修辭手法 明喻1

1、Rhetoric Techniques一、 (Passive Rhetoric Techniques) Rhetoric Techniques with unfixed style,which closely relate to grammar,language structure and words .二、 (Active Rhetoric Techniques) Rhetoric Techniques with relative fixed style 1一、 (Passive Rhetoric Techniques)Rhetoric Techniques with unfixed sty

2、le,which closely relate to grammar,language structure and words .Elegant Variation10 Ways to Lose Pounds by Elizabeth Razzi1. Try to shed a few extra pounds? 2. Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quickly. 3. Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forever. 4.

3、 like a logical way to peel off a few pounds. 5. roughly the amount needed to burn off one pound. 6. You must eat less to lose weight. 7. A key obstacle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking. Ways 1: Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat. 不能因為食品標明低脂肪，而敞開食用Ways 2: However, there

4、 are plenty of people who like tennis. It is the megagame. 但是許許多多的人喜歡網(wǎng)球，這是一項十分普及的運動2二、 (Active Rhetoric Techniques)Rhetoric Techniques with relative fixed style1 (Lexical Stylistic Devices)metaphor, metonymy, personification, irony, hyper*, understatement, euphemism, contrast, oxymoron, transferred

5、epithet, pun, syllepsis, zeugma, parody, paradox32 (Syntactical Stylistic Devices) repetition, catchword repetition, chiasmus, parallelism, antithesis, rhetoric question, anticlimax3 (Phonetic Stylistic Devices) alliteration, onomatopoeia41. (metaphor) 明喻 (simile)：A figure of speech in which two ess

6、entially unlike things are compared.明喻(Simile) 明喻是一種最簡單、最常見的修辭方法，是以兩種具有共同特征的事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比，表明本體和喻體的關(guān)系，兩者都在對比中出現(xiàn)，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻詞有as, like, as if, as though等。例如：5SIMILE1定義 英語的明喻是英語中最常用、最簡便的修辭格之一，在文學(xué)作品中尤其如此。它根據(jù)人們的聯(lián)想，利用不同事物之間的相似點，借助比喻詞(如like，as等)起連接作用，清楚地說明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 Rhetoric In Practice (英文實用修辭學(xué))一書這樣來解釋

7、明喻： “A simile is an expressed 1ikeness.The simplest and most direct way of connoting an idea with something else is by means of using similesSimile is the neuter singular of the Latin adjective similis, meaning like.”Simile(明喻)運用廣泛，可借以狀物、寫景、抒情、喻理，使表達生動形象，明白易懂，新鮮有趣。6Tips: 關(guān)于英語Simile，有兩點須加以說明： 一、Simil

8、e(明喻)通常由三部分構(gòu)成，即本體(tenor或subject)、喻體(vehicle或reference)和比喻詞(comparative word或indicator of resemblance)?？蓤D示如下：Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: (tenor) (comparative word) (vehicle)those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out. ( P. M. Quitard)7 二、本體與喻體一般為兩個不同事物(如屬同類也應(yīng)具不

9、同性質(zhì)或特征)，比喻方可成立。例如： Peter is as tall as his father. Peter is as tall as a Maypole. 稍加分析可以看出，例不算明喻，只是一個比較句，因為Peter及其father同屬人類；而例才是比喻句，因為Peter與Maypole分屬人與物。82. 引導(dǎo)明喻的比喻詞(comparative words)( 1 ) 介詞as，like，of等。 As Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt and cannot last( Bacon: Of Studies )

10、美者猶如夏日蔬果，易腐難存 Overhead the hollow stretch of whitish cloud shutting out the sky was as a tent which had the who1e earth as its floor。 ( Thomas Hardy ) 頭頂上方，奪據(jù)了天際上無盡空蕩的白云，宛如高懸的帳篷一般，把整個荒原做了它的地面。 Out of the sleeves came strong bony wrists and hands gnarled knotted and hard as peach branches. ( John Ste

