考研英語二-圖表作文寫作方法和模板非常全

1、圖表作文（一）第一節(jié) 圖表作文的類型圖表作文可分為兩大類：表作文和圖作文。表作文表格(Table)可以使大量數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)化，便于閱讀、比較。表格標(biāo)題(Title)、表頭(Boxhead)(表格的第一行)、側(cè)目(Stub)(表格左邊的第一列)和主體(Body)部分(表格的其余部分)等部分組成。如下表：用表格表達(dá)的信息具體準(zhǔn)確，而且表格中的各項(xiàng)均按一定規(guī)律排列。閱讀表格時(shí)要注意找出表格中各個(gè)項(xiàng)目的相互關(guān)系，表格中各個(gè)項(xiàng)目的變化規(guī)律。例如，上面的表格中的數(shù)字說明，和 1978 年相比，1983 年大學(xué)入學(xué)的人數(shù)在增加，而小學(xué)的入學(xué)人數(shù)在減少。搞清楚這些變化規(guī)律也就讀懂了表格的內(nèi)容。圖作文圖作文又可分為三

2、種：圓形圖作文、曲線圖作文和條狀圖作文。(1) 圓形圖作文圓形圖(Pie chart)也稱為餅狀圖或圓面分割圖。圓形圖因?yàn)楸容^形象和直觀，各部分空間大小差別容易分辨，所以常用來表示總量和各分量之間的百分比關(guān)系。整個(gè)圓表示總量，楔形塊表示分量。有時(shí)圓形圖還有數(shù)值表，兩者結(jié)合可把各分量表示得更準(zhǔn)確、清楚。例如：This is a pie chart of the averagekly expenditure of a family in Great Britain. As can besee from the chart, the main expenditure of an average Br

3、itish family is spent on food, whichaccounts for 25% of its total expenditure. The next two significant expending items are transportand housing, which are 15% and 12% respectively. If we takeo account clothing and footwear,whiakes up 10%, the four essentials of life,t is, food, transport, housing,

4、and clothing andfootwear, amount to 62% of the total expenditure.曲線圖作文曲線圖(Line graph)也稱為線性圖或坐標(biāo)圖。曲線圖最適合表示兩個(gè)變量之間關(guān)系的發(fā)展過程和趨勢(shì)。一般來說，曲線所呈現(xiàn)的形狀比某一點(diǎn)所代表的變量的值更有意義。曲線圖有橫軸和縱軸。一般先看橫軸所代表的數(shù)量或時(shí)間等，然后再看縱軸所顯示的意義。同時(shí)必須找出線條所反映的最高或最低的變化。例如：這個(gè)曲線圖的橫軸代表 1990 年的不同的月份，縱軸代表交通事故的數(shù)量。從交通事故曲線圖上可知，前八個(gè)月的交通事故的數(shù)量有升有降。曲線圖在八月份升到了最高點(diǎn)(39)，此后

5、一直呈下降的趨勢(shì)，十二月份降到了最低點(diǎn)(16)?？梢?，1990 年的交通事故的數(shù)量總體上呈下降的趨勢(shì)。條形圖作文條形圖(Bar graph)也稱為立柱圖或圓柱圖。條形圖由寬度相同但長(zhǎng)度不同的條塊代表不同的量。當(dāng)要比較幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目或量時(shí)，常用不同顏色來區(qū)分。條形圖主要用來表示：1)同一項(xiàng)目在不同時(shí)間的量;2)同一時(shí)間不同項(xiàng)目的量。閱讀條形圖時(shí)，要先看圖例，再看橫軸、縱橫各代表什么量，每一個(gè)刻度所代表的值是多少，最后找出圖中各長(zhǎng)條所表示的數(shù)據(jù)及各長(zhǎng)條間的相互關(guān)系。例如：左邊的條形圖的橫軸代表時(shí)間，縱軸代表期望(Life Expectancy)，這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的是同一項(xiàng)目(期望)在不同時(shí)間的量。右邊

