凡納濱對蝦消化脂肪酶的純化及生化分析=Purificationand

1、 - 11 - 凡納濱對蝦消化脂肪酶的純化及生化分析=Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Digestive Lipase in Whiteleg Shrimp 關鍵詞消化，脂肪酶，純化，凡納濱對蝦，甲殼動物本實驗成功分離純化到凡納濱對蝦中腸腺中的脂肪酶，并測定其分子量約為44.8kDa。對其進行肽鏈測序，確定該酶cDNA全長為1186bp，且氨基酸序列含有/脂肪水解酶家族保守序列（GXSXG）。（/content/u134813t3q2u4q14/,early view,2011）雄性黑斑小丑魚在雌化過程中三種促性腺激素亞單位和受

2、體mRNA的表達=Expression of three gonadotropin subunits and gonadotropin receptor mRNA during male-to-female sex change in the cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus 關鍵詞黑斑小丑魚，促性腺激素，促性腺激素受體，性別轉換為了定量分析雄性黑斑小丑魚的雌性化過程，本實驗對小丑魚雌化過程中不同時期促性腺激素亞基和受體的表達量進行測定，發(fā)現(xiàn)性腺激素亞基和受體的mRNA表達量在一直增加，且促性腺激素釋放激素（GnRH）在腦-下垂體-性腺調控系統(tǒng)中

3、發(fā)揮了重要的作用。（,early view,2011）不同復方藻類對紫貽貝幼蟲生存、發(fā)育、固著和脂肪酸含量的關系=Effects of different dietary microalgae on survival, growth, settlement and fatty acid composition of blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) larvae 關鍵詞生長率，雙殼類幼蟲，鈣質角毛藻，牟氏角毛藻，DHA 22:6n-3 EPA 20:5n-3硅藻屬鈣質角毛藻是紫貽貝幼蟲培育中重要的餌料。通過對比研究五種混合藻類（鈣質角毛藻含量不同）

4、的養(yǎng)殖效果，發(fā)現(xiàn)紫貽貝幼蟲的發(fā)育狀況與餌料中DHA含量呈正相關。進一步研究表明(DHA+EPA)/ARA含量比率是確定紫貽貝幼體發(fā)育優(yōu)劣的重要指標。（/,early view,2011）鮭魚魚虱類組織蛋白酶B半胱氨酸蛋白酶的初步研究=Characterisation of cathepsin B-like cysteine protease of Lepeophtheirus salmonis 關鍵詞大西洋鮭魚，鮭魚魚虱，組織蛋白酶B鮭魚魚虱是寄生在大西洋鮭魚體表的一種寄生蟲，對鮭魚養(yǎng)殖有很大威脅。本研究成功克隆了鮭魚魚虱體內編碼類組織蛋白酶B半胱氨酸蛋白酶(LsCtB)的cDNA。對比發(fā)現(xiàn)成

5、熟的魚虱半胱氨酸蛋白酶與人體組織蛋白酶相似度達69%，且包括所有的保守氨基酸區(qū)域。該酶發(fā)生水解作用的最佳pH和溫度分別為3.5和45。（/, early view,2011）Effect of delayed first feeding on larval performance of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla assessed by digestive enzyme activities=饑餓脅迫條件下蜘蛛蟹幼體發(fā)育的研究關鍵詞蜘蛛蟹，幼體發(fā)育，營養(yǎng)水平本實驗的目的是研究食物短缺對蜘蛛蟹（Maja brachydactyla）幼體發(fā)育的影響。通過對

6、幼體存活率、蛻皮能力、個體大小、體重和酶活性的測定，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)剛孵化的幼體在無食物供給時可存活10天且不蛻殼；蚤狀I期幼體僅能存活2天。綜合分析表明消化酶活性是最佳的幼體營養(yǎng)水平指示標準。（/, early view, 2011）Identifications of expressed sequence tags from Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) skeletal muscle cDNA library=太平洋馬鲅骨骼肌cDNA文庫中EST標記的鑒定關鍵詞太平洋馬鲅， cDNA文庫，表達序列標簽，骨骼肌本實驗利用太平洋馬鲅肌肉組織的mR

