醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)翻譯與寫作：Medical English Writing(4) writinga medical review

1、Medical English WritingShandong UniversityMay, 2013Medical English Writing (4)Writing a medical reviewMay, 2013What is a medical review A comprehensive and critical review of a segment of a published body of knowledge in a particular subject area within a certain time period through summary, classif

2、ication, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles.What is a medical review 作者將所獲得的各種文獻(xiàn)資料進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的整理、歸納、分析和比較后，就某一專題的歷史背景、他人的工作、研究現(xiàn)狀、爭(zhēng)論焦點(diǎn)及發(fā)展前景等方面的綜合、總結(jié)和評(píng)論性的文章。Classification of LiteraturesPrimary Literature： Scientific papers (or conference proceedings, di

3、ssertations) that reports original research results. Does not imply that the article must be the first one conducted on the subject. Words that are often used to describe primary medical articles include: controlled, clinical trial & prospective. This type of research allows the medical community to

4、: a. Assess observations b. Repeat experiments if desired c. Evaluate study results By the beginning of the twentieth century, the volume of primary publications had reached such a large size that it began to be difficult for scientists to find information. In order to simplify literature searching,

5、 secondary publications began to be produced.Classification of LiteraturesSecondary Literature： A document such as an abstract, digest, index to periodicals, or a database, which is prepared in order to disseminate more widely the information which has already appeared in a primary literature. The p

6、urpose of secondary literature is to filter the primary information sources, usually by subject area, and provide the indicators to this literature. In primary literatures, information on a given topic is widely scattered, for example, in many different journals. In secondary literatures, informatio

7、n from such primary sources is collected together and organised in a structured form, for example, under subject headings, and designed to facilitate information searching.Classification of LiteraturesTertiary Literature： Information which is a distillation and collection of primary and secondary so

8、urces. Twice removed from the original, they include encyclopedias, reviews, almanacs (年鑒, 年歷), guides and handbooks. Some secondary literatures such as indexing and abstracting tools can also be considered tertiary literatures. Functions of medical reviews to review the medical research process com

9、prehensively and systematically，and reflect the status and development tendency of research on a certain topicto help and guide the researchers in locating more sources of related information and searching for or selecting a better research problem or topic Classification of Medical ReviewsAccording

10、 to time： Retrospective review Prospective reviewAccording to the participation of the author： Inductive review Critical reviewAccording to the contents： Developmental review Result review Contentious review Characteristics of medical reviewsgreat length：15,000 words abroad, 3000-6000 words in China

11、Be informativeTo cover a wide range of subjects Be in-depth More references(15-100)How is a review different from an academic research paper?The main focus of an academic research paper is to develop a new argument in depth. In a research paper, you use the literature as a foundation and as support

12、for a new insight that you contribute. The format is standard and rigorous. The focus of a literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others, and cover the background, history, status and development of relative subjects. The formats are different and various. Why wr

13、ite a medical reviewTo demonstrate your scholarly ability in identifying relevant information and to outlining existing knowledge. To identify the “gap” in the research that your study is attempting to address, positioning your work in the context of previous research and creating a “research space”

14、 for your work. To evaluate and synthesize the information in line with the concepts that you have set yourself for the research. Writing StepsTopic selectionData collectionData sortingWriting an outline，arranging the dataWriting the body，references cited Revise Topic selection Look for other litera

15、ture reviews in your area of interest or in the discipline and read them to get a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or ways to organize your final review. There are hundreds or even thousands of articles and books on most areas of study. The narrower your t

16、opic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to get a good survey of the material. Consider whether your sources are current, medicine requires that you use information that is as current as possible. for instance, treatments for medical problems are constantl

17、y changing according to the latest studies. Information even two years old could be out of date. Data collection Scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and booksData sorting Read and evaluate what you have found in order to determi

18、ne which material makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic, arrange data into meaningful order so that you can analyze it more effectivelyFormat and RequirementsTitle Abstract IntroductionReviewConclusionReferences兒童高血壓的新概念Current Concepts: Hypertension in Children2010年艾滋病的

19、發(fā)展趨勢(shì)AIDS in 2010肝病學(xué)的新進(jìn)展Recent advance：Hepatology refined and definiteGeneralized and conceptualized topic-prominent brief and attractiveTitle The abstracts focus on the important point to guide the readers to read through the whole review, so most abstracts are indicative. Reviews in some journals a

20、broad have no abstracts, because its hard to make it clear in several sentences. Reviews in China have abstracts with 3-5 key words. Present simple tense and present perfect tense are generally used in abstracts.Abstract and key wordsFactors predicting remission in type I diabetes Abstract： The remi

21、ssion period often following the clinical onset of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes, is characterized by residual B cell function, reduced insulin requirements, and good metabolic control. Known factors predicting remission include high age at onset, male sex, mild initial metabolic derangement a

22、nd absence of frank ketoacidosis. It has been possible to increase the frequency of remissions by strict initial control of diabetes with intensive insulin therapy and by immunological manipulation with corticosteroids, cyclosporin A or plasmapheresis. Patients who have experienced a remission show

23、higher plasma C-peptide levels even after the remission period, but there is no conclusive evidence so far about any beneficial effect of therapeutic intervention on residual B cell function beyond the remission period. Introductionexplain why you are writing the review (“so what/who cares?”) and ma

24、ke some central claims about the current state of the literature (e.g. trends, debates, gaps, etc.). generally 100-200 wordsCommon sentence patternsThe purpose/aim/objective of this review is to The pertinent literature is reviewed.This article reviews/will reviewThis review will concentrate onIn th

25、e following, a brief review is given toIn this review, we aim to highlightReviewContains your discussion of sources and is organized either retrospectively (chronologically), or cross-sectionally (thematically ).If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials according t