新世紀(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)英語教程(生物醫(yī)學(xué))課后翻譯答案unit15

1、 /3ReadingA11細(xì)胞的?；潭仍礁?，失去有絲分裂能力的可能性越大。神經(jīng)元是體內(nèi)分化程度最高的，一旦神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育得以完成，它們就失去了分裂和繁殖的能力。2在此情況下，體內(nèi)有屬于同一譜系的母細(xì)胞，這些細(xì)胞尚未分化到失去分裂能力的程度。它們已經(jīng)得到充分的分化，因而它們產(chǎn)生的子細(xì)胞限定于同一細(xì)胞體系；但尚未分化到喪失積極增生潛力的程度。ReadingB1.Normally,therateofcellreproductionandtheprocessofcelldifferentiationarepreciselycontrolledsothatbothofthesemechanismsce

2、aseoncetheappropriatenumbersandtypeofcellareformed.Cellwallsareverythinsothatoxygenandcarbondioxidecaneasilygetthrough.Manycells,especiallythoseofthecentralnervoussystemandtheheart,areextremelysensitivetolowbloodlevelsofoxygenresultsinseriousdamage.Theundifferentiatedstemscellsthatcanbetriggeredtoen

3、terthecellcyclearedifferentfromthecellsthatcontinuetodivideandreproduce.5nthebloodtherearemanyredbloodcellsthatserveasvehiclesforcarryingoxygen.6.Besidesneurons,thereareotherwell-differentiatedcellsthatareunabletodivide.ReadingA2雖然發(fā)炎的影響因其令人不快和造成不適而常被認(rèn)為是不好的，但發(fā)炎過程就其實(shí)質(zhì)而言對人體卻是有利的，它使人能應(yīng)付日常壓力的影響。2.小小一塊局部紅

4、腫就足以防止蚊叮產(chǎn)生傷害，而嚴(yán)重的情況，如闌尾炎，則可引起發(fā)燒、白細(xì)胞增多，乃至大量體液和蛋白質(zhì)聚集到炎癥部位。ReadingB2.Althoughallpathogensposepotentialthreatsiftheygainentrytothebody,thechancesofthisoccuringareactuallyquitesmall.Althoughpainisoftennotconsideredanactualbodydefensemechanism,theroleofpaininthebodysresponsetoinvasioncannotbeignored.Refer

5、redpainmeansthatthepaincanbepresentinagivenplacealthoughthesourcemaybeelsewhere.Astheprocesscontinues,monocytesexitthebloodandmatureintomacrophagesinthetissueenvironment.5.Asbodytemperaturerises,thebodyisstimulatedtoproducemorewhitebloodcells.6.Asyourbodyproducesitsownantibodies,youwillnothavetoworr

6、yaboutsubsequentexposuretothedisease.ReadingA31晶狀體中心渾濁可能隔斷視軸，造成可見到兩個或多個模糊視象的視覺缺損。在進(jìn)行眼底鏡檢查時(shí)，白內(nèi)障可表現(xiàn)為肉眼可見的遮住瞳孔的混濁，或者由眼底紅色背景襯映的混濁。2美國眼科學(xué)會已就何時(shí)應(yīng)進(jìn)行手術(shù)制定了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：即病眼的最佳矯正視覺敏感度在20/50或以下。然而，如果有妨礙正?；顒拥难Ｄ炕驘o法正常工作，或者白內(nèi)障有可能導(dǎo)致其他眼病，如繼發(fā)性青光眼和色素層炎，則最佳矯正視力在20/40甚至更好一些，仍然可能適宜進(jìn)行手術(shù)ReadingB31thasbeenprovedthatmostcongenitalcatara

7、ctsarenotprogresiveandarenotdenseenoughtocausesignificantvisulaimpairment.2.ithasbeenreportedthatoverexposuretoheatortoionizingradiationmaycausetraumaticcataracts.3twasthoughtbysomethatmuchuseoftheeyesforschoolworkmayhaveplayedapartincausingmyopia;butithasbeenfoundthatpeoplewhodonotdoanyreadingsuffe

8、rfromtheproblemtoasgreatadegree.4.Pressurewithintheyemayincrease,sbwlydestoryingtheopticnerve.Blinkingyoureyesmoreoftenatworkspreadsatearfilmovertheeyes,keepingthemmoist.Whentheciliarymusclecontrats,theligamentrelaxesandthelensbecomesmorenearlyspherical,enablingtheeyetofocusonobjectsthatarenearertot

9、heeye.ReadingA4這種解剖學(xué)分類是互補(bǔ)的但是從屬于病因分類，因?yàn)楸M管大葉性肺炎常常由肺炎鏈球菌引起但除了它也能有許多其它的微生物引起，因此在公布可能感染的因素時(shí)作為了唯一一個有限的涵義。為了使特異性抗菌治療直接攻擊它，因此我們應(yīng)該作出每一份合理的努力去確立每一個肺炎病人的可能致病的病原微生物身份，因?yàn)槿绻麤]有這個信息，一些病人用別的方式治療的將不會痊愈。ReadingB4Whentheinfectiouscauseisnotknownitisusefultoconsiderwhetherthepneumoniaiscommunity-acquiredornosocomial.The

10、anatomicalclassificationofpneumoniaconcersonlytheextentanddistributionoftheinflammatoryprocessregardlessofwhetheritiscausedbyStreptococcuspneumoniaeorbyotherorganisms.肺炎的解咅學(xué)分類只涉及炎癥過程的程度和分布，而不管她是由肺炎球菌還是由其他細(xì)菌引起。Thegeneralpublicshouldbebetterinformedaboutwhethertheairtheybreatheisfreshandclean.公眾應(yīng)當(dāng)更好地了

11、解他們呼吸的空氣是否新鮮和干凈。Recentstudieshaveshownthathospital-acquiredinfectionsarefarmorefrequentthanwasoriginallythought.新近的研究表明，由醫(yī)院環(huán)境獲得的感染壁原先認(rèn)為的情況要多得多。Adolescentsareapparentlymoreimmunetocertainrespiratoryinfectionsthanaretheelderlymembersofthecommunity.青少年顯然比起社區(qū)的老年人對某些呼吸道感染有更多的免疫力。Bronchopneumonia,inwhicht

12、hediseaseprocessisscatteredhereandtherethroughoutthelung,ismorecommonthanlobarpneumonia.疾病過程散見于整個肺部的支氣管炎，比大葉性肺炎更常見。ReadingA5失去降低PH能力或酸化尿液的人，二價(jià)和三價(jià)的磷酸鹽結(jié)合鈣形成磷酸鈣結(jié)石會增加。尿酸結(jié)石的形成另一方面會在酸性尿液中增多，結(jié)石的生成可以通過用堿性鉀鹽提高尿液PH到6.06.5來減少。高質(zhì)量光學(xué)設(shè)備的發(fā)展，使用它使整個過程可以進(jìn)行的更輕松，也使它的成果提高了。這個過程是在X線透視檢查的引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的，涉及到多種工具用來擴(kuò)大輸尿管，抓住和移動結(jié)石。Read

13、ingB5Radilogicalstudiesusingacontrastmedumaredonetodeterminethepositionofthestoneanddirecdttheplacementoftheureterosfope.Ifacertaintakesadrugoverdoseandlosesconsciousness,physcianscantesttheurinetoidentifythedrugtaken.TheclusterofcapillarieswithinbonethewallthebulbofThespeedatwhichurinarycalciumisexcreteddropswhe