版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
1、一步一步學(xué)流式第一篇:流式細(xì)胞術(shù)的歷史概要說來,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)主要包括了樣品的液流技術(shù)、細(xì)胞的分選和計(jì)數(shù)技術(shù),以及數(shù)據(jù)的采集和分析技術(shù)等FCM目前 發(fā)展的水平凝聚了半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來人們在這方面的心血和成果。1934年,Moldavanl首次提出了使懸浮的單個(gè)血紅細(xì)胞等流過玻璃毛細(xì)管,在亮視野下用顯微鏡進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù),并用光 電記錄裝置計(jì)測的設(shè)想,在此之前,人們還習(xí)慣于測量靜止的細(xì)胞,因?yàn)橐箚蝹€(gè)細(xì)胞順次流過狹窄管道容易造成較大 的細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞團(tuán)塊的淤阻。1953年Crosland -Taylor根據(jù)雷諾對牛頓流體在圓形管中流動(dòng)規(guī)律的研究認(rèn)識到:管中 軸線流過的鞘液流速越快,載物通過的能力越強(qiáng),并具有較強(qiáng)的流體
2、動(dòng)力聚集作用。于是設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)流動(dòng)室,使待分析 的細(xì)胞懸浮液都集聚在圓管軸線附近流過,外層包圍著鞘液;細(xì)胞懸浮液和鞘液都在作層液。這就奠定了現(xiàn)代流式細(xì)胞 術(shù)中的液流技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。1956年,Coulter在多年研究的基礎(chǔ)上利用Coulter效應(yīng)生產(chǎn)了 Coulter計(jì)數(shù)器。其基本原理是:使細(xì)胞通過一個(gè)小 孔,只在細(xì)胞與懸浮的介質(zhì)之間存在著導(dǎo)電性上的差異,便會(huì)影響小孔道的電阻特性,從而形成電脈沖信號,測量電脈 沖的強(qiáng)度和個(gè)數(shù)則可獲得有關(guān)細(xì)胞大小和數(shù)目方面的信息。1967年Holm等設(shè)計(jì)了通過汞弧光燈激發(fā)熒光染色的細(xì)胞, 再由光電檢測設(shè)備計(jì)數(shù)的裝置。1973年Steinkamp設(shè)計(jì)了一種利用激光激發(fā)雙色
3、熒光色素標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞,既能分析計(jì) 數(shù),又能進(jìn)行細(xì)胞分選的裝置。這樣就基本完成了現(xiàn)代FCM計(jì)數(shù)技術(shù)的主要?dú)v程?,F(xiàn)代的FCM數(shù)據(jù)采集和分析技術(shù)是從組織化學(xué)發(fā)源的,其開拓者是Kamentsky。1965年,Kamentsky在組織化學(xué) 的基礎(chǔ)上提出了兩個(gè)新設(shè)想:(1)細(xì)胞的組分是可以用光光度學(xué)來定量測定的,即分光光度術(shù)可以定量地獲得有關(guān)細(xì) 胞組織化學(xué)的重要信息。(2)細(xì)胞的不同組分可以同時(shí)進(jìn)行多參數(shù)測量,從而可以對細(xì)胞進(jìn)行分類。換句話說,對同 一細(xì)胞可以同時(shí)獲得有關(guān)不同組分的多方面信息,用作鑒別細(xì)胞的依據(jù)。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)在細(xì)胞化學(xué)中的應(yīng)用的先驅(qū)者是Van Dilla和美國的Los Alamos小組。他們在
4、1967年研制出流液束、照 明光軸、檢測系統(tǒng)光軸三者相互正交的流式細(xì)胞計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上,首次用熒光Feulgen反應(yīng)對DNA染色顯示出DNA的活 性與熒光之間存在著線性關(guān)系,并在DNA的直方圖上清楚地顯示出細(xì)胞周期的各個(gè)時(shí)相。Gohde和Dittrich接著把 這項(xiàng)技術(shù)推向?qū)嵱?,他們用流式?xì)胞術(shù)測定細(xì)胞周期借以研究細(xì)胞藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)問題。FCM用于免疫組織化學(xué)中的關(guān)鍵是 對細(xì)胞進(jìn)行免疫熒光染色,其它和在細(xì)胞化學(xué)的應(yīng)用并沒有多大差異。(下圖為一 DNA直方圖)DNA直方圖第二篇:流式細(xì)胞儀的工作原理將待測細(xì)胞染色后制成單細(xì)胞懸液。用一定壓力將待測樣品壓入流動(dòng)室,不含細(xì)胞的磷酸緩沖液在高壓下從鞘液管噴出,
5、鞘液管入口方向與待測樣品流成一定角度,這樣,鞘液就能夠包繞著樣品高速流動(dòng),組成一個(gè)圓形的流束,待測細(xì)胞在 鞘液的包被下單行排列,依次通過檢測區(qū)域。流式細(xì)胞儀通常以激光作為發(fā)光源。經(jīng)過聚焦整形后的光束,垂直照射在樣品流上,被熒光染色的細(xì)胞在激光束的照射 下,產(chǎn)生散射光和激發(fā)熒光。前向角散射,即FSC與細(xì)胞直徑平分正相關(guān),所以我們平時(shí)上機(jī)的時(shí)候,有時(shí)用FSC做閾值,排除碎片及其它顆粒, 避免干擾。側(cè)向角散射,即SSC是指與激光束正交90度方向的散射信號,它對細(xì)胞膜、胞質(zhì)、核膜的折射率更敏感,可以提供細(xì) 胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)及顆粒性質(zhì)的信息!因此,僅根據(jù)FSC/SSC,我們就可以分開全血樣本中的淋巴細(xì)胞,單核細(xì)