7、NA構建其cDNA文庫，通過測序分析發(fā)現(xiàn)了129個有價值的表達序列標簽（ESTs）和14個新型基因。此外還確定了包括Not2p，Tsc222結構域家族2，LIM區(qū)域結合因子2和間葉細胞同源框2在內的4個mRNA序列。這些都表明肌肉cDNA文庫可用來標識太平洋馬鲅的EST序列。（/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02355.x/full, 2011）用探針增量分析對普通章魚Octopus vulgaris進行年齡鑒定=Age validation in common octopus Octopus vulgaris using stylet increment anal

8、ysis 關鍵詞年齡鑒定，增量， HYPERLINK /search?fulltext=Octopus+vulgaris&sortspec=date&submit=Submit&andorexactfulltext=phrase Octopus vulgaris，氧四環(huán)素，探針野外捕獲的章魚在受控條件下探針中日生長量的鑒定。通過氧四環(huán)素或四環(huán)素著色探針來證實，比較隨著天數(shù)增加產生的環(huán)數(shù)。在比戈有19個動物（10雄9雌；體重6801470 g）用氧四環(huán)素注射(平均124 mg kg1)，那不勒斯6個動物（1雄5雌；體重248570 g）用四環(huán)素注射(平均120 mg kg1)。這些被囚禁章魚在第

9、6天時死了一只，第9天又死了一只，18天時死了6只，21天時死了17只。用探針的截斷橫斷面計算的數(shù)目增量在18天和21天分別是18.9 1.4，20.5 1.5。結果成功證實了在普通章魚的日增量沉積物在分析范圍內。（/content/early/2010/06/08/icesjms.fsq054.abstract,2011）槍烏賊科Loliolus noctiluca南部種群的生長，孵化大小和成熟=Growth, hatch size and maturation in a southern population of the loliginid squid Loliolus noctiluc

10、a關鍵詞氣候變化，生長，孵化大小，魷魚，繁殖策略，軀體條件，耳石對塔斯馬尼亞水域的近海岸槍烏賊Loliolus noctiluc的年齡，生長和繁殖成本進行了檢測。比較不同地點，季節(jié)，和年份采集的個體耳石自然環(huán)的大小，評估幾個因素對孵化尺寸的影響。L. noctiluca 的生命周期小于六個月。七月孵化的雌體生長快于五月孵化的，說明在冬季孵化個體的與秋季孵化的相比生長更快。地點，季節(jié)，年份和性別作用于自然環(huán)的差異是比較大的，雌性的自然環(huán)明顯大于任何地點和年份的雄性。未成熟和正在成熟的雌性比相對應的成熟個體顯示較差的身體條件，表明性腺的生長不影響胴長和鰭的生長。在L. noctiluca頻臨死亡時

11、依保持著良好的軀體形態(tài)，說明其在整個產卵期持續(xù)為身體器官提供 營養(yǎng)。這個物種的繁殖策略更接近于“多重產卵”而不是“單次產卵”。L. noctiluca作為一個模型來探索季節(jié)變化對近海岸槍烏賊科種群的影響。（http:/cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=22918437, 2011）埃及地中海鱈科歐洲無須鱈Merluccius merluccius 雌性的繁殖生物學、組織學和超微結構的特征=The reproductive biology and the histological and ultrastructural characteristics i

