生理學(xué)重要名詞解釋英文版

1、Internal environment :內(nèi)環(huán)境 refers to the liquid surrounding the cells in the body of multicellular animals, that is extracellular fluid.Homeostasis 穩(wěn)態(tài):refers to a state of relatively constant of physical and chemical properties of internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and al

2、l kinds of liquid ingredients in the body, and so on.positive feedback 正反饋：A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectorswhich a mplifies that changenegative feedback 負(fù)反饋:A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectorswhich counteracts that changefacilitated diffusion vi

3、a carrier 經(jīng)載體易化擴(kuò)散：Water soluble small molecules and ions under the carrier protein mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradientfacilitated diffusion via ion channel經(jīng)通道易化擴(kuò)散 :All kinds of charged ions under thechannel proteins mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentrati

4、on gradient and potential gradientPrimary active transport原發(fā)性主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) :making direct use of energy derived from ATPto transport the ions across the cell membraneSecondary active transport 次級(jí)主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn):The ion gradients established by primary active transport permits the transport of other substances against t

5、heir concentration gradientsresting potential靜息電位:A potential difference across the membranes of inactive cells,with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside of the cellaction potential 動(dòng)作電位:Some of the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their resting membrane pote

6、ntial from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is called an action potential Excitation-contraction coupling 興奮收縮耦聯(lián) ：the mediation process of striated muscle cells generate action potentials and muscle filament contraction and re

7、laxation.Hematocrit 血細(xì)胞比容 ：The capacity percentage of the blood cells in the blooderythrocyte sedimentation rate紅名田胞沉降率 :The distance that red blood cells settle ina tube of blood in one hourHemostasis 止血:Small damaged blood vessels stop bleeding after a few minutes automaticallyBlood coagulation 血凝

8、固：blood change from sol to illiquid gel stateBlood group 血型：The type of specific antigen on the surface of blood cellseffective refractory period:premature systole 期前收縮 ：if ventricle is stimulated after ventricular muscle effective refractory period, before The next sinoatrial node excitement arrive

9、, it will produce a contraction in pensatory pause代償間歇：A longer ventricular diastolic after premature systole.Atrioventricular delay房室延擱 ：Excitement slowly spread in atrioventricular junctionand take longer time.Cardiac cycle 心、動(dòng)周期 ：A cycle of heart contraction and relaxationStroke volume 每搏輸出量 ：One

10、 side of the ventricular injection volume of blood by a heart throbEjection fraction射血分?jǐn)?shù)：The percentage stroke volume account for ventricularend-diastolic volumeCardiac output 心輸出量：The blood volume inject by one side of the ventricular per minuteCardiac index 心指數(shù)：calculate cardiac output by unit sur

11、face areasystolic pressure 收縮壓：The highest blood pressure at mid ventricular systolic .diastolic pressure 舒張壓：The lowest blood pressure at ventricular end-diastolic.pulse pressure 脈壓：Systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressurecentral venous pressure中心靜脈壓 ：The blood pressure in right atriu

12、m and chest cavityvena cava Microcirculation : Blood circulation between arteriole and micro veinEffective filtration pressure有效濾過壓:the pressure difference between filtration andreabsorptionRespiration : The process of gas exchange between the body and its environment vital capacity 肺活量：After inhala

13、tion complete, the largest gas exhaled from the lungs forced vital capacity 用力肺活量 ：After inhalation complete, exhale the largest gas from the lungs as fast as possibleforced expiratory volume 用力呼氣量 ：After inhalation complete, the gas exhaled from the lungs in a certain timeAlveolar Ventilation肺泡通氣量

14、：amount of inhaled the fresh air in the alveoli per minute.Pulmonary stretch reflex牽張反射 ：The reflection of inspiratory inhibit or inhale excitedcaused by pulmonary inflation and pulmonary deflation.Digestion 消化：break down of food into small molecular components small enough to absorb.Mechanical dige

15、stion and chemical digestion.Absorption 吸收：the small molecules that formed by digestion across the digestion tract mucosa go into blood and lymph.Small wave 小波：the spontaneous rhythmic, subthreshold depolarization of the cell membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that characterizes the underlying e

16、lectrical activity of the bowel.胃液主要成分.HCl ,parietal cell ,acid sterilization. Activation of pepsinogen, promotion of secretin secretion. Assisted effect of Fe and Ca absorption.Pepsinogen 胃蛋白酶 ,chief cell, active in stomach, initially by H ions and then by active pepsin, autocatalytic activation. P

17、epsin an endopeptidase, which attacks peptide bonds in the interior of large protein molecules.Mucus 粘液,neck cell and goblet cell, lubrication of the mucosal surface. Protection of the tissue from mechanical damage by food rinsic factor 內(nèi)因子,parietal cell. The intrinsic factor binds to

18、vit B12 and facilitated its absorption.Stimulate gastric secretion刺激胃液分泌 ACH gastrin histamine/ somatostatinDigestion phase gastric secretion消化期胃液分泌Cephalic gastric intestinal phaseRegulation inhibitory gastric juice secretion胃液分泌抑制性調(diào)節(jié)1.HCl :inhibite G cell release gastrin;stimulate D cell release s

19、omatostatin;in the gastric antrum,inhibitionof G cells,release of SST;in the duodenum ,release of secretin,bulbogastrone.2,fat :initiating release of enterogastrone.3,hepertonic solution :entero-gastric reflex.Receptive relaxation容受性舒張:stimulation of receptor reflex muscle relax in the fundus and st

20、omach body when chew and swallow.Pancreatic juice compositioneffect 胰液成分作用:pancreatic amylase,pancreaticlipase, trypsin,chymotrypsin,HCO3bicarbonate balance the HCl in duodenum. Protect intestinal mucosaTPS and chymolase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase.Enterohep atic circulation of bile salt.