6、胞和中性粒細(xì) 胞!這兩種信號同時(shí)被前向光電二極管和90方向的光電倍增管接收。光散射信號在前向小角度進(jìn)行檢測,這種信號基本上 反映了細(xì)胞體積的大小;熒光信號的接受方向與激光束垂直,經(jīng)過一系列雙色性反射鏡和帶通濾光片的分離,形成多個(gè) 不同波長的熒光信號。這些熒光信號的強(qiáng)度代表了所測細(xì)胞膜表面抗原的強(qiáng)度或其核內(nèi)物質(zhì)的濃度,經(jīng)光電倍增管接收后可轉(zhuǎn)換為電信號,再 通過模/數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器,將連續(xù)的電信號轉(zhuǎn)換為可被計(jì)算機(jī)識別的數(shù)字信號。計(jì)算機(jī)把所測量到的各種信號進(jìn)行計(jì)算機(jī)處理, 將分析結(jié)果顯示在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上,液可以打印出來,還可以數(shù)據(jù)文件的形式存儲(chǔ)在硬盤上以備日后的查詢或進(jìn)一步分析。(下圖為光學(xué)系統(tǒng))檢測數(shù)據(jù)的顯
7、示視測量參數(shù)的不同由多種形式可供選擇。單參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)以直方圖的形式表達(dá),其X軸為測量強(qiáng)度,Y軸為 細(xì)胞數(shù)目。一般來說,流式細(xì)胞儀坐標(biāo)軸的分辨率有512或1024通道數(shù),這視其模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器的分辨率而定。對于雙 參數(shù)或多參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù),既可以單獨(dú)顯示每個(gè)參數(shù)的直方圖(histogram),也可以選擇二維的散點(diǎn)圖(dot plot)、等高線圖 (contour)或三維立體視圖(pseudo 3D散點(diǎn)圖及三維立體圖細(xì)胞的分選是通過分離含有單細(xì)胞的液滴而實(shí)現(xiàn)的。在流動(dòng)室的噴口上配有一個(gè)超高頻電晶體,充電后振動(dòng),使噴出的 液流斷裂為均勻的液滴,待測定細(xì)胞就分散在這些液滴之中。將這些液滴充以正負(fù)不同的電荷,當(dāng)液滴流經(jīng)帶
8、有幾千伏 特的偏轉(zhuǎn)板時(shí),在高壓電場的作用下偏轉(zhuǎn),落入各自的收集容器中,不予充電的液滴落入中間的廢液容器,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì) 胞的分離。也就是高中學(xué)過的帶電粒子在電場中運(yùn)動(dòng)的原理!補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)1 :關(guān)于熒光素?zé)晒庑盘栔饕▋刹糠郑鹤园l(fā)熒光,即不經(jīng)熒光染色細(xì)胞內(nèi)部的熒光分子經(jīng)光照射后所發(fā)出的熒光;特征熒光, 即由細(xì)胞經(jīng)染色結(jié)合上的熒光染料受光照而發(fā)出的熒光,其熒光強(qiáng)度較弱,波長也與照射激光不同。自發(fā)熒光信號為噪 聲信號,在多數(shù)情況下會(huì)干擾對特異熒光信號的分辨和測量。在免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)等測量中,對于結(jié)合水平不高的熒光抗體 來說,如何提高信噪比是個(gè)關(guān)鍵。一般說來,細(xì)胞成分中能夠產(chǎn)生的自發(fā)熒光的分子(例核黃素、細(xì)胞色
9、素等)的含量越 高,自發(fā)熒光越強(qiáng);培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞中死細(xì)胞/活細(xì)胞比例越高,自發(fā)熒光越強(qiáng);細(xì)胞樣品中所含亮細(xì)胞的比例越高,自發(fā)熒 光越強(qiáng)。減少自發(fā)熒光干擾、提高信噪比的主要措施是:盡量選用較亮的熒光染料;選用適宜的激光和濾片光學(xué)系 統(tǒng);采用電子補(bǔ)償電路,將自發(fā)熒光的本底貢獻(xiàn)予以補(bǔ)償。當(dāng)應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)對細(xì)胞表面或內(nèi)部抗原進(jìn)行檢測時(shí),除必要的抗體外,應(yīng)用各種熒光素也是必不可少的,它包括單標(biāo) 記抗體熒光索、雙標(biāo)記抗體熒光素、三標(biāo)記抗體熒光素等。熒光素發(fā)射熒光基本原理是:熒光素受到一定波長(激發(fā)波 長)的激光激發(fā)后,其原子核外的電子由于吸收了激光的能量,由原本運(yùn)動(dòng)處于基態(tài)軌道躍遷到激發(fā)態(tài)軌道上運(yùn)動(dòng),然 后當(dāng)電