12、n ovaries of the female gadidae fish Merluccius merluccius from the Egyptian Mediterranean water關鍵詞歐洲無須鱈Merluccius merlucciu，卵子發(fā)生組織學，超微結構成熟階段分布的月分析揭示了鱈科歐洲無須鱈Merluccius merluccius有長的產卵期，從一月早期到六月早期。所有雌性體長超過34.4 cm是成熟的。生殖腺成熟指數(shù)(GSI)的峰值在一月獲得并持續(xù)到了五月，六月到八月逐步降低。卵直徑分析揭示在每個成熟并能產卵的卵巢中有八個卵群體；前四個群體是小而透明，其余四個為蛋黃質

13、的。繁殖力顯示對既定長度的范圍，絕對繁殖力和去臟凈重是線性關系。相對繁殖力從743 到1699顆卵每厘米不同于92 到148顆卵每克。（/AJB/abstracts/abs2010/26Apr/Al-Absawy.htm，2011）北極頭足類分布及其相關天敵=Arctic cephalopod distributions and their associated predators 關鍵詞北冰洋，加拿大，頭足類，分布，海洋學，捕食者頭足類動物無論是作為獵物還是捕食者都是北極東部海洋食物網的關鍵物種。它們出現(xiàn)在北極魚類，鳥類和哺乳動物的食譜中的說明了其重要營養(yǎng)價值。對北大西洋和格陵蘭島西側的頭足

14、類（主要是Gonatus fabricii）一直有相當多的研究，在那里它們被認為是一個潛在的漁業(yè)和副漁獲物。相比之下，北極頭足類生物地理學數(shù)據(jù)仍不完整。本研究整合了北極頭足類最知名的地區(qū)，試圖找出對頭足類有利益的潛在地區(qū)，和以它們?yōu)槭车牟妒痴?。國際和國家數(shù)據(jù)庫，博物館收藏，政府報告，發(fā)表的文章和個人通信被用來建立分布圖。了解生態(tài)系統(tǒng)內的物種分布和它們之間的相互作用對北冰洋變暖研究和海洋保護區(qū)的選擇十分重要。（Polar ResearchVolume,29(2):209-227,2010）巴西南部涌生區(qū)雙幼蟲和小型未成年頭足類的分布與初級生產的關聯(lián)=Distribution of paralar

15、vae and small juvenile cephalopods in relation to primary production in an upwelling area off southern Brazil 關鍵詞Argonauta nodosa，頭足類，葉綠素a，Illex argentinus，Loligo sanpaulensis，雙幼蟲，上升流 高級浮游生物生產和未成年頭足類的高密度，通過一個短期有效的生態(tài)食物鏈存在一致和直接的關聯(lián)。生產，密度躍層的強度以及雙幼蟲和未成年頭足類的密度之間的關系顯示出在上升流季節(jié)生存和生長的適宜條件。（/content/67/7/1346.a

16、bstract,2011）南極極面近海洋表面遠洋魷魚大型族聚以及被灰頭信天翁的捕食=Large aggregations of pelagic squid near the ocean surface at the Antarctic Polar Front, and their capture by grey-headed albatrosses 關鍵詞南極極面，灰頭信天翁，定位和捕獲方法，遠洋中層拖網，魷魚魷魚捕食者的衛(wèi)星跟蹤和尋找魚群的聲響設備被用于定位南極極面魷魚的聚集，用中層拖網對其捕獲。近海洋表面捕獲的主要是七星魷魚Martialia hyadesi ，與喂養(yǎng)灰頭信天翁雛鳥的魷魚大

17、小相似。七星魷的特征以及它們接近海洋表面說明了信天翁通過嗅覺定位魷魚聚集，利用俯沖捕獲魷魚。（/content/early/2010/06/07/icesjms.fsq069.abstract，2011）智利漁業(yè)：小型中上層魚，管理，權利，海洋分區(qū)制=Fisheries in Chile: Small Pelagics, Management, Rights, and Sea Zoning關鍵詞智利，管理，權利，海洋分區(qū)制建立在專屬捕魚權，領土使用權和海洋分區(qū)制基礎上的漁業(yè)管理政策是保持可持續(xù)發(fā)展的常用工具。在智利，1991年的漁業(yè)和水產養(yǎng)殖法改革了個體和工業(yè)間捕魚權，提出了海洋分區(qū)（空間基礎

