Uniform Requirements醫(yī)學論文寫作格式和要求統(tǒng)一標準

1、.：.；Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical PublicationUpdated February 2006The following information is available to be viewed/printed in HYPERLINK file/G:writingicmje.pdf Adobe Acrobat pdf format.International Committee of Medical J

2、ournal EditorsI. Statement of Purpose HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l aboutur#aboutur About the Uniform Requirements HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitte

3、d%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l users#users Potential Users of the Uniform Requirements HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l how#how How to Use the Uniform Requirements II. Ethical Considerations in the Con

4、duct and Reporting of Research HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l author#author Authorship and Contributorship Byline Authors Contributors Listed in Acknowledgements HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform

5、%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l editor#editor Editorship The Role of the Editor Editorial Freedom HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l peer#peer Peer Review HYP

6、ERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l conflicts#conflicts Conflicts of Interest Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Individual Authors Commitments Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Project Support Po

7、tential Conflicts of Interest Related to Commitments of Editors, Journal Staff, or Reviewers HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l privacy#privacy Privacy and Confidentiality Patients and Study Participants Autho

8、rs and Reviewers HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l protect#protect Protection of Human Subjects and Animals in Research III. Publishing and Editorial Issues Related to Publication In Biomedical JournalsObliga

9、tion to HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l obligation#obligation Publish Negative Studies HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals

10、.htm l correct#correct Corrections, Retractions, and Expressions of Concern HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l copyright#copyright Copyright HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20M

11、anuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l over#over Overlapping Publications Duplicate Submission Redundant Publication Acceptable Secondary Publication Competing Manuscripts based on the Same Study Differences in Analysis or Interpretation Differences in Reported Methods or Results

12、Competing Manuscripts Based on the Same Database HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l correspond#correspond Correspondence HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitt

13、ed%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l supplements#supplements Supplements, Theme Issues, and Special Series HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l ep#ep Electronic Publishing HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Un

14、iform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l ads#ads Advertising Medical Journals and the HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l media#media General Media Obligation to H

15、YPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l clin_trials#clin_trials Register Clinical Trials IV. Manuscript Preparation and Submission HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Sub

16、mitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l prepare#prepare Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to Biomedical Journals General Principles Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs Title page Conflict of Interest Notification Page Abstract and Key Words Introduction Methods Selection and Descri

17、ption of Participants Technical Information Statistics Results Discussion References General Considerations Related to References Reference Style and Format Tables Illustrations (Figures) Legends for Illustrations (Figures) Units of Measurement Abbreviations and Symbols HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE

18、%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l sending#sending Sending the Manuscript to the Journal V. References HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l print#pri

19、nt Print References Cited in this Document HYPERLINK file/G:writingICMJE%20-%20Uniform%20Requirements%20for%20Manuscripts%20Submitted%20to%20Biomedical%20Journals.htm l other#other Other Sources of Information Related to Biomedical Journals VI. About the International Committee of Medical Journal Ed

20、itorsVII. Authors of the Uniform RequirementsVIII. Use, Distribution, and Translation of the Uniform RequirementsIX. InquiriesI. Statement Of PurposeI. A. About the Uniform RequirementsA small group of editors of general medical journals met informally in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1978 to esta

21、blish guidelines for the format of manuscripts submitted to their journals. The group became known as the Vancouver Group. Its requirements for manuscripts, including formats for bibliographic references developed by the National Library of Medicine, were first published in 1979. The Vancouver Group

22、 expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which meets annually. The ICMJE gradually has broadened its concerns to include ethical principles related to publication in biomedical journals.The ICJME has produced multiple editions of the Uniform Requirem

23、ents for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. Over the years, issues have arisen that go beyond manuscript preparation, resulting in the development of a number of Separate Statements on editorial policy. The entire Uniform Requirements document was revised in 1997; sections were updated in

24、 May 1999 and May 2000. In May 2001, the ICMJE revised the sections related to potential conflict of interest. In 2003, the committee revised and reorganized the entire document and incorporated the Separate Statements into the text. The committee prepared this revision in 2005.The total content of

25、the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals may be reproduced for educational, not-for-profit purposes without regard for copyright; the committee encourages distribution of the material.Journals that agree to use the Uniform Requirements are encouraged to state in thei

26、r instructions to authors that their requirements are in accordance with the Uniform Requirements and to cite this version. Journals that wish to be listed on HYPERLINK ICMJE.org ICMJE.org as a publication that follows the Uniform Requirements should contact the ICMJE secretariat office. The ICMJE i

27、s a small working group of general medical journals not an open membership organization. Occasionally, the ICMJE will invite a new member or guest when the committee feels that the new journal or organization will provide a needed perspective that is not already available within the existing committ

28、ee. Open membership organizations for editors and others in biomedical publication include the World Association of Medical Editors HYPERLINK WAME.org WAME.org and the Council of Science Editors HYPERLINK councilofscienceeditors/ councilofscienceeditors.I.B. Potential Users of the Uniform Requiremen

29、tsThe ICMJE created the Uniform Requirements primarily to help authors and editors in their mutual task of creating and distributing accurate, clear, easily accessible reports of biomedical studies. The initial sections address the ethical principles related to the process of evaluating, improving,

30、and publishing manuscripts in biomedical journals and the relationships between editors and authors, peer reviewers, and the media. The latter sections address the more technical aspects of preparing and submitting manuscripts. The ICMJE believes the entire document is relevant to the concerns of bo

31、th authors and editors.The Uniform Requirements can provide many other stakeholderspeer reviewers, publishers, the media, patients and their families, and general readerswith useful insights into the biomedical authoring and editing process.I. C. How to Use the Uniform Requirements The Uniform Requi