6、的條形圖的橫軸也是代表時(shí)間，縱軸是代表嬰兒的率(Infant Mortality)，這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的也是同一項(xiàng)目(嬰兒的率)長(zhǎng)在不同時(shí)間的量。左邊的條形圖表明 1990 年的人均期望比 1960 年的人均期望20 歲，而 1990 年的嬰兒率比 1960 年的嬰兒率下降了 50%。第二節(jié) 圖表作文的出題形式例 1 題目：Changes in Peoples DietStudy the following table carefully and your comition must be based on the informationgivenhe table. Write three p

7、aragraphs to :1. se the changes in peoples diet (飲食)he past five years;2. givesible reasons for the changes;3. draw your owns.You shoute as few figures assible.例 2 題目：Car Accidents Declining in Walton CityRemembert your comition must be written according to the following outline;1. Rise and fall of

8、the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;2.sible reason(s) for the decline of car accidentshe city;3. Your predictions of what will happen this year.Your comsible.ition should be no lessn 120 words and you shoute as few figures as例 3 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a co

9、mition on the topic Health Gain in n 120 words and you should base):Develoyour comCountries. Your comition must be no lessition on the following instructions (given in Chi以下圖為依據(jù)描述發(fā)展中國家的期望mortality)的變化情況說明引起變化的(lifeexpectancy) 和嬰兒率(infant從以上例子可見，圖表作文一般在題目中給出作文的標(biāo)題和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)表格、圓形圖、曲線圖或條形圖，有時(shí)還用英文或中文提綱的形式給

10、出提示，要求：1)用文字描述圖表，客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢(shì);2)就圖表中所反映的某種趨勢(shì)或問題分析其原因或。第三節(jié) 圖表作文的寫作要領(lǐng)圖表作文著重說明事實(shí)，常常是通過對(duì)圖表中所反映的具體數(shù)據(jù)的說明、分析、比較，對(duì)某種事物或現(xiàn)象的事實(shí)或變化情況等加以說明，并提出結(jié)論或看法。因此，圖表作文常常采用議體的寫作方法。寫好圖表作文，關(guān)鍵在于能否讀懂圖表中所提供的信息，把握各信息間的聯(lián)系，用準(zhǔn)確流暢的語言把這一信息表達(dá)出來，并就這一信息圖表作文的寫作步驟寫圖表作文時(shí)，要注意遵循以下步驟：自己的看法。1)認(rèn)真分析圖表的含義，弄清圖表中所含的信息及不同信息間的關(guān)系;2)確定文章的，構(gòu)思

11、出文章的基本框架，篩選出能說明圖表的典型數(shù)據(jù);編列文章的提綱;根據(jù)文章的提綱，將各段的提綱內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展成段落，然后將各個(gè)段落組成文章，注意段與段之間的銜接與過渡;檢查與修改。圖表作文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫圖表作文時(shí)，常采用三段式的謀篇方式。文章的第一段往往分析圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)變化反映什么問題或趨勢(shì)，概述圖表所揭示的信息。第二段分析造成這一問題或趨勢(shì)的原因。第三段則展望未來的情況或提出解決問題的辦法或建議。這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡(jiǎn)單地表述為：第一段：概述圖表反映的第二段：分析產(chǎn)生的原因第三段：展望未來或提出方法或建議圖表作文常用的句型(1)常用的開篇句型(即概述圖表內(nèi)容時(shí)常用的表達(dá)法) According to the t

12、able chart/line graph/bar graph, we cansee/concludet 根據(jù)該表/圖，可知 Thetable/graphreveals(shows/indicates/illustrates/represents/pos out)t 該表/圖表明 As we can see from the table As can be seen from the line/bar graph As is shown (illustrated/indicated)he chart 如表/圖所示，(2) 描述增減變化常用的句型 Compared with is still i

13、ncreased by The number of grew/rose from to An increase is shown in ; then came a sharp increase of In the number remains the same/drops to There was a very slight (small/slow/gradual) rise/increase in 1990.There was a very steady (marked/sharp/ra/sudden/ dramatic)drop (decrease/ decline/ fall/ redu