10、子由激發(fā)態(tài)重新回到基礎(chǔ)態(tài)時(shí),釋放出能量并發(fā)射出一定波長(發(fā)射波長)的熒光。不同熒光素用不同的激發(fā)光波 長的激發(fā)光來激發(fā),所以要選擇正確的激光器。例如,F(xiàn)ITC和FE等的微發(fā)光波長均為488nm,所以可用產(chǎn)生可見光 的氬離子激光器,而APC和PC5等的激發(fā)波長在紅光范圍,需使用發(fā)射630nm波長紅光的氦一氖激光器。此外,各 種熒光素的發(fā)射波長也十分重要,可以據(jù)此確定其檢測所需光電倍增管性質(zhì)。如FITC,被激光激發(fā)后發(fā)射綠光,檢測 時(shí)要使用第一光電倍增管(即PMTl); PE則發(fā)射橙包光,需用第二光電倍增管(即PMT2); PC5和PcrCP等發(fā)射的是深 紅色光,這時(shí)需選擇第二甚至第四光電倍增管(
11、即PMT3或PMT4)等。一定要注意激發(fā)波長和發(fā)射波長的區(qū)別! 常用熒光素流式細(xì)胞儀測定常用的熒光染料有多種,他們分子結(jié)構(gòu)不同,激發(fā)光譜和發(fā)射光譜也各異,選擇熒光染料時(shí)必須依據(jù)流式 細(xì)胞儀所配備的激光光源的發(fā)射光波長(如氬離子氣體激光管,它的發(fā)射光波488nm,氦氖離子氣體激光管發(fā)射光波長 633nm)。488nm激光光源常用的熒光染料有FITC (異硫氤酸熒光素)、PE (藻紅蛋白)、PI(碘化丙啶)、CY5(化青素)、preCP(葉綠素蛋白)、ECD(藻紅蛋白-得克薩斯紅)等。他們的激發(fā)光和發(fā)射光波長分別是:激發(fā)光波長(nm) 發(fā)射光峰值(nm)FITC 488 525 (綠)PE 488
12、 575 (橙紅)PI 488 630 (橙紅)ECD 488 610 (紅)CY5 488 675 (深紅)PreCP 488 675 (深紅)FITC 和 PIPI和EB都具有嵌入到雙鏈DNA和RNA的堿基對中并有與堿基對結(jié)合的特異性。為了獲得特異的DNA分布,染色前 必須用RNA酶處理細(xì)胞,排除雙鏈RNA的干擾。PI和EB不能進(jìn)入完整的細(xì)胞膜,因此又可以用于檢測死細(xì)肥。PI 和EB各種理化性質(zhì)相似,但PI比EB的發(fā)射光光譜峰向長波方向移動(dòng),因而在作DNA和蛋白質(zhì)雙參數(shù)測量時(shí),PI的 紅色熒光和FITC的綠色熒光更易于區(qū)分和測量。另外,Pl比EB測得的DNA分布的變異系數(shù)(CV值)低,所以
13、PI得 到更廣泛的應(yīng)用。FITC為一種小分子熒光素,其效率(即熒光強(qiáng)度)取決于溶液的pH值,因此在使用FITC時(shí)應(yīng)注意溶 液的酸堿度。一些流式常用名字的概念和意義:(舊文版)Amplifier 放大器 Electronic component of a flow cytometer that increases the signal by an adjustable factor.Aneuploid 異倍體 Having an abnormal number of chromosomes. Aneuploid cells may also have an abnormal DNA conten
14、t.Average The mean value, which is the total amount divided by the number of contributors.Channel 常說的熒光道數(shù) The measured value of a parameter, representing the signal intensity of an event after amplification. To appear on a plot, data for an event must fall into one of either 256 channels (0-255) or
15、one of 1024 channels (0-1023) depending on the resolution of the plot.Compensation (熒光)補(bǔ)償 An electronic calculation that removes signal overlap which the optical system cannot remove. Fluorescence compensation works for specific pairs of fluorescent parameters; for example, FL1 and FL2.Cursor For FA
16、CScans: a highlight appearing in a data field that indicates you can modify this field. On a dot plot, a crosshair for drawing a polygon gate. On other flow cytometers: a line separating regions on single parameter histograms that are treated statistically separate. See marker.%CV CV 值!表示其集中分散趨勢。Per
17、cent coefficient of variation is a measure of peak distribution. The percent coefficient of variation is the standard deviation of the peak divided by the mean channel number of the peak, times 100.Diploid 二倍體 Having the normal number of chromosome pairs for non-reproductive, mammalian cells. The am