11、inbeck ) 從袖子里伸出一雙瘦骨嶙峋的大手，像桃樹枝一樣，瘤節(jié)盤錯，堅硬粗壯。9I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云獨自漫游。 They are as like as two peas. 他們兩個長得一模一樣。 His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女兒面龐紅得象朵玫瑰花。 I passed and repassed the house, and stopped and listened at the door; all was da

12、rk and silent as the grave. ( BShaw) 我在那房子前面走了幾趟，并在門口停下來聽了聽；一片漆黑，沉寂得像座墳?zāi)埂?0 Love goes towards love, as schoolboys from their books; but love from love, towards school with heavy looks ( William Shakespeare) 赴情人的約會，像學(xué)童拋開書一樣； 和情人分別，像學(xué)童板著臉上學(xué)堂。 英語里有不少含有明喻的成語，其結(jié)構(gòu)為as+形容詞+as+名詞。例如： as firm as a rock 堅如磐石 a

13、s light as a feather 輕如鴻毛 as close as an oyster 守口如瓶 as mute as a fish 噤若寒蟬 as strong as horse 強壯如牛 as cool as a cucumber 泰然自若 as sober as a judge 十分清醒 as sure as a gun 千真萬確11LikeParis is a morgue without you; before I knew you, it was Paris, and I thought it heavens; but now it is a vast desert of

14、desolation and loneliness. It is like the face of a clock, bereft of its hands. ( Sarah Bernhardt to Victorian Sardou ) 沒有你，巴黎成了一座陳尸所；我認識你之前，巴黎就是巴黎。我把它看成天堂；然而現(xiàn)在它變成了一片荒涼而寂寞的沙漠。它像一個沒有時針、分針和秒針的鐘面。All that I had to show, as a man of letters, were these few tales and essays, which had blossomed out like

15、flowers in the calm summer of my heart and mind. ( Hawthoren: The Old Manse ) 作為一個作家，我所能貢獻出來的只有這么幾篇故事和散文，它們像我心頭溫和的夏天燦爛開放的花朵。12 My heart is like a singing bird Whose nest is on a watered shoot; My heart is like an apple-tree Whose boughs are bent with thick-set fruit; My heart is like a rainbow shell

16、 That paddles in a halcyon sea; My heart is gladder than all these Because my love is come to me. ( Rossetti ) 我的心像只善歌的小鳥， 小巢建在輕拂水面的嫩枝上； 我的心像棵蘋果樹， 沉甸的果實把樹梢壓彎； 我的心像天邊彩虹，它輕拂著平靜的海面； 我的心比這些更喜悅， 由于我愛人將來我身邊。13Of： He has a heart of stone.他有一副鐵石心腸。 He has the heart of a1ion, but he does everything in a down

17、-to-earth way. 他有獅子般的勇氣，他辦事十分認真。 He is sometimes bad-tempered but really hes got a heart of gold.有時候他似乎脾氣不好，但他的心眼可好了。14( 2 ) 連詞as (猶如)，what (猶如)，as if, as though, than, and, the way 等。 His heart shivered as a ship shivers at the mountainous crash of the waters. 他的心顫動，好像一艘船在海浪搏擊中震蕩一樣。 Air is to man a

18、s water is to fish. 人離不開空氣，猶如魚離不開水。 Men fear death, as children fear to go in the dark: and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other. ( Francis Bacon ) 猶如兒童恐懼黑暗，人對于死亡的恐懼，也由于聽信太多的鬼怪傳說而增大。 Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. （Sir Richard Steel ）讀書對于思想，

19、好比運動對于身體一樣重要。15Parks are to the city what lungs are to the body.公園對于都市正如肺對于人的身體一樣重要。Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers ( Bovee ) 明智的表揚對于孩子的作用，就像陽光對于花朵的作用。 I felt as if the ground were slipping beneath my feet.我感到好像大地在腳下滑動。 A crowd of people were around him, touching his body,

