河川生態(tài)工程課件

1、河川生態(tài)工程 (3)國(guó)際案例探討德國(guó)尼塔河整治美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州埃佛格雷生態(tài)系統(tǒng)復(fù)育日本富良野市近自然河川排水路日本土生川整治工程韓國(guó)首爾市清溪川的經(jīng)驗(yàn)德國(guó)尼塔河整治尼塔河整治背景法蘭克福市位於尼塔(Nidda)河下游，記憶中尼塔河是法蘭克福人喜愛(ài)的野外休閒空間，而尼塔河污染相當(dāng)?shù)膰?yán)重，尤其在六個(gè)堤壩的水質(zhì)特別糟糕。隨著環(huán)保意識(shí)的提昇，法蘭克福境內(nèi)尼塔河段的污染狀況成為法蘭克福地方行政80年代後期的重要課題，改善的呼聲也愈來(lái)愈強(qiáng)。記憶中美好的尼塔河尼塔河環(huán)境政策親水空間自然生態(tài)工法廊道自然生態(tài)環(huán)境保育尼塔河整治目標(biāo) 改善水質(zhì)保育及規(guī)劃現(xiàn)存的河川窪地恢復(fù)河川自然環(huán)境保留水中沙洲舊有河道預(yù)留為洪氾區(qū)尼

2、塔河民眾參與、經(jīng)費(fèi)籌措公開(kāi)籌措經(jīng)費(fèi)城鎮(zhèn)財(cái)政命令籌措財(cái)源（義務(wù)性）自然保護(hù) 補(bǔ)償稅捐推動(dòng)民眾參與參與河川整治計(jì)畫(huà)整治後維護(hù)管理工作健全民眾參與機(jī)制持續(xù)性教育宣導(dǎo)整合管理集水區(qū)周邊計(jì)畫(huà)長(zhǎng)期生態(tài)、環(huán)境調(diào)查追蹤後續(xù)管理工作與展望美國(guó)佛羅里達(dá)州埃佛格雷生態(tài)系統(tǒng)復(fù)育佛羅里達(dá)州埃佛格雷生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(Florida Everglades Ecosystem) 美國(guó)最大的淡水沼澤地：北起奇色米湖(Lake Kissimmee)，南至佛羅里達(dá)海灣，西起墨西哥灣，東臨大西洋。總面積達(dá)四萬(wàn)餘平方公里：區(qū)內(nèi)有邁亞密、羅德島堡、奧蘭多及西棕櫚灘等大城、俄奇卻比湖(Lake Okeechobce)以及二個(gè)國(guó)家公園。人口密集，農(nóng)

3、產(chǎn)豐富，也是世界級(jí)的觀光勝地。 人口增加，沼澤地遭填平以供他用主要河流截彎取直以滿足防洪與供水需求大量的污染，棲息地遭破壞埃佛格雷的哀愁From 1962 to 1970 the United States Army Corps of Engineers dredged the C-38 Canal down the Kissimmee valley for flood control, shortening the 166 km distance from Lake Kissimmee to Lake Okeechobee to just 90 km. The Kissimmee River

4、 was cut and dredged into a 9.1-meter-deep straightaway: the C-38 canal. It has since been realized that this project damaged the river, with the faster water flow leading to major environmental problems in the Kissimmee Valley and Lake Okeechobee. Kissimmee River 截彎取直 After the river channel was st

5、raightened, 160km of floodplain dried out, reducing the quality of waterfowl habitat by 90 percent.Waterfowl numbers fell more than 90 percent.Catches of largemouth bass in the river were consistently worse after the channelization. Deteriorate water quality of Lake Okeechobee contributing about 25%

6、 of the nitrogen and 20% of the phosphorus flowing into the Lake.渠道化之衝擊 Effects of Channelization 回復(fù)洪水又能控制洪水Restoring Flooding while Controlling FloodsAfter dramatic floods on the Kissimmee River in 1940s hurricanes, the river was given a deep-water flood control channel in the 1960s. But to answer

7、environmental concerns, the old river are being restored. But is flood control is being eliminated?The restoration project itself has one major constraint, and that is a constraint to maintain existing levels of flood protection.We cannot restore the entire length of the channelized Kissimmee River.

8、 In fact were only restoring about half of the historic rivers length.Backfilling(回填) 18.5km of the C-38 canal. Reestablishing 64m of the meandering(蜿蜒) Kissimmee River. Seasonal rains and flows now inundate(淹沒(méi)) the floodplain in the restored area. Acquisition of 400km2 lands needed to complete Kiss

9、immee River Restoration. Kissimmee River Restoration Kissimmee River before 1960The river and its floodplain have improved in remarkable ways, surpassing at times the anticipated environmental response. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)The Comprehensive Plan is a framework and gui

10、de to restore, protect, and preserve the water resources of central and southern Florida. The Plan has been described as the worlds largest ecosystem restoration effort and includes more than 60 major components. Because the regions environment and economy are integrally linked, the Plan provides im

11、portant economic benefits. Thus, the Plan will result in a sustainable south Florida by restoring the ecosystem, ensuring clean and reliable water supplies, and providing flood protection. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP)The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, or CERP, was

12、 submitted to Congress in April 1999 and was approved with overwhelming bipartisan support in December 2000. Implementation of the Plan began immediately. The Plan will take more than 30 years to construct, and will cost an estimated $7.8 billion (now $10.9billion), $3.9billion for land acquisition.