18、ount of DNA in diploid cells defines the normal DNA content for the species.DNA Index The ratio of GO/G1 peak channel in a DNA histogram of the experimental sample to the GO/G1 peak channel of the reference sample, when normal human diploid cells or nuclei are the reference. This is a measure of DNA
19、 aneuploidy, or abnormal DNA content.Dot Plot A two parameter data graph used for acquisition and analysis. Each dot on the display represents one event that the flow cytometer analyzed.Doublet 分選中常用的概念。Two particles stuck together, which a flow cytometer records as one larger event. Particles may a
20、lso occur in triplets and higher associations.Event A unit of data representing one particle or cell. An event has a relative intensity value and channel number for each parameter.Filter An optical device used to attenuate particular wavelengths or frequencies while passing others.FL1, Green Fluores
21、cence signal received by the photomultiplier tube (PMT), FL1. The range of the signal detected is dependent on the filters associated with the PMT. For FACScans and FACSCaliburs, FL1 measures light in the green range of the spectrum (515 to 545 nm).FL2, Orange-Red Fluorescence signal received by the
22、 photomultiplier tube, FL2. For FACScans and FACSCaliburs, FL2 measures orange-red light (564-606 nm).FL3, Red Fluorescence signal received by the photomultiplier tube, FL3. For FACScans, FL3 measures red light (above 650 nm). For FACSCaliburs, FL3 measures red light (above 670 nm).FL4, Red-Orange F
23、luorescence signal received by the photomultiplier tube, FL4. For FACSCaliburs, FL4 measures red-orange light (653-669 nm).Fluorescence A property of molecules to absorb light at one wavelength and emit light at a longer wavelength. Flow cytometers detect Fluorescence emission at a 90 degree angle t
24、o the exciting light beam.Forward Scatter (FSC)前向角 A parameter measuring light scattered less than 10 degrees as a cell passes through the laser beam. The FSC measurement is related to cell size.G0 Phase of cell cycle designating cells that are quiescent and have not yet entered the growth cycle. No
25、rmal cells in this phase have exactly one set of chromosome pairs.G1 Phase of cells cycle in which cells are committed to division. These cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA as GO phase cells. They are about to enter S phase where they synthesize DNA.G2 Phase of cell
26、s cycle in which proliferating cells have duplicated their DNA and formed two sets of chromosome pairs, in preparation for division. G2 follows the S phase and precedes the M (mitosis) phase.Gain 增益 An adjustment that modifies amplifier responses. Increasing the gain increases the electronic pulse (
