數(shù)字21世紀(jì)的新伙伴關(guān)系：日本、印度和法國

1、Global powers like the United States and China have spared little effort in attempting to shape the digital age in their image. At the same time, otherpowers like Japan and France, and emerging ones like India aim to play a part in building the global digital ecosystem. These latter three share simi

2、lar values: democracy, freedom of speech, open access to digital resources, and sovereignty. They all desire to keep thedigital commons intact and not be divided into hermetically sealed political fiefdoms. However, little is being heard from these three countries by way of joint initiatives and nor

3、ms building. More importantly, they have serious disagreements on issues like data localisation and international digital conventions. This reporta explores existing frameworks for cooperation between India, Japan and France, across a range of high-technology sectors and pressing policy priorities.A

4、ttribution: Shashank Mattoo and Ratnadeep Chakraborty, “A New Partnership for the Digital 21st Century: Japan, India and France,” ORF Issue Brief No. 132, March 2021, Observer Research Foundation.This report draws from the India-Japan-France Trilateral Workshop on the Indo-Pacific co-organised by th

5、e Embassy of Japan in India, the Embassy of France in India, and ORF, and held on 19 January 2021.An India-Japan-France partnership on digital infrastructure can transform geographies from the Indo-Pacific to Africa. The Indo-Pacific is the fastest growing region in theworld in terms of internet ado

6、ption and digital connectivity.1 Foreshadowing expected economic growth, Southeast Asias internet economy has tripled in size to $100 billion in the last few years and is expected to triple again by 2025.2 Africa, for its part, has seen a substantial increase in the proportion of its population that

7、 uses the internet, from 2.1 percent in 2005 to 24.4 percent in 2018.3 The transformative impact of a digital revolution would bring a sea change in the economic, social and political spheres. While these regions have seen growth in technological innovation, there remain challenges to the widespread

8、 adoption of digital technology.Widening income and gender inequality, high rates of poverty, and inadequate investment levels threaten the future of digital transformation in these regions.4 The 2020 Mobile Gender Gap report found that India has a large gender gap when it comes to internet use.5 So

9、uth Asia, overall, “has the largest mobile gender divide according to GSMA, with women 28 per cent less likely to own a mobile phone and 58 per cent less likely to use mobile internet.”6 The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) estimates that around 52 per

10、cent of the region is still offline while those parts that do have connectivity often have low penetration rates and low access rates for women (especially in South Asia).7 By 2018, only 30 percent of Africas population had access to the internet.8 These regions therefore need both hardand soft digi

11、tal infrastructure. Hard infrastructure like telecommunication networks and undersea cables is complemented by soft infrastructure in the form of a well-educated, digitally literate population.9A prospective India-Japan-France partnership could help effect digital transformation for partner countrie

12、s. India, in particular, requires both ICT and traditional infrastructure alongside large investments in digital literacy and education. With the aid of long-term loans from Japan and France, India can bridge its gap with partner countries. Further, such a partnership can focus on providing financin

13、g and technical expertise for infrastructure development and digital education. Each of the three brings expertise to the table: India ran the Pan African e-Network project and set up fibre-optic networks to “facilitate tele- education, tele-medicine and VoIP services,”10 Japan has invested in digit

14、al infrastructure and literacy in Southeast Asia since the 1990s, and the French Agence franaise de dveloppement (AFD) has managed a number of digital connectivity projects across Africa and South-East Asia.11 An India-Japan-France partnership could also offer developing nations in Africa and the In

15、do-Pacific a viable alternative to the US-China rivalry for digital supremacy.12 Japan and India have already laid the groundwork for such cooperation through a partnership between the Japan External Trade Organisation (JETRO) and Indias iSPIRT aimed at building digital infrastructure in Africa and

16、Asia.13PARTNERSHIPCybersecurityAll three countries are seeing an increase in cyber crimes like phishing attacks, cyber espionage, and ransomware attacks. Cyber-attacks can steal personal data to affect the operations of e-commerce and finance, as well as confidential and critical data related to nat

17、ional security. There is also the threat of attacks on critical infrastructure like power supply units and ports. As critical infrastructure is increasingly being controlled by digital applications, it increases their vulnerability to attacks, and heightens the impact.14 On average, there were 80,00

18、0 attacks per day in 201815 and the average cost of an attack has increased from$108,000 to $1.4 billion in 2019, depending on the size of the business.16 In India, more than 88 percent of cyber-attacks in 2017 were related to financial services.17Japan has adopted an official definition of “cyberse

19、curity” and has clarified the roles and responsibilities of various entities by enacting a fundamental law on cybersecurity.18 It has alsorefined policies over the last few years. One of Japans cybersecurity strategies has been to engage in global cooperation. Japan has also contributed to the foste

