2021年高考英語真題分類匯編：專題十六閱讀理解之科普類說明文

1、 專題十六閱讀理解之科普類說明文1.【2020 湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms in side or outside the sleepi ng bag. If you leave your arms

2、out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dan cerTm an in side guy/ Mike Hopki ns says, who returned from a six-m onth tour on the In ternational Space Stati on. I like to be wrapped up/On the stati on, the ordi nary becomes str a nge. The

3、 exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat.With no gravity, its just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer any where you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.

4、Without gravity to help circulate air; the car bon dioxide you exhale （呼氣）has a tendency to form an invisible （隱形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carb on-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even

5、 before you float out of your seat/Your inner ear thinks yourre falli ng . Mean while your eyes are telli ng you youre standing straight. That can be annoyingthats why some people feel sick. Within a couple days truly terrible days for some astr on auts brai ns lear n to ign ore the pan icky signals

6、 from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time in visibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. Thats why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday sc

7、hedule. The focus on fitness is as much about scienee and the future as it is about keepi ng any in dividual astr on auts return home, and, more importa ntly, how to main tain strength and fitn ess for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.What is the major

8、 challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?Deciding on a proper sleep positionChoosing a comfortable sleeping bagSeeking a way to fall asleep quicklyFinding a right time to go to sleep.The astr on auts will suffer from a carb on-dioxide headache whe nthe y circle around on their bikesthey use

9、 microcomputers without a stopthey exercise in one place for a long timethey watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because.their senses stop workingthey have to stand up straightthey float out of their seats unexpectedlywhether they are abl

10、e to go back to the station66.0ne of the NASAs major concerns about astronauts is.how much exercise they do on the stationhow they can remain healthy for long in spacewhether they can recover after returning homewhether they are able to go back to the station【解析】試題分析：這是一篇說明文。本文通過舉例說明了太空生活的奇妙: 在太空睡覺時(shí)

11、，對宇航員來說主要的挑戰(zhàn)在于恰當(dāng)?shù)乃咦藙荩挥?航員在一個(gè)地方運(yùn)動久了會出現(xiàn)碳毒性頭痛；宇航員的大腦接收到 矛盾的信息時(shí)會感到惡心。最后告訴我們美國國家宇航局對宇航員 主要的擔(dān)心是宇航員回家后的修養(yǎng)期和如何在太空長久地保持健 康。A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges.可知在太空 睡覺時(shí)，對宇航員來說主要的挑戰(zhàn)在于恰當(dāng)?shù)乃咦藙?。故選A項(xiàng)。C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中But station residents have to be

12、 careful about staying in one place too long.You can end up with what astron auts call a carb on-dioxide headache 可矢口宇航員在一個(gè)地 方運(yùn)動久了會岀現(xiàn)碳毒性頭痛。故選C項(xiàng)。D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中Your inner ear thinks youre failing. Mean while your eyes are telli ng you youre standing straight. That can be annoying-thats why some people

13、 feel sick.可知宇航員在大腦接 收到矛盾的信息時(shí)會感到惡心。故選D項(xiàng)。B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第一、二句The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any in dividual astronaut healthy.NASA is worried about two things :and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness可知美國國家 宇航局對宇航員主要的擔(dān)心之一是如何在太空長久地保持健康。

14、故 選B項(xiàng)?！究键c(diǎn)定位】說明文閱讀【名師點(diǎn)睛】科普類說明文歷來是高考閱讀理解命題的重點(diǎn)，文章 邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚，主要考查學(xué)生對語篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力 以及對特定細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)讀和處理能力?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：1.平時(shí)多讀科普 知識類文章，學(xué)習(xí)科普知識，積累常見的科普詞匯，從根本上提高 科普英語的閱讀能力。2.熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)?？破疹愇恼?一般由標(biāo)題（高考題屮一般不給出標(biāo)題）、導(dǎo)語、背景、主體和結(jié) 尾五部分構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)語一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一個(gè)事實(shí) 的起因。主體則對導(dǎo)語概括的事實(shí)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)敘述，這部分是命題的 重點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)把握。結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并與導(dǎo) 語相呼應(yīng)，命題者常在此

15、要設(shè)計(jì)一道推理判斷題。3.在進(jìn)行推理 判斷時(shí)，考生一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科學(xué)事實(shí)為依據(jù)，同時(shí)所 得出的結(jié)論還應(yīng)符合基本的科普常識。2020 北京卷】CLife in the ClearTran spare nt an imals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as m

16、ost light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johrisen, a scientist in biology, says, These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless theyre eating it, or unless something is eating them/And they are as clear as gla

17、ss. How does an animal become see-through? Its trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they in teract with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter（散身寸）light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light,

18、stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a tran spare nt object does rft absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a

19、 tran spare nt object does nt look very differe nt from the surrounding air or water. You dont see it -you see the things behind it.To become tran spare nt, an an imal n eeds to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments（色素）that ab

20、sorb specific colors of light. But a tran spare nt an imal does r/t have pigme nts, so its tissues wont absorb light. According to Johrisen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materials-skin, fat, and more-