14、ction) in 1998/ compared witht of lastyear).下面是根據(jù)例 2 的題目要求寫的范文。From the graph, we can seet the number of car accidents in Walton city fluctuated duringthe year of 1990. Thetwo months of 1990 showed an increasing trend. The rate rose to 32arch but fell to 26 in June. From June on, the rate was rising

15、 again and reached the peak po39 in August. After August the rate began to decline remarkably, and eventually dropped to thelowest po16 atof the year. Therefore, its obvioust car accident in Walton citydeclined in 1990.句/概述表格反映的內(nèi)容(5)反映交通事故的變化情況(6)小結(jié)：總結(jié)表格數(shù)據(jù)反映的總趨勢(shì)There are several reasons for the decl

16、ine. , a new traffic law was made and cameoforce. It providedt in summer every car must be air-conditioned. As a result, the highest ratein August, when humidity and high temperature make drivers impatient and easily lead to car accidents, dropped steadily. Second, new roads were built and some narr

17、ow streets were widened,which quickened the flow of traffic. Finally, the city administration made great efforts to heightenpeoples awareness of observing traffic rules.句原因/措施一解釋措施一/次要輔助采取措施一后的結(jié)果原因/措施二原因/措施三Will these new measures, Im sure the rate of car accidents in Walton city will go onfalling t

18、his year.總結(jié)：展望未來的情況第四節(jié)、 圖表作文練習(xí)及其參考范文下面是寫作練寫作的過程中注意審題，考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開頭的結(jié)尾的方法以及文章中的過渡等。練：Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a comition of nolesscomn 120 words on Changes in Peoples Diet. Study the following table carefully and yourition must be based on the informatio

19、n givenhe table. Write three paragraphs to:1. se the changes in peoples diet (飲食)he past five years;2. givesible reasons for the changes;3. draw your owns.You shouAs is shownte as few figures assible.he table, there have been great changes in peoples diet betn 1986 andpeople, is1990. From the table,

20、 we can findt grain, formerly the main food of most Chinow playing a less important role in peoples diet. And the same goes for fruit and vegetables.On the other hand, the consumption of high-nutrition food suilk and meas increasedraly.Whas caused these changes? There are mainly three reasons (句). (

21、6), peopleare much wealthiern before. (7) With highere, they can afford to buy nutritious foods.(8) Second, people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health. (9) Lack ofcertain amount of meat or milk, for exle, will result in poor health. (10) Finally, owing to theeconomic refo

22、rm, meat and milk, which were scarcehe past, are produced in largeties.(11) Although milk and meat are important to ones health, eating too much rich food mayresult in obesity and may other diseases. (12)Therefore, people should not only eat a lot of milk and meat, but also enough grain, fruit and v

23、egetable for the sake of their health.圖表作文（二）一、圖表作文寫作1、圖形種類及概述法：泛指一份數(shù)據(jù)圖表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table餅圖：pie chart直方圖或柱形圖：bar chart / histogram趨勢(shì)曲線圖：line chart / curve diagram表格圖：table流程圖或過程圖：flow chart / sequence diagram程序圖：prosing/procedures diagram2、常用的描述用法The table/chart diagram/

24、graph shows （According to the table/chart diagram/grapht）As （is） shownhe table/chart diagram/graphAs can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，figures/sistics shows （t）It can be seen from the figures/sistics We can see from the figures/sisticsIt is clear from the figures/sisticsIt is ap

25、parent from the figures/sistics table/chart/diagram/graph figures （t） table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how3、圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)（Data）具體表達(dá)法數(shù)據(jù)（Data）在某一個(gè)時(shí)間段固定不變：fixed在一系列的時(shí)間段中轉(zhuǎn)變：changes over time持續(xù)變化的 data 在不同情況下：增加：increase / raise / rise / go up 減少：decrease / grow down / drop / fall 波動(dòng)：fluctu