20、ring of human resources for cyber security, and using various technologies available for counter-measures against cyber-attacks.19 It has also initiated multilateral partnerships in the domain, and promoted policy consultations with India, as well as countries of the European Union (EU) and Associat

21、ion of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).Recognising the challenges they face in cybersecurity, all three have increased their security budgets and are engaging in more partnerships with their respective private sectors. France has been able to mobilise the international community through the Paris Ca

22、ll for Trust and Security in Cyberspaceb which highlights the need for a multi-stakeholder approach to theThe Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace is a non-binding declaration that has called on states, the private sector, and civil society organisations to work together to promote securi

23、ty in cyberspace, counter disinformation, and address new threats endangering citizens and motion of a safe cyberspace, while exploring the benefits of the digital revolution.20 France has formed a cyber-defence operational chain of command (COMCYBER) to ensure protection of networ

24、ks and integrate digital warfare into military operations. It has reiterated the fact in the United Nations General Assembly that international law applies to the domain of cyberspace as well and the member nations need to abide by the core principles of international humanitarian law.21For its part

25、, India has entered into bilateral partnerships with certain countries, including Japan, in the space of cybersecurity. However, there is a need to not only put in place domestic frameworks but also engage in broader global collaborations. India is not a signatory to the Budapest Conventionc and did

26、 not enter the US- initiated Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data (CLOUD) Actd nor the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace.22 Indias former National Cyber Security Coordinator, Gulshan Rai has mentioned that the nations who have criticised India for data localisation have themselves in

27、dulged in implementing stricter policies using these acts and have promoted data colonisation.23 India favours data localisation to protect its data resources, as most of the hardware that is used to set up cybersecurity infrastructure are also prone to cyber-attacks.Privacy Concerns and Protection

28、of Personal DataJapan and France are among the countries to have already implemented data protection and privacy laws. The French Data Protection Act (derived from the countrys General Data Protection Regulation) states that personal data collected will be processed legally and requires prior consen

29、t of the users device to store cookies which the user can withdraw at any time.24 The Japanese law also mentions the requirements of protecting the interests and rights of individual users while promoting proper and effective use of personal information. The Indian data protection bill, meanwhile, b

30、riefly talks about the data fiduciaries to abide by the data protection principles and consent-based sharing of data. Though the three countries have similar ideas about data protection, the bigger problem that arises for India is that it is not part of any multilateral platform; therefore, there is

31、 yet no consensus in legislation for data protection among the three countries.Budapest Convention is an international treaty that aims to address cyber crimes by harmonizing national laws, improving the investigation techniques and cooperation among member nations.The CLOUD Act is designed to provi

32、de trans-border access to communications data in criminal law enforcement investigations.India, Japan and France have yet to create a consensus in legislation for data protection.The three countries are also looking at more open softwares which will help in creating a position of strategic autonomy

33、whereby there is clarity that the software does not collect any personal data or becomes a backdoor for spying individual users. A lot of applications have been blocked by the Indian government on the suspicion that they have had unauthorised access to sensitive user data.25There are more emerging c

34、hallenges with regards to human rights as more states and companies are using mass surveillance to track their citizens and users without their consent. Upon the initial onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic, many states began using mass surveillance tools to monitor the movements of their citizens. Th

35、e French government used the Stop Covid app which collected users data and sent alerts to anyone who was in close proximity to the infected person.26 The Indian government also used the Arogya Setu app which had multiple privacy issues including the use of GPS and bluetooth to track the users; there

36、 is also an issue on the lifespan of the data collected.27Content Regulation and Open InternetThe Open Internet (OI) relates to the concept of net neutrality in which information across the World Wide Web (WWW) is equally free and does not depend on the service provider. The EU passed a regulation o

37、n open internet allowing the users the right to access and distribute lawful content of their choice through their internet providers. India, Japan and France should be in a position to influence global norms to safeguard democratic values and ensure an open internet. There is room for cooperation i

38、n this aspect between the three nations. There is little or no censorship or restriction of internet content in France and Japan (except filtering of child pornography and prohibiting extremist content online). In India, internet censorship is done by the state and the central government by using a

39、DNS filtering and educating service and regulating/blocking content.28 The other problem that India faces at the moment is the increased number of internet shutdowns over the last few years.There needs to be a system wherein content is moderated and there is no space for fundamentalist ideology and

40、hate. However, the government cannot completely rely on private companies to moderate and take down such content. The three countries can come together to eliminate terrorist content online. France and Japan are already part of multilateral platforms like the Budapest Convention and the Paris Call f

41、or Trust and Security in Cyberspace. India should join a multilateral, multi-stakeholder platform as well.Advanced TechnologiesDisruptive technologies like machine learning and AI hold the potential to rewire how economies are run in the 21st century. As the stakes are high, powers like China have a