20、 feeling his legs, and bidding for him as if he had been a horse.一大堆人固在他身邊，摸著他的身體和大腿，出價買他，好像他是一匹馬似的。 The first time I read an excellent book, it is to me just as if I had gained a new friend.我頭一回讀到一本好書，對我來說我好像交了一位新朋友。16They stood upon a bleak and desert moor, whose monstrous masses of stone were cas

21、t about as though it were the burial place of giants.他們站在荒無人煙的曠野上，那里滿地都是碩大無朋的巖石，宛如巨人的墓地。 He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasques( E. Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls )這匹馬真雄俊，看起來仿佛是從一幅維拉斯奎茨的油畫里跑出來的一樣。 Our village is no less beautiful than this pictu

22、re.我們鄉(xiāng)村同這幅圖畫一樣美。 A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest without plowing.學(xué)生不學(xué)習(xí)獲不到知識，猶如農(nóng)民不耕作就不能得到收獲一樣。A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is.鯨不是魚，正如馬也不是魚一樣。 17Love and cough can not be hid.愛情像咳嗽一樣是掩蓋不了的。 A world and a stone let go cannot be recall

23、ed. 說出的話猶如拋出的石，是收不回的。 Truth and oil are ever above. 真理跟油一樣，總要升到上面來。 A womans mind and a glass are ever in danger. 女人易毀，玻璃易碎。 I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse. 我可以像貓嗅老鼠那樣聞出它的氣味來o The best work is done the way ants do thingsby tiny, tireless and regular additions. 最好的作品是像螞蟻干活那樣完成的通過點滴、不懈

24、、經(jīng)常不斷的增補而成。18( 3 ) 動詞seem，resemble (名詞resemblance)，treathonourregardconsiderrespect as，compare to，liken to，pass(勝過)，remind of，be similar to，等。 Look at the moon. How strange the moon seems: She is like a woman rising from a tomb. She is like a dead woman. ( O Wilde ) 瞧一瞧那輪明月。她看起來多奇怪：像從墓中起身的婦女，像死婦叫樣慘白

25、。 So she shows she seems the budding rose. Yet sweeter far than is earthly flower ( R. Greene: Pandosto ) 當(dāng)她出現(xiàn)，看來猶似含苞的玫瑰，但卻遠比塵世的花兒馥郁 Her face resembled a silver moon. Her face bore the resemblance of a moon. 她的臉長得像一輪銀月。19He treats his child as the apple in the eye. 他把他的孩子當(dāng)成掌上明珠。 Samuel Johnson regar

26、ded a dictionary as a watch. 塞繆爾約翰遜把詞典看成鐘表。 Shakespeare compared the world to a stage( Wood ) 莎士比亞把世界比作舞臺。 You can 1iken your eye to a camera. ( Neal ) 你可以把你的眼睛比作照相機。 Thus fair SamelaPass fair Venus in her bravest hue ( R. Greene: Samela ) 因而美麗的，莎米娜 勝過衣著最華麗的維納斯His nose was particularly white and his

27、 large nostrils, correspondingly dark, reminded me of an oboe when they dilated.他鼻子特別白，而他那對發(fā)黑的大鼻孔在張大時使我想起雙簧管。 His strength is similar to a horse. 他強壯如牛。20( 4 ) 詞組maymight as well（as）(做就好像做)，no morelessthannot any morethan(如同一樣) ，so speakas it were (可以說，可以比喻地說)。He never listensyou might as well talk

28、to a brick (as talk to him).他根本不聽一同他講話就好像同一堵墻講話一樣。He woke them both up getting to bed，but when they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried to wake the dead. 他去睡覺的時候把他們兩個都弄醒了，但是后來他們想喚醒他時，簡直就像喚死人一樣。You might as well except a river to flow backward as hope to move me.你不能動搖我的決心，正如