27、and the relative fluorescence intensity value and the channel value) in response to a light signal.Gate 翻譯過來后還是覺得稱之為gate”好! A boundary that defines a subset or sub-population of events. Gates are set by drawing boundaries around the subsets on data plots (dot plots or histograms). Use gates either f
28、or data acquisition or analysis. Inclusive gates select only the events that fall within (and on) the boundary. Exclusive gates select only the events that fall outside of the boundary.Live gate與上面的gate”不同,是作為記錄的條件的gate,不在gate之內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)不被存入電腦! Gate through which any data from the flow cytometer/computer
29、parallel interface must pass before acquisition. Any data outside the gate does not enter the computer.Haploid 單倍體 Having one set of single chromosomes. Reproductive cells, like eggs and sperm, are haploid.Histogram A data plot of a single parameter. This displays either the relative fluorescence in
30、tensity value or the channel number on the x axis and the number of events on the y axis.Linear scale 線,性 The scale on which the output is directly proportional to the input. When the control is set at Linear, the voltage measured is directly proportional to the channel into which the event falls.Lo
31、garithmic scale 對數(shù) The scale on which the values increase logarithmically. This scale is used when the instrument is set to LOG. There are four decades across the 1024 channels on FACScan (256 channels per decade). The scale ranges from 1 to 10,000. For FACScan, the number of decades is fixed.M Phas
32、e of the cell cycle, mitosis, during which a cell divides into two. This precedes GO/G1 and follows G2. M phase and G2 cells contain the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes. In normal cells, this is the tetraploid number (4N) of chromosomes.Marker就是第五篇中的一張圖上面的M1,M2等。作為統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí)的分界區(qū)域限制。A
33、line separating regions on single parameter histograms that are treated statistically separate. See cursor.Parameter A measurement of light intensity, either scattered or emitted fluorescence, from a particle as it passes through a laser beam. For all five parameters (FSC, SSC, FL1, FL2, FL3) the he
34、ight of the electronic pulse that is generated is used. In addition, for cell cycle analysis CellQuest software can measure either FL2 area and FL2 width (for staining with propidium iodide) or FL3 area and FL3 width (for staining with 7-amino-actinomycin D).Photodiode 光電二極管,將光信號轉(zhuǎn)化為電信號。A semiconduct