21、Bile salts were emptied into the small intestine with hepatic bile, about 95% is absorbed into the blood in the terminal ileum, and then synthesizing bile again after the hepatic vein to the liver, then empty into intestine.Physiological functions of bile 膽汁生理作用.Emulsifying or detergent function of

22、bile salts.Help in the absorption of: fatly acid, lmonoglycerides, cholesterol, other lipidsPeristalsis 蠕動(dòng):the rhythmic waves of muscular relaxation and contraction are called peristalsis.Receptive relaxation 容受性舒張 :stimulation of food on pharynx and esophagus produce relaxation of the lower esophag

23、eal sphincter and stomach.Gastric emptying 胃排空:the process that the gastric contents are delivered to the duodenum.Thermal equivalent of food熱價(jià):calories liberated by 1g food oxidized in body. (kJ/g)Thermal equivalent ofoxygen 氧熱價(jià):heat production by consuming one liter of oxygen to oxidize a specific

24、 type of blood. (kJ/L)Respiratory quotient(RQ) 呼吸商:in the process of oxidizing food, the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 used 。Basal metabolic rate基礎(chǔ)代謝率 :the minimum energy expenditure foe the body to exist.Conditions 條件：1.awake.2 repose 3. No nervous 4.1214 hours after a meal, keep 20-25 Curopoiesis 尿生

25、成. Filtration 過濾：a filtration is the movement of materials across the filtration memb rane into the lumen of Bowman s capsule to form filtrate.Reabsorption 重吸收：b :solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron by transport processes, such as active transport and cotransport. C ： water is reab

26、sor bed across the wall of the nephron by osmosis.Secretion 分泌 d : solutes are secreted across the wall of the nephron inti the filtrate.Renal blood flow 腎血循環(huán) Renal blood flow to regulate itself 腎血流量自身調(diào)節(jié) I.Large blood supply. 2. The blood distribute uneven: 94%cortex 5-6%outer medullanomore than 1%

27、in inner medulla. 3. Twice formed capillary network.Autoregulation 自我調(diào)節(jié)：the renal blood flow keep relatively constant keep the BP80180mmHg and without out renal nerve control.Glomerular filtration rate 腎小球過濾 GFR: the quantity of the glomerular ultrafiltrate formed each minute in all nephrons of the

28、both kidneys.Filtration fraction(FF) 過濾分?jǐn)?shù):FF=GFR/renal blood flowEffect factors 影響因素：glomerular capillary pressure, colloid osmotic pressure of plasma, Bowman s capsule pressure, renal blood flow, 腎糖閾(renal threshold for glucose ),葡萄糖如何重吸收(reabsorption ) Renal threshold for glucose: critical value o

29、f plasma glucose concentration when th e kidney begins to excrete glucose 180mg/dL.Reabsorption of glucose: totally in the proximal tubule, mainly the early portions. S odium-dependent glucose transporter.1.osmoticdiuresis滲透性利尿，2.球管平衡.Cau sed by renal tubular fluid sslute concentration increases whi

30、ch increases the urine is called osmotic diuresis.To cure diabetes and manaitol.GT balance : the ratio of reabsorption rate and GFR is relatively constant.Ensure solute and water from urin e won t have dramatically changes because of the increase or decrease the GFR.Humoral regulation of urine forma

31、tion尿生成的體液調(diào)節(jié)Mechanism of ADH antidiuretics: increase water permeability of collecting duct. / insertion of aquaporin in apical membrane.Synthesis in supraoptic and paraventrianlar nuclei of hypothalamus. : Release from posterior pituitary.Increasing water permeability of distal tubule and collecting

32、 duct.Insertion of aquaponics in apical membrane Secreted by the glomerulus of the adrenal cortex. To increase the reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tube and collecting duct, coupled to secretion K+. to increase number of Na+ channels, activity of Na+ pump.嚴(yán)重腹瀉 (diarrhea )時(shí)，大量喝清水。Drink a lot of clea

33、r water.Plasma crystal osmatic pressure decreases, blood volume increases, stimulus to the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular mudei is decreased. The secretion of antidiuretic hormone is decreased. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct reabsorbs less water. The urine volume increases

34、.20% hypertonic glucoseThe blood sugar concentration increased which exceed the renal glucose threshold. After the filtration of glomerular, renal tubular can t reabsorb completely which makes the soluteconcentration of renal tubular increases, against the reabsorption of water. The urine volume inc

35、reases.清除率(clearance )Defined as the volume of plasma required to supply the amount of a substance X to be excreted in the urine per unite time.激素(hormone )允許作用，一般特性(character )Permissive(允許) action : a hormone, which has no effect by itself but is necessary forthe full expression of the effects of

36、another hormone, is said to have a permission action.Features: specific, action as a message, high efficiency, interaction of hormones.growth hormone 生長激素 Promote tissue growth / metabolic effortsTH生理作用1.Effect on growth 2. Effect on energy and material metabolism3 .exciting effects on theCNS. 4. Ef

37、fect on the cardiorusoular system. 5. Effect on other endocrine glands and sexual function.TH 分泌調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制 Secretion regulation mechanism Hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-thyroid axis Autoregulation / neuro regulation糖皮質(zhì)激素glucocorticoid生理作用分泌調(diào)節(jié)，特點(diǎn)Effect on: 1. Carbohydrate/protein/fat metabolism 2. Water-electrolyte metabolism 3. Blood cell 4. Circulatory systemRegulation:Hypothalamus-adenohypophysis-adrenal aertex axis. Negative feedbackeffects on cortisol.Clinical significance: negative feedback-don t stop using cortisol suddenlyInsulin胰島素Insulin: 1.promote anabolism 2.regulate