18、）策略，建立了不同的個體可轉讓配額(ITQ)制度。對這種制度安排和小型遠洋個體和工業(yè)圍網捕魚為重點進行描述。結果顯示新的管理改革和授權使得個體捕魚者的船隊的數(shù)量和上岸量的增加，工業(yè)部門則減少。改革似乎已經抵消了在開放評估系統(tǒng)中固有的公共資源“race for fish”的特征。（Bulletin of Marine Science, 86(2): 221234, 2010）在一大食源性疾病爆發(fā)時臨床分離的兩個單核細胞增生李斯特菌的高通量基因組測序=High-throughput genome sequencing of two Listeria monocytogenes clinical i

19、solates during a large foodborne outbreak關鍵詞單增李斯特菌，基因組序列，PFGE 2008年在加拿大多個省份爆發(fā)了由單增李斯特菌1/2a血清型污染即食肉類產品引起的李氏桿菌病。使用脈沖場凝膠電泳（PFGE）進行亞型分析結果顯示有兩個類似但不同的AscI電泳。對分離到的兩菌株進行了高通量焦磷酸測序以獲得基因組序列，并探討了電泳時使用單一的限制性內切酶獲得的遺傳多樣性與變化的酶切片段間關系。（/1471-2164/11/120,2010）諾如病毒在食品和食品處理者污染情況=The Scenario of Norovirus Contamination in

20、 Food and Food Handlers關鍵詞諾如病毒；食品；食品處理者最近，世界各地報道了病毒性腸胃炎爆發(fā)事件。急性腸胃炎主要由諾如病毒引起?；灱毙晕改c炎患者的糞便和嘔吐物通常會發(fā)現(xiàn)諾如病毒呈陽性。本文綜述了諾如病毒各種活性及以前報告中描述的在各類食品基質中污染及與食品處理者的關系。最近，報道了諾如病毒在新鮮農產品（如蔬菜，水果）、貝類和預制食品中大量爆發(fā)。食品生產加工中由感染的食品處理者更容易污染食品。此外，食品需要很多的處理及食用不經熱處理的食物，增加了食源性疾病的風險。目前已建立諾如病毒在糞便樣本中的標準檢測方法。然而到現(xiàn)在，只開發(fā)了幾種方法檢測食品中的諾如病毒。（http:/

21、www.jmb.or.kr/journal/viewJournal.html?year=2010&vol=20&num=2&page=229,2010)韓國仁川爆發(fā)的食源性諾如病毒流行病學調查=Epidemiology of Foodborne Norovirus Outbreak in Incheon, Korea關鍵詞疾病爆發(fā);諾如病毒2008年06月14日，仁川的小學生爆發(fā)了腸胃炎。我們對污染源及污染程度進行了調查。我們對暴露于食堂食品的學生、教師及食品處理者進行了回顧性隊列研究。使用調查問卷的形式收集了癥狀者、在食堂吃飯的天數(shù)及吃的食物資料。收集了131位有癥狀的和11位食品處理者的糞

22、便樣本。檢查了公共廚房并收集了食物樣本。在食堂吃飯的1560人中，117人有癥狀，感染率為7.5。食用不同食品可能引起感染的概率為黃瓜-茼蒿沙拉（相對危險度為2.71），混合新鮮白菜（相對危險度為2.23），干蘿卜沙拉（相對危險度為3.04）和新鮮蘿卜泡菜（相對危險度為2.52）。檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)142個糞便樣品中64個（45）諾如病毒呈陽性。在2個食品處理者中檢出諾如病毒。通過對廚房員工的訪談表明污染可能源于被感染的食品處理者加工的干蘿卜沙拉。諾如病毒爆發(fā)的污染源可能是無癥狀的食品處理者的排泄物中含有的諾如病毒。（/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.20128,2010）2010年2