26、ate / rebound / undulate / wave 穩(wěn)定：remain stable / stabilize / level off 最常用的兩種表達(dá)法：動(dòng)詞+副詞形式（Verb+Adverb form）形容詞+名詞形式（Adjective+Noun form）ime二、相關(guān)常用詞組1、主章開頭圖表類型：table、chart、diagramgraph、column chart、pie graph描述：show、describe、illustrate、can be seen from、clear、apparent、reveal、 represent、 umbercentage、pr

27、oportion內(nèi)容：、2、表示數(shù)據(jù)變化的單詞或者詞組ra/raly迅速的，飛快的，險(xiǎn)峻的dramatic/dramatically significant/significantly戲劇性的，生動(dòng)的有意義的，的，重要的sharp/sharply銳利的，明顯的，急劇的steep/steeply steady/steadily急劇升降的穩(wěn)固的，堅(jiān)定不移的gradual/gradually漸進(jìn)的，逐漸的slow/slowly緩慢的，不活躍的slight/slightly輕微的、略微地stable/stably穩(wěn)定的3、其它在描述中的常用到的詞significant changes圖中一些較大變化n

28、oticeable trend明顯趨勢(shì)during the same period在同一時(shí)期grow/grew distribute unequally增長(zhǎng)分布，區(qū)別不相等地he case of adv.在的情況下erms of / in respect of / regarding在方面in contrast相反，大不相同ernment policy政策market for measure forecast市場(chǎng)規(guī)率n.尺寸，方法，措施v.估量，調(diào)節(jié) n.先見，預(yù)見v.三、英語圖表寫作套句精選1.the table shows the changes該表格描述了在年之he number ofo

29、ver the period fromto數(shù)量的變化。2.the bar chart illustratest該柱狀圖展示了3.the gra該圖為rovides someeresting data regarding提供了有關(guān)有趣數(shù)據(jù)。4.the diagram shows （t）該圖向展示了5.the graph dcts （ t）該圓形圖揭示了6.this is a cure graph which describes the trend of這個(gè)曲線圖描述了的趨勢(shì)。7.the figures/sistics show （t）數(shù)據(jù)（字）表明8.the tree diagram revea

30、ls how該樹型圖向揭示了如何9.the data/sistics show （ t） 10.the data/sistics/figures lead us to the這些數(shù)據(jù)資料令得出結(jié)論 11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited12.according to the chart/figures該數(shù)據(jù)（字）可以這樣理解the diagram/graph/chart/table根據(jù)這些表（數(shù)字）13.as is shownhe table如表格所示14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have

31、taken place in從圖中可以看出，發(fā)生了巨大變化。15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearlytor it is clear/apparentfrom the chartt從圖表可以很清楚（明顯）看到16.this is a graph which illustrates這個(gè)圖表向展示了17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b fromto該表格描述了年到a 與 b 的比例關(guān)系。18.the graresented in a pie chart， sh

32、ows teral trend in該圖以圓形圖形式描述了總的趨勢(shì)。19.this is a column chart showing這是個(gè)柱型圖，描述了as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the fluctuation of，兩條曲線描述了的波動(dòng)情況。over the period fromtotheremained level.在至期間，基本不變。22.23.he year betnand在年到期間he 3 years spanning from 1995 through 19981995 年至 1998 三年里24.from

33、 then on/from this time onwards從那時(shí)起the number ofremained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）。月（年）至月（年）的數(shù)量基本不變。the number sharply went up to數(shù)字急劇上升至27.the percentage ofstayed the same betnand至期間的比率維持不變。28.the figures peaked atin（month/year）的數(shù)目在月（年）達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)，為29.the percentage remained steady at

34、比率維持在the percentage ofis slightly larger/smallerthere is not a great deal of difference betnt of 比例比的比例略高（低）。nand與的區(qū)別不大。32.the graphs show a threefold increase該圖表表明的數(shù)目增長(zhǎng)了三倍。he number of33decreased year by year whileincreased steadily.逐年減少，而逐步上升。34.the situation reachedak（a high poat） of%.的情況（）到達(dá)頂（高）