13、 日本富良野市近自然河川排水路富良野市近自然河川排水路基本考量確保排水路之機(jī)能自然環(huán)境之考量 工法配置 規(guī)劃構(gòu)想圖自然環(huán)境之考量多樣化的河川型態(tài)：強(qiáng)調(diào)讓水的路線成蛇形，讓水的表面積或水流域或範(fàn)圍有變化。魚(yú)類生息的考量：以土水路為基本，不使用水泥。水邊植物的多樣化：利用複斷面，強(qiáng)調(diào)作出濕地帶。河畔林的重要性：為減輕對(duì)環(huán)境、景觀的傷害，將樹(shù)木的採(cǎi)伐縮到最小限制。表現(xiàn)出地域的個(gè)性：利用鄰近農(nóng)地便於大量取得石礫。依照計(jì)算出來(lái)的洪水量來(lái)決定斷面。改良鄰接農(nóng)地之排水：考量暗渠排水之高程。工法配置護(hù)岸工：在高水?dāng)嗝鎯?nèi)可能會(huì)被沖刷面要用自然石保護(hù)。水際工：考慮魚(yú)類的生息環(huán)境，即使平時(shí)水深應(yīng)確保30cm的低水路

14、設(shè)計(jì)。用自然石保護(hù)沖刷面。這是為了確保水生昆蟲(chóng)的生息場(chǎng)所。水制工：就算經(jīng)過(guò)洪水，也要確保蛇行的低水路，形成淺灘和深淵。根據(jù)這個(gè)創(chuàng)造出魚(yú)類，水生昆蟲(chóng)所須的多樣化之底質(zhì)和流況。函渠工：無(wú)法抑止或使用水泥設(shè)計(jì)暗渠時(shí)，在函內(nèi)做自然河床以保持上下流的連續(xù)性。落差工：利用石組所做的落差工，保持魚(yú)道的機(jī)能之落差設(shè)為30cm。民眾參與與構(gòu)想民眾參與舉辦製作地域研究會(huì)，使施行區(qū)內(nèi)之居民能夠瞭解生態(tài)工法之重要性激發(fā)民眾重新省思之動(dòng)機(jī)透過(guò)自由討論的方式，用所看到的景觀意象做為規(guī)劃和整備的藍(lán)圖 構(gòu)想以前的規(guī)劃重點(diǎn)在於確保排水機(jī)能、整修水泥道路、河道取直等新的規(guī)劃方向修改成確保排水機(jī)能、修改近自然河川的工法，以及確保生

15、態(tài)、景觀、親水等柔性機(jī)能 工程施工盡可能保護(hù)工程區(qū)內(nèi)的魚(yú)類將皮珍珠貝遷移至施工區(qū)間外的砂地濕性植物也會(huì)因?yàn)楣こ潭艿絺?，有必要時(shí)得移植到他處，並注意移植的時(shí)機(jī)盡量保留河畔林盡量使用該地區(qū)內(nèi)可以再利用的自然石利用現(xiàn)有河道增加分水線條的變化，其中還可於溪流中做出島嶼以作為濕性植物的保護(hù)區(qū)建造低水路，考慮上下游的連續(xù)性。並在可見(jiàn)處利用鋪石頭調(diào)和周邊景緻富良野市近自然河川排水路施工整合性思維規(guī)劃河段主要功能：結(jié)合社區(qū)型態(tài)及生活機(jī)能，並提供供水、排水等功能生態(tài)考量：提升動(dòng)植物族群健全性、歧異度，以及良好生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)係居民意識(shí)：建立環(huán)境保護(hù)與義工服務(wù)機(jī)制，並確保更寬廣的活動(dòng)空間日本土生川整治工程整治前景緻單調(diào)，舊有之構(gòu)造物嚴(yán)重裸露，影響視覺(jué)及生態(tài) 施工後富有瀨與淵等多元流況，植生豐富且生氣盎然 3個(gè)月1年5個(gè)月2年3個(gè)月2年9個(gè)月 自施工前的不自然而單調(diào)的河川景觀，直至竣工初期的生澀，以及其後2年餘的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)今繁茂的植生幾乎已經(jīng)看不到原先植入之石頭。原先規(guī)劃之瀨與淵，也如預(yù)期地逐一呈現(xiàn)，創(chuàng)造更多樣之