理，從臨近的油井壓入水或者蒸汽，石油就會被壓出來，所以答案是A，B存在C 特殊D深都不對。第6題：Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?A： They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.B：They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.C：They waste more oil than they collect.D：They are u

27、nlikely to occur nowadays.題目解析以gusher做關(guān)鍵詞定位至本段倒數(shù)第四句，說gusher在過去是非常普遍的，意思就是 現(xiàn)在不普遍了，答案D，而且前半句還說仔細(xì)控制了，仔細(xì)控制的結(jié)果就是不再發(fā)生了，也 能選出D答案。第7題：Which of the following strategies for oil exploration is described in paragraph 4?A： Drilling under the ocean s surfaceB： Limiting drilling to accessible locationsC： Using hi

28、ghly sophisticated drilling equipmentD： Constructing technologically advanced drilling platforms題目解析第四段第一句就說了 hostile environment，緊接著就用大量文字寫了 offshore石油鉆 探，第五段也一直在說在那些不能鉆石油的地方鉆探，所以A的under the ocean s surface 最靠譜；B說反了； C的equipment和D的platform都沒說。第8題：What does the development of the Alaskan oil field m

29、entioned in paragraph 4 demonstrate?A： More oil is extracted from the sea than from land.B： Drilling for oil requires major financial investments.C： The global demand for oil has increased over the years.D： The North Slope of Alaska has substantial amounts of oil.題目解析第二句和第三句說到了阿拉斯加的石油開采是一個例子，great e

30、xpense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries說明使用開采花錢又需要技術(shù)，正確答案B，需要大量 投資；其他選項都沒說。第9題:The word “sloping” in the passage is closest in meaning toA： shiftingB： incliningC： formingD： rolling題目解析slope坡，sloping傾斜的，斜坡的。sloping所在的句子是對前面海洋大陸架的一個解 釋，大路邊緣逐漸傾斜的海下地區(qū)，所以inclining傾斜的正確；A變換的C形成的D滾動 的都不對。第10題

31、：According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPTA： permission to access the area where oil has been foundB： the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a poolC： the location of the market in relation to the drilling siteD：the political s

32、ituation in the region where drilling would occur題目解析排除法，A對應(yīng)第三句，因為有drilling is forbidden，正確，不選；B對應(yīng)倒數(shù)第二 句，pool，正確，不選；C項對應(yīng)第二句，location of the market，正確，不選；D沒說， 錯，選。第11題：The word “foul” in the passage is closest in meaning toA：reachB：floodC： polluteD： alter題目解析foul弄臟，污染，污穢的，所以pollute正確。原句說海上鉆井平臺有可能漏油，產(chǎn)

33、生 海面浮油，并且怎么樣海灘，之前都說了一大堆不好的事兒，所以pollute正確，A到達(dá)B 沖刷D改變感情色彩都不對。第12題：In paragraph 6, the author s primary purpose is toA： provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environmentB： describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progressC：give an analysis of the effects of o

34、il spills on the environmentD：explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills題目解析問整個第六段，看第一句，說整個從石油開采一直到市場上的任何一環(huán)都有可能污染環(huán) 境，所以A是正確答案；只是說有可能污染環(huán)境，沒說事故，B不對；原文只是給出事實， 沒有任何分析，C錯；D錯因為沒說減少污染。第13題：Look at the four squares that indicate wherehe following sentence couldbe added to the passage. Whe

35、re would the sentence best fit?Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.題目解析四個過渡點，名詞 surface，代詞 this migration，代詞 these natural resources 和 連詞unless，代詞these natural resources是不能用的，因為被反復(fù)提到的oil and gas 干擾；D的move和D的rise都可以對應(yīng)this migration，而只有rise才能對的上surface， 所以選D不選B。第14題：Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete