Renaissance(文藝復興)課件

1、a. “Renaissance” a French word, meaning “rebirth”, “revival”，蘇醒；復活；復興 。b. It is first used to indicate a revival of classical (Greek and Rome) arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism（中世紀蒙昧主義） .c. Now it is used to indicate the intellectual and literary movement over Europe from

2、 the 14th to the early 17th century.d. A great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.e. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. CONTENTSRenaissanceinItalyThe Northern RenaissanceDecline of the Italian Renaissance Historical Background The R

3、ise of HumanismNew Literature& Renaissance ArtRenaissanceinItalyHistorical Background Increased TradeSiege of Constantinople Black DeathAttheheightoftheRenaissancetherewerefivemajorcity-statesinItaly:thecombinedstateofNaplesandSicily,thePapalState,Florence,Milan,andVenice.City-statesFlorenceMedici F

4、amily Verrocchio Lorenzo de Medici Venice Genoa The rise of humanismThe assertion of the greatness of manEmergence of universities, libraries and academiesAdmiration for the beauty of human bodyEarly humanistsHumanismThe study and propagation增殖，繁殖,廣傳，傳播 of classical learning and art was carried on b

5、y the progressive thinkers of humanists.They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical基督教會的；教士的 knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny暴政，專制 of the church and religious dogmas教條 . Giovanni Boccaccio Three fountains of th

6、e RenaissanceNew literatureFrancesco PetrarcaDurante degli AlighieriGiovanni Boccaccio An author and poet A friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch An important Renaissance humanist Works: Decameron (十日談) On Famous Women DecameronName: also called Prince Galehaut Type: 14th-century medieval a

7、llegory（寓言） Contents: a frame story encompassing 100 tales by ten young people.Literary influence: the compelling way in which the tales were written and their almost exclusively Renaissance flair （洞察力） made the stories from the Decameron an irresistible source that many later writers borrowed from.

8、 Francisco Petrarch(1304-1374）is a poet, humanist during the Renaissance in Italy. He is the earliest classical works of scholars and importance of the study. Besides, he find a people-centric view of the world without god.Father of Humanism Francisco PetrarchCanzoniere （歌集） The central theme: the l

9、ove for Laura Influence: In 1380, Chaucer（喬叟） adopted part of the Canzoniere to form three stanzas of rhyme royal in Troilus and Criseyde（特洛伊羅斯與克麗西達）.Other themes: religion, poetry, politics, time, gloryLauraOn April 6, 1327, Good Friday, after Petrarch gave up his vocation as a priest, the sight of

10、 a woman called Laura in the church and awoke in him a lasting passion. She is lovely to look at, fair-haired, with a modest, dignified bearing. She refused him for the very proper reason that she was already married to another man. The Eyes That Drew from Me The eyes that drew from me such fervent

11、praise 那眼睛吸引我發(fā)出熱情的贊美，The arms and hands and feat and countenance 還有柔臂、纖手、鮮活的面龐，Which made me a stranger in my own romance 浪漫的激情曾使我完全變了樣，And set me apart from the well-trodden ways; 遠離了人群的喧鬧，獨自沉醉； The gleaming golden curly hair, the rays 閃閃發(fā)光的金色卷發(fā)在飄飛，F(xiàn)lashing from a smiling angels glance 那是微笑的天使灑下的目光

12、，Which moved the world in paradisal dance, 世界舞蹈著，歡快地進入天堂，Are grains of dust, insensibilities. 而今一切都冷卻了，化為塵灰。Durante degli AlighieriDurantedegliAlighieri(1265-1321),commonlyknownasDante,wasamajorItalianpoetoftheMiddleAges.His Divine Comedy, originally called Commedia and later called Divina by Boccac

13、cio, is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.The Divine Comedy is composed of 14,233 lines that are divided into three canticas (Ital. pl. cantiche) Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise) each consisting

14、 of 33 cantos (Ital. pl. canti).The poem tells of Dantes journey through the three realms(領域) of the dead, lasting from the night before Good Friday to the Wednesday after Easter in the spring of 1300. The Roman poet Virgil guides him through Hell and Purgatory; Beatrice, Dantes ideal woman, guides

15、him through Heaven. InfernoAllegorically(比喻地), the Inferno represents the Christian soul seeing sin for what it really is, and the three beasts represent three types of sin: the self-indulgent(自我放縱的), the violent, and the malicious(惡毒的). These three types of sin also provide the three main divisions

16、 of Dantes Hell: Upper Hell (the first 5 Circles) for the self-indulgent sins; Circles 6 and 7 for the violent sins; and Circles 8 and 9 for the malicious sins.PurgatoryAllegorically, the Purgatorio represents the Christian life. Christian souls arrive escorted(護送) by an angel, singing in exitu Isra

17、el de Aegypto. In his Letter to Cangrande, Dante explains that this reference to Israel leaving Egypt refers both to the redemption(贖罪) of Christ and to “the conversion of the soul from the sorrow（懊悔） and misery of sin to the state of grace.Appropriately, therefore, it is Easter Sunday when Dante an

18、d Virgil arrive.ParadiseAfter an initial ascension（上升）, Beatrice guides Dante through the nine celestial（天上的） spheres of Heaven. These are concentric and spherical, as in Aristotelian and Ptolemaic cosmology. While the structures of the Inferno and Purgatorio were based on different classifications

19、of sin, the structure of the Paradiso is based on the four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues.Dante meets and converses with several great saints（圣人） of the Church, including Thomas Aquinas, St Bonaventure, St Peter, and St John. The Paradiso is consequently more theological in natur

20、e than the Inferno and the Purgatorio. However, Dante admits the vision of heaven he receives is the one that his human eyes permit him to see, and the vision of heaven found in the Cantos（詩章） is Dantes own personal one.The Divine Comedy finishes with Dante seeing the Triune God（三位一體的上帝）. In a flash

21、 of understanding, which he cannot express, Dante finally understands the mystery of Christs divinity and humanity, and his soul becomes aligned with Gods love.Renaissance ArtGiottoFilippo Brunelleschi Donatello GiorgioneLeonardo da Vinci MichelangeloRaphaelGiotto An Italian painter and architect fr

22、om Florence in the late Middle Ages. The first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance.Works: Flight into Egypt Betrayal of Judas The Mourning of Christ Flight into EgyptBetrayal of JudasThe Mourning of ChristFilippo Brunelleschi One of the foremost architects and engin

23、eers Studies of linear perspective （直線透視法）Works: Florence Cathedral dome Donatello An artist and sculptor from FlorencePerspectival illusionism（錯覺藝術的手法）Work in bas-relief（淺浮雕）a form of shallow relief sculptureWorks: David; The Gattamelata Equestrian StatueDavid The Gattamelata Equestrian StatueGiorg

24、ioneVenetian painterElusive（ 難懂的） poetic quality of his workOne of the most mysterious figures in European painting Works:The Tempest Sleeping Venus The Tempest Sleeping VenusLeonardo da Vinci An Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer

25、, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.Works: Last Supper; Mona LisaPerhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.Archetype of the Renaissance Man. Michelangelo An sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer.The greatest living artist in his lifetim

26、e, one of the greatest artists of all timeA contender(競爭者) for the title of the archetypal（典型） Renaissance man, along with fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.David Ceiling of SistineSistine Chapel 西斯廷教堂: the private church in the Vatican for Pope, famous for the magnificent designs and frescoes made b

27、y Michelangelo during the Renaissance.MosesPietaRaphaelAn unusually large workshopAn painter and architectClarity of form and ease of composition One of the traditional trinity of great masters of that periodWorks: School of Athens; Sistine Madonna Madonna of the Meadow, a “pastoral” work, which mea

28、ns it has to do with the village or country life.School of AthensCONTENTSThe Northern RenaissanceRenaissance ideas soon spread beyond Italy to northern Europe by means of trade, travel, and printed material, influencing the art and ideas of the north.As cities grew, vast trading network spread acros

29、s northern EuropeNetwork dominated by Hanseatic League（漢薩同盟）, merchant organization, 1200s to 1400sNorthern Europeans traded ideas, goods; spread Italian Renaissance north Fleeing violence, Italian artists brought humanist ideas, painting techniques northNorthern scholars traveled to Italy, brought

30、ideas homeUniversities started in France, Netherlands, GermanyPrinting PressMid-1400s, Johannes Gutenberg cast letters of alphabet on metal plates, locked metal plates on wooden press; perfected movable type printingResult, one of most dramatic upheavals（劇變） world has ever knownA Book RevolutionPrin

31、ted Word Available to MoreBefore only way to reproduce writing was by hand; long, painstaking（費力的） processWith movable type, text quickly printed; producing books faster, cheaperEasier access to books prompted more people to learn to readCombined Christian ideas, humanismWrote of pure, simple Christ

32、ian life, educating childrenFanned flames of discontentRoman Catholic Church censored, condemned worksDesiderius ErasmusItalian-born writer focused on role of women in societyGrew up in French court of Charles V; turned to writing when widowed（成寡婦）Championed equality, education for womenChristine de

33、 Pisan（ 克里斯蒂娜德皮桑）Franois Rabelais （拉伯雷）was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and Renaissance humanist and was a monk and Greek scholar . He has historically been regarded as a writer of fantasy, satire, the grotesque (丑陋的), and bawdy jokes and songs. He wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel巨人傳.He i

34、s known as the most influential man on the Spanish language. His best know work is Don Quixote, a story about the hero Don Quixote and his companion Sancho Panza.Cervantes（塞萬提斯）Thomas MoreSir Thomas More (1478 1535) was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance h

35、umanist. He was an important councilor to Henry VIII of England and was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and in particular of Martin Luther.More coined the word “utopia” (烏托邦) a name he gave to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in Utopia, published in 15

36、16. ShakespeareShakespeare (1564 1616) was a playwright that lived through the Elizabethan period of England. His plays are known for being full of archetypes (原型) and cleverly depicting the “human condition.”1564, Born in Stratford-on-Avon，the son of groceries businessman in the town,18 married; Le

37、aving home for London to make living at about 22,doing as the groom, actor and playwright ; Starting writing plays at about 30 years old; 5 years later, becoming universal shareholder of troupe; 1610, retired to Stratford; 1616, died.Shakespeares life (1564-1616)Shakespeares writing1) 154 sonnets（十四行詩）, two long narrative poems 2) HistoriesRepresentative works: Henry IV Richard III3) ComedyThe merchant of Venicemidsummer nights dreamhappy twelfth night Shakespeares writing4) TragedyHamletOthelloMacbeth King Lear Shakespeares writing5）Tragicomedy (straight part)Ro