23、月-3月期間在愛爾蘭諾如病毒污染區(qū)收獲牡蠣時健康風險管理=Management of health risks associated with oysters harvested from a norovirus contaminated area, Ireland, FebruaryMarch 2010關鍵詞 愛爾蘭、牡蠣、諾如病毒收獲牡蠣地區(qū)常暴發(fā)腸胃炎，但牡蠣可通過干凈海水的沖洗然后高溫下對海水凈化處理。這種聯(lián)合處理方法使諾如病毒降低到了不能爆發(fā)水平。雖然在收獲地區(qū)禁止直接銷售牡蠣，但經處理后在監(jiān)測諾如病毒的基礎上還是允許出售。目前還沒見到食用處理后的牡蠣引起疾病的報道。（/ViewAr

24、ticle.aspx?ArticleId=19567,2010）英國2010年爆發(fā)的食源性巴雷利沙門氏菌=A foodborne outbreak of Salmonella Bareilly in the United Kingdom, 2010關鍵詞英國、巴雷利沙門氏菌、豆芽本文報告了對食源性巴雷利沙門氏菌爆發(fā)的初步結果。在英國從2010年8月到11月，共驗明了231例巴雷利沙門氏菌感染。采用病例對照研究表明該病與食用豆芽有關。調查結果表明，提高公眾意識，并在烹飪時正確處理生豆芽是防止該菌進一步感染的主要手段。（/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19732, 2010

25、）使用多重SYBR Green 熒光 實時PCR技術對35 例食源性疾病同時進行24個靶基因鑒定=Simultaneous Screening of 24 Target Genes of Foodborne Pathogens in 35 Foodborne Outbreaks Using Multiplex Real-Time SYBR Green PCR Analysis關鍵詞 食源性疾病、致病菌、DNA本文設計了含有三個靶引物和一個內參對照引物的8重SYBR Green熒光實時PCR (SG-PCR)方法，該方法可以在3小時內對96孔板上在爆發(fā)食源性疾病時收集的七個糞便樣品中的23種致病

26、菌的24個靶基因進行檢測。該方法結合提取DNA，至少可檢測到每克糞便樣品中103-104病原菌。經溶解溫度曲線分析確定產物。使用該方法在5個不同的實驗室經4種PCR儀，在35例食源性疾病樣品中有33例檢測到病原菌。在所有分析中，其中包含內參對照，對糞便樣品的多重熒光定量PCR結果沒有沖突。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)使用多重SG-PCR技術檢測食源性致病菌的24個靶基因，是一種全面、便捷、廉價、精確和高度選擇性的檢測方法。（/pmc/articles/pmid/20936159/?tool=pubmed, 2010）探測單增李斯特菌泛基因組：種內生態(tài)龕發(fā)展和基因組多樣性的新見解=Probing the pan-g

27、enome of Listeria monocytogenes: new insights into intraspecific niche expansion and genomic diversification關鍵詞 食源性疾病、單增李斯特菌、DNA基于硅片比較基因組分析和高密度的泛基因組DNA陣列雜交，比較了三個譜系的26株菌株。發(fā)現(xiàn)當生活于自然環(huán)境和宿主胃腸道時單增李斯特菌不同譜系的86個基因和8個微調節(jié)RNA在利用碳水化合物和抗逆能力有所不同。在一超過4,052個基因的未知泛基因組中確定了2330至2456個核心基因。在3,560個同源組的基礎上重建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育，以最大評估株系間系統(tǒng)進