35、or device used to detect light and generate an electrical current. Typically used in forward scatter (FSC) detection.Photomultiplier 光電倍增管 A photodetector, with adjustable voltage, that translates optical tube (PMT) signals into electrical current. PMT detectors are used for SSC and fluorescence par
36、ameters. Increasing the PMT voltage, increases the output signal for a given amount of light.Ploidy 倍性 The number of chromosomes present in the cell. The amount of DNA in a cell gives an indication of the ploidy, but is not directly proportional. See Haploid, Diploid, and Aneuploid.Pulse 不是脈搏,是脈沖! T
37、he electronic signal generated by a particle (cell or nucleus) in the flow cytometer.Rate The number of events per second processed by the computer.Reference Sample就是作為一個(gè)內(nèi)標(biāo)的樣本,通過它可以對一些物質(zhì)進(jìn)行定量檢測?。ㄟ@就是為什么在一些帖子里 面,我們總是說流式是個(gè)定性,半定量工具,要做到半定量或定量,需要內(nèi)標(biāo)。不是所有的數(shù)據(jù)都可以定量的,慢慢會(huì) 理解的,我正在理解中。)A sample of known DNA conten
38、t mixed with an experimental sample to provide an internal standard.S Phase of the cell cycle, DNA synthesis, in which the cell duplicates its DNA.Scale The maximum number of events displayed for a channel in a histogram. A low scale number magnifies the data.Side Scatter (SSC) Also called 90o scatt
39、er or right angle scatter. Light scattered at a 90 degree angle as a cell passes through the laser beam. This measurement is related to the internal granularity or complexity of a particle.Singlet A single particle (cell or nucleus), which a flow cytometer records as one event.Threshold 閾值,在流式中,這是個(gè)很
40、重要的概念! The lowest channel number for a selected parameter for which an event may be recorded. The flow cytometer sends to the computer only events above the threshold level.第三篇:安全問題既然要學(xué)習(xí)流式,操作流式,在了解了流式的歷史和基本原理后,我們認(rèn)為最終要的就是安全問題,因?yàn)樵诓僮髁鞒讨?間還是有許多環(huán)節(jié)存在各種安全隱患,需要我們謹(jǐn)慎操作的,現(xiàn)不完全列出!1、電安全問題:偏振板,激光供電等都是高電壓,要特別小心。儀器內(nèi)
41、部應(yīng)該只有廠家人員及相關(guān)工作人員才能操作, 試驗(yàn)人員不要冒險(xiǎn)!2、激光安全問題:流式的激光有相應(yīng)的cover來保護(hù),不要打開,否則危險(xiǎn)!某些儀器操作時(shí)必須關(guān)上相應(yīng)的門!不 要直視激光!(不用說的?。┦覂?nèi)不要有反光物體。(女生不要在那里化妝喲,雖然中獎(jiǎng)幾率極?。。┎灰噲D用什 么阻斷激光束!3、生物學(xué)安全問題:如病毒,細(xì)菌,致癌物質(zhì)等,倒廢液桶時(shí)要注意!不要用手或身體其它部位直接接觸有可能有危 險(xiǎn)的東西,提高警惕!4、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全問題:流式是貴重儀器,液流系統(tǒng),激光系統(tǒng),電腦系統(tǒng)都價(jià)值昂貴!大家在操作時(shí)千萬要嚴(yán)肅,嘻笑不 適合在流式旁!第四篇:流式細(xì)胞術(shù)的應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)址檢測細(xì)胞各種成分的重要細(xì)胞生