35、點(diǎn)，為百分點(diǎn)。the figures/situation bottomed out inthe figures reached the bottom/a low po/hi數(shù)字（情況）在達(dá)到底部。rough.數(shù)字（情況）達(dá)到底部（低谷）。37.a is times as mu38.a increased by39.a increased toany as b.a 是 b 的倍。a 增長(zhǎng)了 a 增長(zhǎng)到40.high/low/great/small/ percentage.比低高（低）41.there is an upward trendhe number of數(shù)字呈上升趨勢(shì)。42.a consi

36、derable increase/decrease occurred fromto到發(fā)生急劇上升。43.fromtothe rate of decrease slow down.從到，下降速率減慢。44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reductionhe，reaching a figureof從這年起，逐漸下降至be similar tobe the same as與相似與相同47.there are a lot similarities/differenbetnand與之間有許多相似（不同）之處48.a has somethi

37、ng in common with ba 于 b 有共同之處。49.the difference betn a and bs ina 與 b 之間的差別在于50（year）witnessed/saw a sharp rise in年急劇上升開頭段轉(zhuǎn)述題目常用句型The line graph describes/ illustrates/ demonstrates/ summarizes/ outlines/ shows后面跟名詞或者從句開頭段或者主體段引出數(shù)據(jù)或者趨勢(shì)常用句型According to/ As shown in/ As can be seen from 后面跟圖表的類型It ca

38、n be seen from 后面跟圖表的類型tIt is manifest from后面跟圖表的類型表示上升的動(dòng)詞tGo up(went up) /rise(rose)/ grow(grew)/ increase(increased)/ ascend(ascended) , 其中rise 和 increase 也經(jīng)常作名詞, grow-growth表示急劇上升的動(dòng)詞Jump(jumped)/ surge(surged)/shoot up (shot up)/ soar(soared) 其中 surge 也可以做名詞表示下降的動(dòng)詞Decline/ fall/ drop/ sink/ dip/

39、decrease/ descend, 其中 decline/ fall/ drop/ decrease 也經(jīng)常做名詞表示急劇下降的動(dòng)詞Plummet/ pge表示速度快的形容詞Sharp/ dramatic/ drastic/ ra表示幅度大的形容詞/precipitous/steep 副詞加 -lyMarked/ substantial / significant, 副詞加 -ly表示緩慢,逐漸的形容詞Gradual/ steady/ gentle / slow, 副詞加 -ly表示小幅度的形容詞Modest/ moderate/ slight, 副詞加 -ly表示波動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞Fluctuat

40、e, 不及物動(dòng)詞,名詞fluctuation表示穩(wěn)定在一個(gè)水平上的動(dòng)詞Level ot/ level ou/ hover at/ stabilize at/ reached a plateau at表示達(dá)到最高的動(dòng)詞Peak at/ reach the highest po表示達(dá)到最低的動(dòng)詞at , peak 也可以做名詞Reach the bottom at/ the lowest poat/ bottom ou, bottom 也可以做名詞表示經(jīng)歷了某種變化的及物動(dòng)詞Experience/ witness/ see表示達(dá)到了多少數(shù)量的及物動(dòng)詞或詞組Reach/arrive at/ amou

41、nt to / hit/ register/ stand at表示占(后面跟百分?jǐn)?shù)或數(shù)字)的及物動(dòng)詞或詞組Account for/ represent / constitute / make up表示數(shù)據(jù)由某幾個(gè)部分組成的既無動(dòng)詞或者詞組A is comedprise/ is made up of/ consists of B,C and D. 注意和 include 區(qū)別的及物動(dòng)詞表示對(duì)未來數(shù)字的Project/ predict / forecast表示分別的副詞Respectivelyrespectively.he 2004 Olympics, China and Russia won X

42、 and Y gold medals表示大約的副詞或者詞組About, around, approximay, roughly, just over, just under圖表作文（三）作文 1DIRECTIONS: A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay ineast 150 words.B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II. C. Your essay should cover these three pos:1. effect

43、of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife2.sible reason for the effect3. your suggestion for wildlife protection【段落類型分析】第一段圖畫/圖表描述段【參考范文一】第二段原因闡釋段第三段建議措施段From these graphs, we can draw anumber of species has decreased ra our planet.t, with the growth of human population, thely in Amer