29、你不能使河水倒流一樣。Our village is no less beautiful than this picture.我們的鄉(xiāng)村同這幅圖畫一樣美。21A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest without plowing.學(xué)生不學(xué)習(xí)獲不到知識，猶如農(nóng)民不耕作就不能得到收獲一樣。A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is. 鯨不是魚，正如馬也不是魚一樣。A home without love is no mor

30、e than a body without a soul.沒有愛的家庭無異于一個沒有靈魂的軀體。 The greatness of a people is no more determined by their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height. ( V. Hugo ) 一個民族的偉大并不取決于人口的多少，正如一個人的偉大不能取決于他的身高一樣He is, as it were, a walking dictionary. 可以說，他是一本活詞典 The traffic manager has in t

31、he hollow of his hand, so to speak, the traffic of the whole system.在某種程度上，運輸經(jīng)理把整個系統(tǒng)的運輸情況，全掌握在自己手心里。22He works 1ike a horsebeaverTrojanblack. 他辛辛苦苦地干活。 They spent money like water. 他們揮金如土。He talks like a book. 他老是文縐縐地說話。 He eats like a horse. 他吃得很多。 He smokes 1ike a chimney. 他抽煙很厲害。 Living without a

32、n aim is like sailing without a compass. ( John Ruskin ) 生活沒有目標猶如航行沒有指南針。23Samples:1. He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face 2. The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. THE PRESENT fromSpencer Johnson 3. What had been experienced

33、in the past was always looming in memory like a picture. 4. This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 5. He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 6.It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.

34、247. “How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 8.O my loves like a red, red rose. (Robert Burns) 9.People often speak of the children as the flowers10.The man cant be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 11.The passed experience flash i

35、n my mind like pictures Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 2512.you are looking like a million dollar. 13.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.14. I wandered lonely as cloud.15.slippery as an eel As wise as an owl as blind as a bat Proud as peacock 16.Hes as sly

36、as a foxHes foxy. Youve got to watch him17.The Children were as busy as bees，making Preparations for the festival18. The old mans hair is as white as snow.19. My roommates stood there as motionless as statues.2620. That man cant be trusted. Hes as slippery as an eel.21. His shoulders were bent as th

37、ough under a weight.22. You might as well kill your time as spend it upon his lecture.24. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.27Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out. 婚姻像是一個被包圍的堡壘：外邊的人想要進去，里邊的人

38、想要出來。A home without love is no more than a body without a soul.沒有愛的家無異于一具沒有靈魂的軀體 28(metaphor)暗喻 A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.用一個詞來指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點的另外一個事物。What sculpture is to a block o

39、f marble, education is to the soul.（猶如雕刻之于大理石塊，教育之于靈魂） (a compressed simile)。它直接把一種事物名稱用在另一事物上，從而更生動、更深刻地說明事理，增強語言的表現(xiàn)力。29samples1.What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? 2.So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. 3. while most of

40、us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise4.German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. 5.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 306.“Hope is a good brea

41、kfast, but it is a bad supper.7.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.8.Time is bird always on it wing9. The thought was fire in him.10. Ive got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.11. O my loves a red, red rose.12. The picture of those poor peoples li

42、ves was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.13. The glow of the conversation burst into flames31The thought was fire in him. 這種想法是他心中的一團烈火。Ive got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight .今天晚上我又發(fā)作了一次撒哈拉大沙漠式的口渴。.The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.作家的筆就像戰(zhàn)士的槍。32(me

43、tonymy)換喻/轉(zhuǎn)喻/借代轉(zhuǎn)喻(即)是通過相近的聯(lián)想，借喻體代替本體。例如：用某一事物的名稱代替另外一個與它關(guān)系密切的事物的名稱，只要一提到其中一種事物，就會使人聯(lián)想到另一種。33Samples:I.以容器代替內(nèi)容,例如:1.The kettle boils. 2.The classroom sat silent. II.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:Lend me your ears, please.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete ShakespeareVI.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:1.I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.2.Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them. 3.Al spoke with his eyes, “yes”. 344.the White House -American president or govenment5.the bottle-wine or alcohol6.the bar -the legal