42、物學(xué)工具。它不但可以定量檢測細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核中的各種細(xì)胞成 分,而日可以研究細(xì)胞的各種功能狀態(tài)(細(xì)胞增殖,細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞分化、酶活性、細(xì)胞膜通透性、氧化還原狀態(tài)、吞 噬性等)。目前還叫以定量檢測血清中的各種可溶性生物分子成分。細(xì)胞膜:脂質(zhì)雙層分子結(jié)構(gòu)中具有多種蛋白質(zhì)分子一一細(xì)胞表面抗原,表面糖類、表面受體,細(xì)胞因子,膜電位.膜結(jié) 合鈣離子,細(xì)胞表面電荷等,這對確定細(xì)胞的性質(zhì)及其功能是十分重要的。細(xì)胞質(zhì):各種細(xì)胞成分,包拈蛋白質(zhì)、RNA、各種細(xì)胞器中的特殊成分、各種抗原、基因編碼蛋白,細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)鈣離子、 pH值等。細(xì)胞核:DNA,RNA,蛋白質(zhì).各種基因表達(dá)蛋白、抗原蛋白等。(摘自實(shí)用流式細(xì)
43、胞術(shù)彩色圖譜)收集的其它關(guān)于流式應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)頁: HYPERLINK /content/20050417/10956.htm /content/20050417/10956.htm HYPERLINK /Article_Show.asp7ArticleIDn2230 /Article_Show.asp7ArticleIDn2230本頁內(nèi)容本來也用網(wǎng)頁形式帖出的,但是由于網(wǎng)頁顯示問題,只附上鏈接!而且本鏈接的內(nèi)容較為詳細(xì),值得看看!第五篇:學(xué)看流式圖參照【圖片倉庫】流式圖片專區(qū)精華協(xié)助理解。 HYPERLINK /bbs/post/view?bid=66&id /bbs/post/view?bid=
44、66&id = 1774204&tpg = 1&ppg = 1&sty=1&age=0#1774204幾個(gè)介紹流式圖片的網(wǎng)頁: HYPERLINK /veddesign/catalogues.html /veddesign/catalogues.html HYPERLINK http:/www.cytometry.cz/en/services/data-analysis.html http:/www.cytometry.cz/en/services/data-analysis.html HYPERLINK /fcc/data.htm /fcc/data.htm HYPERLINK /v3/FA
45、Q/differentgraphs.html /v3/FAQ/differentgraphs.html我們在第二章中就已經(jīng)說到流式數(shù)據(jù)可以用一維直方圖、二維散點(diǎn)圖、等高線圖、密度圖等來表示,下面逐一附圖說明。1、單參數(shù)直方圖:每一個(gè)細(xì)胞單參數(shù)的測量數(shù)據(jù)可以整理成統(tǒng)計(jì)分布,以直方圖的方式來顯示。在圖中,橫坐標(biāo)表示熒光信號或散射光信 號相對強(qiáng)度的值,其單位是道數(shù),可以是線形(line)或者對數(shù)(log)??v坐標(biāo)一般是細(xì)胞數(shù)(count) !直方圖當(dāng)然 不僅僅是用來表示DNA含量的。這里有一個(gè)在本版常見問題:如何做M1陰性界限?!實(shí)際上,這個(gè)M1的劃分完全 是根據(jù)陰性對照來的!如果您要問:怎么這么巧,正好在101 這兒劃分?呵呵,原來偶也這么傻傻地問過!因?yàn)槲?們可以人為地將電壓,放大調(diào)到相應(yīng)的大小以達(dá)到陰性的右邊界在某一個(gè)值上,這樣后期做sample時(shí)好看!當(dāng)然您也 可以調(diào)到10的2次方,3次方。只要機(jī)器電壓允許,陽性組還有地方放得下。2、散點(diǎn)圖:散點(diǎn)圖常被用來分析多參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù),如上面CD分子的表
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 2024版射箭館會(huì)員訓(xùn)練協(xié)議3篇
- 事業(yè)單位勞動(dòng)協(xié)議2024年版違約金額度解讀版B版
- 事業(yè)單位新型聘用協(xié)議2024版模板版
- 樂器買賣合同 集合3篇
- 二零二五年高性能混凝土施工技術(shù)勞務(wù)分包合同范本3篇
- 二零二五年度版權(quán)許可合同:網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲著作權(quán)授權(quán)2篇
- 2025年度不動(dòng)產(chǎn)房產(chǎn)證購房合同附帶房地產(chǎn)稅收減免服務(wù)協(xié)議3篇
- 個(gè)性化2024年事故一次性補(bǔ)償合同版B版
- 二零二五版環(huán)境工程實(shí)習(xí)生實(shí)習(xí)勞動(dòng)合同書2篇
- 專項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品購銷協(xié)議樣本版B版
- 巖土工程勘察課件0巖土工程勘察
- 《腎上腺腫瘤》課件
- 2024-2030年中國典當(dāng)行業(yè)發(fā)展前景預(yù)測及融資策略分析報(bào)告
- 《乘用車越野性能主觀評價(jià)方法》
- 幼師個(gè)人成長發(fā)展規(guī)劃
- 2024-2025學(xué)年北師大版高二上學(xué)期期末英語試題及解答參考
- 批發(fā)面包采購合同范本
- 乘風(fēng)化麟 蛇我其誰 2025XX集團(tuán)年終總結(jié)暨頒獎(jiǎng)盛典
- 2024年大數(shù)據(jù)分析公司與中國政府合作協(xié)議
- 一年級數(shù)學(xué)(上)計(jì)算題專項(xiàng)練習(xí)匯編
- 中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論課件
評論
0/150
提交評論