44、ica, and some species have even vanished fromThere are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few ofthe most important ones here. Above all, as the human population grows raly, a growingnumber of people came to live where some wild species have been living. Then

45、 these species haveto move to othla. Some of them probably can not adapt to the new environment and die. Inaddition, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so.They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Consequently, thena

46、tural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed. The clear cutting haseincreasingly serious. So some of the wildlifee homeless and extinct.In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions.to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the, theernments should make lawsernment

47、s should educate people tolove nature and protect it. Third, as for ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect ourliving environment. (210 words)【參考范文二】The two charts showt the increase in the U.S. population has beenpanied by acorresponding decline in the number of wildlife species. Far

48、 too many species have been lostalready. Thises a danger to the ecological balance.As the human population expands, wild animals in mounting numbers areted for food, orbecause they are thought to present a threat to man. But studies showt one of the primarycauses of the disappearance of wildlife is

49、pollution, which is one of the consequenofpopulation grownd economic development. This makes us wonder if men are able to share thisplanet in harmony with other life forms.y opinion, it is imperative for us to take steps to reverse the disturbing trend illustratedhecharts. One measure would be to fo

50、rbid the building of cities in areas where wild life is threatenedwith extinction. But, more importantly, men must learn to stop polluting the environment, or he himself will be extinct. (167 words)【參考范文三】As is seen from the two graphs, it is cleart with the ragrowth of U.S. population from 1800to 1

51、990, the number of its wildlife species no longer existing soared during the same period.Naturally, we can draw thepopulation growth.t the sharp decline of wildlife species resulted from theSeveral reasons may account for this phenomenon. To begin with, as the population grows, peopleconsume much mo

52、re natural resour. Second, with the increase of human activities, modernpeople take up more and more space which exerts a great influence on other species. Finally, theproblem of pollutiones more and more serious with the development of modern industry.More and more animals have to adapt themselves

53、to the decaying environment or move to a totally different place, but not all of them are fortunate enough to survive the changes.Solving this problem calls for, above all, theernments efforts to control population growth, todecrease industrial pollution and to enhance the laws to forbid wildlifetin

54、g. Moreover,common citizens should be aware of this ecological crisis and take on the responsibility of wildlifeprotection. In a word, only when theernment and the common people make joefforts canwe hope to find a satisfactory solution to this problem. (216 words)作文 2圖略The line graph illustrates how

55、 the number of people using a London underground sion fluctuates over the course of 16 hours (6am to 10pm).As we can see from the graph, at 6am the number of people at the sion stands at only 100. Thenumber shoots up over the next two hours, peaking at 400 at 8am. Then the number descendsdrastically

56、 for two hours, bottoming out at 180 at 10am. The period betn 10oclock and12oclock witnesses a moderate growthhe number of peoplehe sion, with the numberreaching 280 at midday. Numbershe followino hours stabilize at just under 300 people.Then the numblummets to only 100 from 2pm to 4pm. Then the nex

57、t two hours see a dramaticrise again, with 6pm registering 380 people. After 6pm, the number dips again, reaching thelowest poof 130 at 8pm. The period from 8pm to 10pm experiena slight rise, but then thenumber of people declines again from 180 at 9pm to 135 at 10pm.This line graph clearly demonstra

58、test rush hourshe early morning and the early evening areperiods when the sion is used by the most people.作文 3The diagram illustrates in four stages the recovery of the forests in Yellowstone National Park after a devasing forest fire.hepicture, while the old forests still exist, they drad wood to t

59、he soider them, which renders the soil more fertile. Then lightning and fire strike, destroying the forestscompley. And the growth of new forests starts right at this po. The second picturedemonstratest in the50 years after the devasing fire, saplings grow in build whiledescend in overall number. In

60、 the next two centuries, the young trees continue to thrive inYellowstone, because of the fertile soil and thele sunlight. Then, threedred years after thefire, the number of trees decline to roughly the same as the old forests.These fivctures show ust it takes as long as three centuries for a destro