28、化關系。（/1471-2164/11/500，2010）機會致病菌單增李斯特：致病性與粘膜免疫系統(tǒng)的相互作用=The Opportunistic Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: Pathogenicity and Interaction with the Mucosal Immune System關鍵詞 食源性疾病、單增李斯特菌、DNA由單增李斯特菌為引起的李斯桿菌病具有致命性，可導致腦膜炎、敗血癥或感染胎兒并可能導致流產。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)該菌在健康人體也可引起急性、自限性的發(fā)熱腸胃炎。在腸道中，穿透黏膜直接通過腸上皮細胞，或入侵派爾集合淋巴結。動物侵染模型提供了關于

29、單增李斯特菌發(fā)病機制的許多見解，且發(fā)展得新模型系統(tǒng)能研究影響適應胃腸環(huán)境及粘附并侵襲的腸道黏膜的各種因素。（/pmc/articles/PMC3003996/?tool=pubmed, 2010）適應丙酸的腸炎沙門發(fā)斑傷寒菌蛋白組學分析=Proteomic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis following propionate adaptation關鍵詞 食源性疾病、腸炎沙門氏菌、DNA使用二維凝膠電泳檢測了適應PA下和不適應PA下的腸炎沙門氏菌蛋白組學，在PA適應性培養(yǎng)中通過基質輔助激光解析電離飛行時間質譜的標準肽質量

30、指紋圖譜和液體芯片蛋白指紋飛行時間質譜系統(tǒng)串聯(lián)質譜法的序列確定了五個上調蛋白。其中兩個蛋白（DPS和CpxR）與壓力顯著相關分析，在轉錄水平上調表達。與適應PA后的野生型不同，適應PA的腸炎沙門氏菌的cpxR 和dps突變菌株存在不適應高度酸性環(huán)境的明顯缺點。然而，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)當基因互補后耐酸性得到充分地恢復。本研究揭示了適應和不適應PA的腸炎沙門氏菌在蛋白組上有顯著差異，并確定了Dps和CpxR蛋白在PA誘導的耐酸性時的作用。（/pmc/articles/PMC2957393/?tool=pubmed,2010 ）朗讀顯示對應的拉丁字符的拼音字典 - HYPERLINK /dictionary?

31、source=translation&hl=zh-CN&q=Background:%20Salmonella%20Enteritidis%20is%20a%20highly%20prevalent%20and%20persistent%20foodborne%20pathogen%20and%20is%20therefore%20a%20%20leading%20cause%20of%20nontyphoidal%20gastrointestinal%20disease%20worldwide.%20A%20variety%20of%20stresses%20are%20endured%20t

32、hroughout%20its%20%20infection%20cycle,%20including%20high%20concentrations%20of%20propionate%20(PA)%20within%20food%20processing%20systems%20and%20within%20the%20%20gut%20of%20infected%20hosts.%20Prolonged%20PA%20exposure%20experienced%20in%20such%20milieus%20may%20have%20a%20drastic%20effect%20on%

33、20the%20%20proteome%20of%20Salmonella%20Enteritidis%20subjected%20to%20this%20stress.%20%20Results:%20In%20this%20study,%20we%20used%202%20D%20gel%20electrophoresis%20to%20examine%20the%20proteomes%20of%20PA%20adapted%20and%20unadapted%20S.%20%20Enteritidis%20and%20have%20identified%20five%20protein

34、s%20that%20are%20upregulated%20in%20PA%20adapted%20cultures%20using%20standard%20peptide%20%20mass%20fingerprinting%20by%20MALDI-TOF-MS%20and%20sequencing%20by%20MALDI%20LIFT-TOF/TOF%20tandem%20mass%20spectrometry.%20Of%20%20these%20five,%20two%20significant%20stress-related%20proteins%20(Dps%20and%

35、20CpxR)%20were%20shown%20(via%20qRT-PCR%20analysis)%20to%20be%20%20upregulated%20at%20the%20transcriptional%20level%20as%20well.%20Unlike%20the%20wild%20type%20when%20adapted%20to%20PA%20(which%20demonstrates%20%20significant%20acid%20resistance),%20PA%20adapted%20S.%20Enteritidis%20dps%20and%20S.%2

