中國(guó)海洋大學(xué) 跨文化交際 期末重點(diǎn)整理

1、Cultureisalargeandinclusive（包羅萬(wàn)象的）concept.Whendefinednarrowly,itcouldrefertoarts（music,painting,andexhibition）,andcouldalsorefertothecustom,civilization,andachievementsofaparticulartimeofpeople.Whendefinedbroadly,itcanbeanall-encompassing（廣義的）concept,referringtowhatasocietydoesandthinks,orreferringt

2、othecollec-tiveprogrammingofthemind.Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,valuesandnorms,whichaffectsthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.Enculturation（文化適應(yīng)）isthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttothesocie-ty./Acculturation（文化互滲）referstoanindividualslearningandadoptingt

3、henormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.Integrationtakesplacewhenindividualsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegrity（完整）.Marginalization（排斥）refertomaintainingonesoriginalcultureandnotparticipatinginthenewculture.Mr.Wang,aChineseimmigrateinU.S,hasadaptedhimselfsowelltoAme

4、ricanculturethathegraduallylosthisChineseculturalidentity.Thisprocessiscalledassimilation./WangBing,aChinesestudent,justbeganhisstudyinauniversityintheUnitedStates.InhisfirstweekinU.S,hethoughteverythingwasnewandexciting,andheenjoyedhimselfalot.WangBingisinhoneymoonstageofculture-shock.Communication

5、doesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction.Itreflectscommunicationistransactional.DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Theprocessofcomm

6、unicationhastencomponents:source,encoding（編碼）（istheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol）,message,channel,noise（referstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceen-codes）,receiver,decoding（解碼）（referstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning）,

7、receiverresponse,feedback,andcontext.Communicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsitua-廿oncalledcontext./lntraculturalcommunicationisthecommunicationbetweenpeoplewithinthesameculturewhileintercultural_communicationhasanothermeaningwhichisthesynonymofcrosscul-turalcommunication.Cross（lnter）culturalcommuni

8、cationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystems（符號(hào)系統(tǒng)）aredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Itincludes:Interpersonalcommunicationisaformofcommunicationthatinvolvesasmallnumberofindividualswhoareinteractingexclusivelywithoneanotherandwhothereforehavetheabilityb

9、othtoadapttheirmessagesspecificallyforthoseothersandtoobtainimmediateinterpretationsfromthem.人際Intra（Inter）culturalcomistheleastcross（inter）cultural”endofthecontinuum.In-tra（Inter）culturalcommunicationisdefinedascommunicationbetweenandamongmembersofthesameculture.文內(nèi)Internationalcommunicationtakespla

10、cebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized.國(guó)際Interethniccommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameracebutdifferentethnicbackgrounds.Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandtherecei

11、verexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraceswhichpertainto（屬于）differentphysicalcharacteristics.ThedialoguesattheUnitedNations,forexample,wouldbetermedinternationalcommunication.（Racismisanypolicy,practice,belieforattitudethatattributescharacteristicsorstatustoindividualsbasedontheirrace.）Interregional

12、Communicationreferstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry.2+TheSenseofFamilystrong-er/Weakerkinshipcollective/individualRelationamongFamilyMemberstight,dependentcherishintima-cy/loose,independentappreciateprivacyAmericanparentsVSChineseparentsAmericanparentsallowthei

13、rdaughtersorsonstogooutwiththeirboyorgirlfriendsaslongastheycomehomeatthecertaincurfew(宵禁).Chineseparentsusuallydoninmiddleorhighschool.AmericanparentssupportandencouragetheirchildrenatalltimeswhileChineseparentsthinkthatcriticismisthebestloveintheworld.Americanparentsonlylookattheirchildrensgoodsid

14、e.Chineseparentsseemtoonlyseetheirchildrensbadside.+equalityandcompetitiontherefore/hierarchyand/anindividualistculturewhere/hierarchicalone/personalpropertythat/bepunishedor/beatenwhen/makealmostalldecisionsfortheirchildrenthat3+onsocialcommunicationwhich/namedSocialInteractionCustoms.Broadly/regar

15、dinggreetingsandfarewells,invitationsandresponses,appointmentsandvisiting,andcomplimentsandresponses.referstosocialcommunicationwhich/namedSocialInteractionCustoms.Broadly,+mainaboutEtiquette(includeshospitalityandgift-giving,and/associatedwithtact,whereaswithmodesty.)Interpersonalrelationshipssalut