42、nnounced plans to invest at least $1.4 trillion in 5G and AI.29 An India-France- Japan partnership in the realm of technology exchange and development will prove crucial for the future competitiveness of these economies. At present, no joint front for technology cooperation exists among the three co

43、untries. India and Japan concluded a Digital Partnership agreement in 2018 and formalised cooperation on AI technologies between top research institutes like Japans AIST and Indias IIT Hyderabad, as well as government agencies like Japans METI and Indias NITI Aayog.30 On 5G technology, a Joint Worki

44、ng Group was set up between India and Japan to cooperate and coordinate policy.31 For their part, India and France agreed on a roadmap to assess policy related to 5G rollouts as well the risks.32 Meanwhile, India and France have drawn closer on the development of quantum computing systems. The Frenc

45、hMinistry of Economy and Finance and Indias Ministry of Electronics and IT have concluded a partnership on quantum computing.33 Both sides hope to set up an Indo-French Centre of Excellence in Quantum Calculation while the French private ecosystem, including venture funds like Quantonation, are rais

46、ing funding for these ventures.34 The partnership also aims to encompass 5G technology and open cyberspace, with India and France committing to the mobilisation of around 2 million annually through a partnership between actors in government and academia.35 Outside of France and the US, India has no

47、other clearly articulated cooperation framework with any other country.36 This creates an appropriate space for all three countries to lay down a digital cooperation plan that helps pool resources and technological know- how, and creates strong connections among the scientific community.Supply Chain

48、 ResilienceThe outbreak of trade hostilities between the US and China has raised important questions about the need for the global economy to diversify supply chains. The year 2020 saw tensions escalate between countries like India and Australia, on the one hand, and China on the other. For its part

49、, Japan has been occupied with its own trade war with South Korea over high-technology products. As such, the Japan-India-France partnershiphas a clear interest in investing in supply chain resilience. India, Japan and Australia have already concluded an agreement on the matter and plan to extend th

50、e initiative to include countries in Southeast Asia.37 While the details of the agreement remain unclear, France too, has a clear interest in avoiding overdependency. A prospective partnership between the three countries on this front can augment efforts by the Japanese, Indian and Southeast Asian g

51、overnments to subsidise companies moving out of China.Other aspects of building supply chain resilience could involve diversifying sources of semiconductors and rare earth metals. At present, China has the clout in the rare earth metals market, which in turn gives it leverage in political and econom

52、ic negotiations.38 A prospective supply chain resilience partnership should aim at diversifying sources of global supply. For example, India holds 6 percent of the global reserve of rare earth metals but only provides 2 percent of global supply, given the high costs and damaging environmental impact

53、s of rare metal extraction.39 By investing in more environment-friendly techniques and providing funding for similarly resource-rich nations to develop their supply, a Japan-India-France partnership can help ensure that the global technology industry diversifies sources.Norms DevelopmentMatters rela

54、ting to the governance of the digital commons have taken centrestage in global discourse. The Japan-India-France partnership must ensure that shared values like open access, digital sovereignty, and cyber security are protected. The three can push for a joint vision of the international norms on dig

55、ital policy. France has been active on this front. The Paris Call, launched in 2018, calls for the protection of cyber infrastructure from cyberattacks as well as protections for intellectual property and electoral processes.40 Japan has agreed to join the Paris Call, but India has yet to follow sui

56、t. Frances Information and Democracy Partnership aims to counter online disinformation and provide reliable and verifiable sources of information for citizens in democratic countries.41 However, while India counts itself a member of this partnership, Japan does not. 42 France has also launched the D

57、inard Declaration on cyber norms which envisions the establishment of a Cyber Norms Initiative aimed at “sharing best practices and lessons learned on the implementation of voluntary, non-binding norms of responsible state behavior.”43While there are differences between India, Japan and France on is

58、sues like data localisation and cyber security declarations, there is agreement in importantmatters as well. As such, the development of a common minimum program that the three countries can advocate for at international summits and through bilateral negotiations is likely to secure common interests

59、 while allowing space for negotiating disagreements.The future of digital technology is being influenced by the dynamics between China and the US. There is an opportunity for India, Japan and France, along with ASEAN and EU countries to organise themselves to influence the future of the digital revo

60、lution. There is scope for collaboration in the sphere of digital technologies in order to challenge Chinese hegemony.USAID, “USAIDS ROLE IN ADVANCING THE U.S. VISION FOR A FREE AND OPEN INDO-PACIFIC” HYPERLINK http:/www/ https:/www. /INDO-PACIFIC-VISION“Whats Driving Asias Digital Revolution”, Spon