32、rements state the ethical principles in the conduct and reporting of research and provide recommendations relating to specific elements of editing and writing. These recommendations are based largely on the shared experience of a moderate number of editors and authors, collected over many years, rat

33、her than on the results of methodical, planned investigation that aspires to be “evidence-based. Wherever possible, recommendations are accompanied by a rationale that justifies them; as such, the document serves an educational purpose.Authors will find it helpful to follow the recommendations in th

34、is document whenever possible because, as described in the explanations, doing so improves the quality and clarity of reporting in manuscripts submitted to any journal, as well as the ease of editing. At the same time, every journal has editorial requirements uniquely suited to its purposes. Authors

35、 therefore need to become familiar with the specific instructions to authors published by the journal they have chosen for their manuscriptfor example, the topics suitable for that journal, and the types of papers that may be submitted (for example, original articles, reviews, or case reports)and sh

36、ould follow those instructions. The Mulford Library at the Medical College of Ohio maintains a useful HYPERLINK /lib/instr/libinsta.html compendium of instructions to authors.II. Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of ResearchII.A Authorship and ContributorshipII.A.1. Byline AuthorsA

37、n “author is generally considered to be someone who has made substantive intellectual contributions to a published study, and biomedical authorship continues to have important academic, social, and financial implications. (1) In the past, readers were rarely provided with information about contribut

38、ions to studies from those listed as authors and in acknowledgments. (2) Some journals now request and publish information about the contributions of each person named as having participated in a submitted study, at least for original research. Editors are strongly encouraged to develop and implemen

39、t a contributorship policy, as well as a policy on identifying who is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.While contributorship and guarantorship policies obviously remove much of the ambiguity surrounding contributions, it leaves unresolved the question of the quantity and quality

40、of contribution that qualify for authorship. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has recommended the following criteria for authorship; these criteria are still appropriate for those journals that distinguish authors from other contributors.Authorship credit should be based on 1)

41、substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.W

42、hen a large, multi-center group has conducted the work, the group should identify the individuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript (3). These individuals should fully meet the criteria for authorship defined above and editors will ask these individuals to complete journal-specific

43、 author and conflict of interest disclosure forms. When submitting a group author manuscript, the corresponding author should clearly indicate the preferred citation and should clearly identify all individual authors as well as the group name. Journals will generally list other members of the group

44、in the acknowledgements. The National Library of Medicine indexes the group name and the names of individuals the group has identified as being directly responsible for the manuscript.Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group, alone, does not justify au

45、thorship.All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify should be listed.Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. Some journals now also request that one or more au

46、thors, referred to as “guarantors, be identified as the persons who take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article, and publish that information.Increasingly, authorship of multi-center trials is attributed to a group. All members of the group who a

47、re named as authors should fully meet the above criteria for authorship.The order of authorship on the byline should be a joint decision of the co-authors. Authors should be prepared to explain the order in which authors are listed.II.A.2. Contributors Listed in AcknowledgmentsAll contributors who d

48、o not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in an acknowledgments section. Examples of those who might be acknowledged include a person who provided purely technical help, writing assistance, or a department chair who provided only general support. Editors should ask authors to disclose

49、whether they had writing assistance and to identify the entity that paid for this assistance. Financial and material support should also be acknowledged.Groups of persons who have contributed materially to the paper but whose contributions do not justify authorship may be listed under a heading such

50、 as “clinical investigators or “participating investigators, and their function or contribution should be describedfor example, “served as scientific advisors, “critically reviewed the study proposal, “collected data, or “provided and cared for study patients.Because readers may infer their endorsem

51、ent of the data and conclusions, all persons must give written permission to be acknowledged.II.B EditorshipII.B.1. The Role of the EditorThe editor of a journal is the person responsible for its entire content. Owners and editors of medical journals have a common endeavorthe publication of a reliab

52、le and readable journal, produced with due respect for the stated aims of the journal and for costs. The functions of owners and editors, however, are different. Owners have the right to appoint and dismiss editors and to make important business decisions in which editors should be involved to the f

53、ullest extent possible. Editors must have full authority for determining the editorial content of the journal. This concept of editorial freedom should be resolutely defended by editors even to the extent of their placing their positions at stake. To secure this freedom in practice, the editor shoul

54、d have direct access to the highest level of ownership, not only to a delegated manager.Editors of medical journals should have a contract that clearly states the editors rights and duties in addition to the general terms of the appointment and that defines mechanisms for resolving conflict.An indep

55、endent editorial advisory board may be useful in helping the editor establish and maintain editorial policy.II.B.2. Editorial FreedomThe ICMJE adopts the World Association of Medical Editors definition of HYPERLINK /wamestmt.htm editorial freedom . This definition states that editorial freedom or in

56、dependence is the concept that editors-in chief should have full authority over the editorial content of their journal. Journal owners should not interfere in the evaluation; selection or editing of individual articles either directly or by creating an environment that strongly influences decisions.

57、 Editors should base decisions on the validity of the work and its importance to the journals readers not on the commercial success of the journal. Editors should be free to express critical but responsible views about all aspects of medicine without fear of retribution, even if these views might co

58、nflict with the commercial goals of the publisher. Editors and editors organizations have the obligation to support the concept of editorial freedom and to draw major transgressions of such freedom to the attention of the international medical, academic, and lay communities.II.C. Peer Review Unbiase

59、d, independent, critical assessment is an intrinsic part of all scholarly work, including the scientific process. Peer review is the critical assessment of manuscripts submitted to journals by experts who are not part of the editorial staff. Peer review can therefore be viewed as an important extens

60、ion of the scientific process. Although its actual value has been little studied, and is widely debated (4), peer review helps editors decide which manuscripts are suitable for their journals, and helps authors and editors in their efforts to improve the quality of reporting. A peerreviewed journal