16、ation:formalritual(lastname+title頭銜)com-plex/casual(name)simple+BusinessEtiquetteNorms:AppointmentseekingGreetingbehaviorGiftgivingstrategies+Appointmentseeking:telephoneandthenfollowedupone/actasanintermediary,makeChinesebusinesspartnerswillreachanagreementonthetablebydrinkingandchatting.fromwithin

17、theU.S.A.,thereissuchanarrayofinstitutions,programsandlocationsthatthechoicestapproveofhavingrelationmshaiypoverwhelmthestudent.Tosimplifythechoices,astudentmustcarefullystudyhoweachprogramandlocationcanfulfillthestudentsgoals.Inordertomakeinformeddecisions,astudentwillneedtoknowhowtheU.S.educations

18、ystemisorganized.SometimesChinesesocialcontactisrelatedtoliquor,whichisalsoanimportantpointinChinesetraditionalculture,especiallyinthenorthernpartofChina.Whileinthewest,liquorisalsoanessentialpartindailylife.Mostwesternersgotothebartodrinkwithfriendandchatwitheachother.Butinthewestliquorisusedtomain

19、tainfriendshipbetweenfriends.ItismoreliketheteainChina,itisjustalifestyleandhabit.4ChristianIslamBuddhismAmericaneducationoffersarichfieldofchoicesfortheinternationalstudent.Fromabroad,andeven5+butisthesystemofcriterion/valueistheessentialelementofethnicculture,knownas/historicalbackgroundandphiloso

20、phicalfoundation.+twomainreasonsdevelopmentofhistory;wayofthinking.Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Similarities諺語(yǔ)ChineseCulturalValues/beliefs：benevolence-仁ri

21、ghteousness-義courtesy-禮wisdom-智trustworthy-信Western1Capitalist-資本家democracyandliberty政治上主張資本主義的民主和自由02freemarketeconomy-經(jīng)濟(jì)上主張自由市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)03Thedominanceofwesterncultureanditsincreasedpenetra-tion(滲透)otherculture-文化上強(qiáng)調(diào)西方文化的主導(dǎo)地位+Yourtimeislimited,so/important,havethecouragetofollowyourheartandintuition.They/

22、Customeruppermost,lawsupreme,andefficiencyfirst./Nopermanentfriends,onlypermanentinterests.Summery:CUnity,modesty,intra-groupharmony/APrivacy,freedomandequalityThecoreAmericanvalueismaterialism+AFirstconviction(堅(jiān)信/Second,istheconviction/Thirdisthebeliefthat,/fourthisfreedomofconscienceandfreedomofre

23、ligion-thetwinfreedoms/moststrikingisthateveryonecanparticipate.+Ctraditionalvaluesisveryrichandcom-plex:1Confucianism-benevolence-儒2Taoism-harmonybetweennatureandhumanity-道3Buddhism-bornequalandhavetherighttolive-佛+SignificanceofChineseValues1manydomesticheroeswho2itslong-termnationalunityandstabil

24、ity,partly3thesocialinteractionsby+ChineseandAmericanspossessdifferentvaluesaboutsuccess-nepotism/connectionplays/theirowneffortsandabilityandDeterminant決定因素）-Thedifferentworldview,historicalperspective,politics,religiousbelief,mannersinlife,nationalsystem,educationofthefamilyandtheschool,influenceo

25、ftraditionalideas,conditionoftheeconomicaldevelopmentmakethedifferences.+InChina,socialrelationshipsishierarchy+Tendencyinter-mingled,mixedand+Beliefisthestateofmind+Politicalbeliefs:China-one-partyautocra-cy/Britain-France-Germany-multi-partysystem/America-Canada-two-partysystem6MostPopularWorkingS

26、phereinChina1civilservice2publicinstitution3electroniccommerce4financialinvestment5realestatedevelopment6computersofewareengineering7educationaltraining8mechanicalmanufacture9constructionindustry10importandexporttradeAmericanWorkValues：1YouAreWhatYouDo./efficiency/theirachievements.A/aweoftheself-ma

27、depersonwho/thereisequalityofopportunitythat/Successisprobablythehighestvalue/plentyofcompetition/thediversityofAmericanculture./Hoppingisso+reciprocal（相互的）Ioyaltiesexist/constantmobili-ty/.manyworkaholics-peopleFactorsInfluencingCareerValues:1Familyinfluence2Unistu:Cwatchingtv,goingtocinema,playing