36、0Enteritidis%20cpxR%20were%20at%20a%20clear%20disadvantage%20%20when%20challenged%20to%20a%20highly%20acidic%20environment.%20However,%20we%20found%20the%20acid%20resistance%20to%20be%20fully%20restorable%20after%20%20genetic%20complementation.%20%20Conclusions:%20This%20work%20reveals%20a%20signifi

37、cant%20difference%20in%20the%20proteomes%20of%20PA%20adapted%20and%20unadapted%20S.%20%20Enteritidis%20and%20affirms%20the%20contribution%20of%20Dps%20and%20CpxR%20in%20PA%20induced%20acid%20resistance.&langpair=en|zh-CN 查看字典詳細內容朗讀Lis t jn sh y zhng jhu zhy sh yun xng lis t jn bng bngyun, y zhng zhm

38、ng de gnrn dozh nom yn,Bixizhng, hu y shu yngxing de rn tir lichn h gnrn. Zh sh zujn fxin, zh zhng xjn y k ynqJxng, z xin xng fr xng chngwi yn de jinkng rn. Zi chng dozhng, lis t jn chun tu ninmZhji tnggu chng, hu jinji tnggu de Peyer sh bn de rqn. Lis t jn gnrn de dngw mxng tgngXdu jinji de f bng j

39、zh, yj xn de mxng xtng de f zhn, sh diochG zhng yns de yngxing wi chng shyng hunjng yj zhn fh qnx de chng doNinm. Wi chng do zhnm biomin bol zi jd de yngji hzi li z kngyunWi chng do wishngw cnzi y rnli de chng do. De zhngyo shngp pngzhng de wnzhng xng sh yuNinm miny xtng, t y tnggu msh shbi shu t (z

40、h ln r bng) de gngshng zhw de xingh zuyng. Zi zhl, wmenZi wmen de toln y szh xingh zuyng de dn zng lis t jn de miny xtng chf de lioji zuxn jnzhnDu rnt wi chng do de zhnm biomin kngjn de miny fnyng.字典 - HYPERLINK /dictionary?source=translation&hl=zh-CN&q=Abstract:%20Cryptosporidium,%20the%20protozoan

41、%20parasite,%20has%20several%20transmission%20routes,%20%20including%20anthroponotic%20and%20zoonotic%20transmission,%20as%20well%20as%20the%20foodborne%20way,%20but%20%20mainly%20by%20water.%20The%20oocysts,%20the%20resistant%20stage%20produced%20by%20Cryptosporidium,%20are%20remarkably%20%20stable

42、,%20and%20can%20survive%20for%20weeks%20or%20even%20months%20in%20the%20environment.%20Furthermore,%20%20the%20infective%20dose%20is%20low,%20probably%20even%20a%20single%20oocyst%20can%20cause%20infection.%20%20The%20Cryptosporidium%20genus%20includes%20at%20least%2016%20species;%20nevertheless,%20

43、only%20a%20few%20can%20%20cause%20cryptosporidiosis,%20an%20intestinal%20disease%20in%20human%20and%20domestic%20mammals.%20Thus,%20%20the%20genetic%20characteristics%20of%20different%20Cryptosporidium%20species%20became%20fundamental%20in%20%20the%20diagnosis,%20monitoring,%20prevention%20and%20con

44、trol%20of%20infections%20caused%20by%20this%20pathogen.%20%20Unfortunately,%20the%20traditional%20phenotypic%20techniques%20meet%20with%20diffi%20culties%20in%20the%20specifi%20c%20%20diagnosis%20of%20cryptosporidiosis,%20therefore%20the%20new%20molecular%20tools%20must%20be%20applied.%20The%20%20RT

