英漢翻譯 Chapter 2 The Criteria of Translation

1、Chapter 2 The Criteria of TranslationWhat is the function of translation criteria?A plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation;A goal set for translators to strive after.12 The three-character principle proposed by Yanfu in his translation of Evolution, Ethics and Other Essays信:

2、faithfulness達(dá): expressiveness雅: elegance2嚴(yán)復(fù)天演論 公派到英國留學(xué)，先入普茨毛斯大學(xué)，后轉(zhuǎn)到格林威治海軍學(xué)院 譯文簡練，首倡“信、達(dá)、雅”的譯文標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1912年嚴(yán)復(fù)受袁世凱命擔(dān)任北大校長之職3 In translation, there are three difficulties to overcome, namely, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is already very difficult to achieve faithfulness. Without expressiven

3、ess, mere faithfulness would mean work to no avail.4 譯文取明深義，故詞句之間，時有所顛倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意義則不倍本文。5 The translation must express the profound meaning of the original. As for the word order and that of sentences in the original, there is no need to stick to them. He may make some changes where necessary. B

4、ut in meaning, the translation must conform to the original.6 易經(jīng)曰：“修辭立誠”。子曰：“辭達(dá)而已”。又曰：“言之無文，行而不遠(yuǎn)”。三者乃文章正軌，亦即為譯事楷模。7譯事三難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信，已大難矣。顧信矣不達(dá)，雖譯猶不譯也。8 The Book of Change says that faithfulness is the first thing in wording . Confucius stated that what speech requires is only expressiveness. And again

5、 he said that language without literary grace cannot go far and wide. All these requirements mentioned above are indispensable both to writing and to translating.9 It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Ceasar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from wi

6、ndows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature”.10赫胥黎獨處一室之中，在英倫之南，背山而面野。檻外諸境，歷歷如在幾下。乃懸想兩千年前，當(dāng)羅馬大將愷徹未到時，此間有何景物。計惟有天造草昧，人工未施。112. 劉重德： 信于內(nèi)容(faithfulness) 達(dá)如其份(expressiveness切合文體（closeness)123. 傅雷:重神似而不重形似Resemblance in spirit rather than form以效果而論,翻譯應(yīng)該像臨畫一樣,所求不在形似,而在神似.

7、以實際工作而論,比臨畫更難.13Among average respectable woman envy plays an extraordinary large part. If you are sitting in the underground and a well-dressed woman happens to walk along the car, watch the eyes of the other women. You will see that every one of them, with the possible exception of those who are e

8、ven better dressed, will watch the woman with malevolent glances, and will be struggling to draw inferences as derogatory to her.14在一般善良婦女身上，嫉妒具有非常大的作用。要是你在地道車內(nèi)。有一個華麗的女子在車廂旁邊走過時，你試圖留神旁的女子的目光罷。她們之中，除了比那個女子穿著更美的以外，都將用惡意的眼光注視著她，同時爭先恐后地尋出貶抑她的話。154.錢鐘書：化境sublimation文學(xué)翻譯的最高境界可以說是“化”。把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)換成另一國文字，既能不因語

9、文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于“化境”。16Darkness came down on the field and the city; and Amelia was praying for George, who was lying on his face, dead, with a bullet through his heart. Vanity Fair,32 Thackery, ed.夜色四罩，城中之妻祈天保夫無恙，戰(zhàn)場上其夫仆臥，一彈穿心，死矣。175 許淵沖信 (faithfulness) 達(dá) (expressiveness） 優(yōu)（optimiza

10、tion)18中華兒女多奇志，不愛紅妝愛武裝。 毛主席為女民兵題照Most Chinese daughters have a desire strong;To face powder and not to powder the face.19高天滾滾寒流急；大地微微暖氣吹。 毛主席冬云In the sky cold waves are swiftly sweeping by; On the vast earth warm winds gradually growing high.20For never was a story of more woe,Than this of Juliet an

11、d her Romeo人間的故事不能比這個更悲慘； 像幽麗葉和她的柔密歐所受的災(zāi)難。 -曹禺21古往今來多少離合悲歡，誰曾見過這樣的哀怨辛酸。 -朱生豪22Translation standard abroad1 Tytlers Three Principles That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition. (Tytler, p. 9)232 Euegene A. Ni