28、computergames,goingtoaconcert,goingshop-pingAgolfandtennisfootballandbasketball.Shoppingisaformofconsideringoptions.MoreandmoreChinesenowgoabroadfortravellingandshopping.Americansdesireformorechoices,whichisoneofthemainreasonsmoreandmoreofthemliveinurbanandsuburbanareasratherthansmalltownsorruralare

29、as.Youhavemorechoiceslivinginacity.TheOriginofDifferentConsumptionViewsWhileinChina,ithasalwaysbeenaformofself-sufficiency.Therefore,Chinesepeoplefromtheveryyounghasbeeninstilledsuchaconcept弋osaveup.Tosumitupinonewordthatisdepo-sit.Americaisanemergingindustrialcountry,withouttraditionalagriculturalp

30、eriod（whileChinaisalargeagriculturalcountry）,whichisdefinitelynotonthemindsofnature,andthereforetheydonothavetheconceptofdepositingmoney.Naturally,theydonothavedeposits.Theproblemisthattheydaretoactivelyadvance.Theyhavethekindofcou-rage.China,asafeudalsocietywithclosednaturaleconomy,hasdevelopedfort

31、housandsofyears.Itsself-sufficientproducingstyleforcesmostChinesetospendalltheirlifeonfarming.Oncesomeonelosthisabilityofself-development,evenlosthisland,hisfamilycannotsurvive.Recreation:Americansdesireformorechoices,whichisoneofthemainreasonsmoreandmoreofthemliveinurbanandsuburbanareasratherthansm

32、alltownsorruralareas.Youhavemorechoiceslivinginacity.7TheOlympicGames1theworldsforemostsportscompetition2topromotepeaceandunitywithintheinternationalcommunity3breakingdownculturalbarriersandbringingpeopletogether4learningaboutotherculturesWesternsportsfocuseonmuscleswhileChinesesportsfocusonfigure（身

33、材）.英horseracing,golf,lawntennisandrowing.美Americanfootballandbaseball中table-tennisdivinggymnasticsweightliftingHeathcare：thepreservationofmentalandphysicalhealthbypreventingortreatingillnessthroughservicesofferedbythehealthprofessionals（保健醫(yī)生）.Thewayandgoalsofhealthcare：CtaijiBreathingtechnique/AGoin

34、gtothegymrunning+includevisceralmeridians（五經(jīng)）ThemaindifferencebetweenChineseandwesternsports:Cregimenandthedoctrineofthemean/AcompetitionandpowerChina:Confucianismadvocatesthedoctrineofthemean（中庸），harmony（和諧），unity（團(tuán)結(jié)）andcomity（禮讓?zhuān)﹚hichrestrictsthedevelopmentofChinesesports.Asaresultoftheinfluenceof

35、agriculturalsociety,peopleareusedtoarelativelystablewayoflifeandnotinfavorofcompetitionandadventure.West:competitionisencouraged.Theylikethrillingsportsmore,suchaswrestling（摔跤）,fencing（擊劍），cycleracing（賽車(chē)），rugby（橄欖球）andbungeejumping（極蹦）.Allthesereflectthepeopletothepursuitofstimulationandlimit.Buteve

36、ninmodernChina,thenumberthatselectextremesportspeopleisnotmuch.Porridge;tea;soup/sweetcorn;fishSpringFestival春節(jié)WatchingSpringFestivalGalaWaitingfortheFirstBellRingingofChineseNewYear,settingfirecrackersOfferringRedEnvelops/LuckyMoneyLanternFestival-LanternRiddlesFireworksDumplingsTomb-sweepingDay-pr

37、eparingforthespringploughingPrayingtoancestorsDragonBoatFestival-Eatingzongzi.realgarwine.Dragonboatracing.ChristmasDay圣誕節(jié)giftfromSantaClausplayinggameswitheachotherdinnertogetherEasterDay復(fù)活節(jié)EasteregghuntscandyHalloween萬(wàn)圣節(jié)playingtrick-or-treatcarvelanternswithscaryfacesoutofpumpkinsThanksgivingDay感恩

38、節(jié)forfamilygatheringsandbigmealswithaturkeyAprilFoolsDayorAllFoolsDay9.SichuancuisinespicyandpungentflavorWildvegetablesandanimals/CantonthemostwidelyavailableChineseregionalcuisineoutsideChina./Shandongmagnificentandantiqueseafood/Huaiyangitsnot-too-spicy,not-too-blandtasteChinesepeoplepreferroundtablesintheban-quets./Peoplehavetheirownplatesandeattheirownfood.Westernpeoplevalueindividualism.Cheongsam/Chinesetunicsuits/tuxedo/eveninggown/LipstickSummery:Du