45、-qPCR%20method%20can%20be%20used%20to%20differentiate%20viable%20and%20dead%20Cryptosporidium%20oocysts,%20%20and%20the%20LAMP%20assays%20have%20advantages%20for%20detection%20of%20organisms%20at%20relatively%20low%20concentration%20%20in%20environmental%20samples;%20however,%20the%20NASBA%20assay%2

46、0specifi%20cally%20detects%20as%20%20few%20as%20one%20oocyst%20of%20a%20viable%20human%20pathogenic%20Cryptosporidium%20species.%20Reverse%20line%20%20blot%20hybridization%20(RLB)%20has%20been%20successfully%20used%20for%20specifi%20c%20identifi%20cation%20and%20for%20%20differentiation%20of%20Crypt

47、osporidium%20species.%20Described%20techniques%20are%20the%20most%20promising%20%20methods%20for%20the%20sensitive%20and%20accurate%20detection,%20but%20require%20a%20considerable%20selection%20of%20%20appropriate%20tools,%20genetic%20markers%20and%20analytical%20techniques%20for%20interpretations%2

48、0of%20database.%20%20However,%20the%20applicability%20of%20most%20of%20these%20methods%20to%20detect%20Cryptosporidium%20species%20%20or%20genotypes%20from%20environmental%20samples%20needs%20to%20be%20evaluated%20and%20standardized.&langpair=en|zh-CN 查看字典詳細內容朗讀顯示對應的拉丁字符的拼音字典 - HYPERLINK /dictionary

49、?source=translation&hl=zh-CN&q=Background.%20Each%20year%20in%20Australia,%20health%20departments%20investigate%20hundreds%20of%20gastroenteritis%20outbreaks.%20%20Long-term%20care%20facilities%20(LTCFs)%20for%20elderly%20persons%20are%20a%20common%20setting%20for%20these%20outbreaks%20and%20can%20r

50、esult%20in%20%20potentially%20serious%20outcomes.%20%20Methods.%20We%20established%20surveillance%20for%20gastroenteritis%20outbreaks%20in%202001,%20and%20analyzed%20data%20on%20outbreaks%20%20occurring%20from%201%20July%202002%20through%2030%20June%202008%20to%20estimate%20the%20incidence%20in%20Au

51、stralian%20LTCFs%20and%20residents.%20%20We%20summarized%20outbreaks%20by%20mode%20of%20transmission%20and%20etiological%20agent.%20We%20used%20negative%20binomial%20regression%20%20to%20examine%20variation%20in%20the%20number%20of%20fecal%20specimens%20collected%20in%20outbreaksa%20marker%20of%20in

52、vestigation%20intensity.%20%20Results.%20During%20surveillance,%203257%20(52%25)%20of%206295%20outbreaks%20of%20gastroenteritis%20and%20foodborne%20disease%20in%20Australia%20%20were%20reported%20in%20LTCFs.%20These%20outbreaks%20affected%2084,769%20people,%20with%201577%20people%20hospitalized%20an

53、d%20209%20deaths.%20%20There%20were%200.19%20(95%25%20confidence%20interval,%200.140.26)%20residents%20affected%20per%201000%20bed%20days%20and%2016.8%20(95%25%20confidence%20%20interval,%2012.422.7)%20outbreaks%20per%20100%20LTCFs%20annually.%20LTCF%20outbreaks%20were%20most%20commonly%20transmitte

54、d%20from%20%20person%20to%20person.%20Only%2043%20(1.3%25%20)%20of%203257%20outbreaks%20were%20foodborne,%20although%2047%20(6.4%25)%20of%20733%20residents%20were%20%20hospitalized%20and%2020%20(2.7%25)%20of%20733%20died.%20Norovirus%20was%20responsible%20for%201136%20(35%25)%20of%20all%203257%20outbreaks.%20Higher%20%20numbers%20of%20fecal%20specimens%20per%20outbreak%20were%20collected%20in%204%20Australian%20States,%20in%20later%20years%20of%20surveillance,%20and%20%20where%20the%20etiology%20was%20i