21、and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Tran spare nt an imals use differe nt tricks to fight scatteri ng. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easi

22、er to be seethrough. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jellylie（果凍狀白勺）material and spread themselves over it.Larger tran spare nt an imals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They

23、need to look uniform. But how theyre doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger an imals, staying tran spare nt is an active process. Whe n they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.According to Paragraph 1, transpare nt animals.stay in groupsB. can be easily damagedC. ap

24、pear only in deep oceanD. are beautiful creaturesThe underlined word dead in Paragraph 3 means.silentlyB. graduallyC. regularly D. completelyOne way for an an imal to become tran spare nt is to.cha nge the directi on of light travelgather materials to scatter light.avoid the absorption of lightgrow

25、bigger to stop light.The last paragraph tells us that larger tran spare ntanimals.move more slowly in deep waterstay see-through even after deathproduce more tissues for their survivaltake effective action to reduce light spreading【解析】試題分析：文章解釋了生活在海洋的透明生物的特點(diǎn)，透明原理， 以及形成機(jī)制。B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第一段第三行：Mostof them

26、are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple toucho 得知I B 選項(xiàng)：透明動 物是很容易受傷的。故選B。D詞義猜測題。該詞出現(xiàn)在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了： 你能看到的物體一種是對光線進(jìn)行了散射；而另外一種是對光線的 吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的傳播過程屮就完全阻止了，因此這里 dead是完全的意思。故選D。C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。 可 知

27、，想變透明就要避免散射或吸收光線，因此其屮的一個(gè)方法是C 選項(xiàng)，避免光線的吸收。故選C。66.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does 可以推斷出D為正確答案。其中slowdown對應(yīng)reduce。故選D?！究键c(diǎn)定位】科技類說明文【名師點(diǎn)睛】做科技類說明文時(shí)，考生應(yīng)能：理解語篇主旨要義， 理解文屮具體信息，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索推測生詞的詞義，根據(jù) 文中事實(shí)和線索作出簡單的判斷和推理。此次出現(xiàn)了新型科技類說 明文。往年

28、科技類說明文的閱讀難點(diǎn)在于專業(yè)類詞匯，但是今年的 “新型耳機(jī)在問題設(shè)置上難度不大，屬于文章難但題目不難的題 目。所以要理解好文章做好此題就不是難題。2020 江蘇】BIn the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cellphones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistsnts. The electronic waste st

29、ream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concent

30、ration （含量）of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in

31、 practically uncon trolled ways which allow many pois onous substa nces to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the m

32、ines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging（包裝）it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmentai Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products

33、as well as management of the resulting waste all result in greenhouse gas release/ Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.In many coun tries the con cept of exte nded producer responsibility is being consider

34、ed or has been put in place as an incentive （動機(jī)）for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Gover nmen ts in centive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce

35、 is usually based on iimoney. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap （氣泡墊）that encased your television?From the go ver nmen ts” point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the

36、 physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us thatthe weight of e-goods is rather smallE-waste deserves to be made good use ofnatural min erals con tain more precious metalsthe percen

37、tage of precious metals is heavy in e-wasteThe responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extendedfrom producers to governmentsfrom governments to producersfrom individuals to distributorsfrom distributors to governmentsWhat does the passage mainly talk about?The in crease in e-waste.The creation

38、 of e-waste.The seriousness of e-waste.The management of e-waste.【解析】 試題分析：本文是一篇科普說明文。文章王要介紹了電子垃圾的產(chǎn)生、危害以及相關(guān)解決措施。丸.B推理判斷題。文童第一段舌訴我們，每年有大量廢棄電子產(chǎn)品被隨意丟棄。緊接看第二段首句指出： 電子設(shè)備中含有有用的金屬，如金和銀，并用&wi；ss study佐證這一觀點(diǎn)，因此可以推知電子垃圾值得充分 利用0故選B項(xiàng)0B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文童第六、七、八三段圍繞性產(chǎn)者責(zé)任延伸展幵的，最后一段做了總結(jié)，根據(jù)伽primary goal of laws requiring exten

39、ded producer respons.ibilityr is to transler both the costs and the physical respon5itilitr of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the pr-oducers ” 可知 B 項(xiàng)正確 是對該句的 同義壓縮。故選B項(xiàng)。D主旨大意題?？v觀全文，文童先描述了廢棄電子產(chǎn)品被隨意丟棄這一現(xiàn)象，接看指出電子垃圾的可以 用價(jià)值和潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，主要是由于對廢棄電子產(chǎn)品的管理不善造成的；最后呼吁政府和生產(chǎn)商對此承擔(dān)一定 的責(zé)任。故選D項(xiàng)?！?/p>

40、考點(diǎn)定位】科普說明文閱讀【名師點(diǎn)睛】科普類文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚，主要考查學(xué)生對語 篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力以及對特定細(xì)節(jié)的理解和推理能力。文章 選材時(shí)代氣息濃厚，與經(jīng)濟(jì)、科技的發(fā)展和變化密切相關(guān)?？忌鷳?yīng) 注意：1平時(shí)多讀科普知識類文章，學(xué)習(xí)科普知識，積累常見的科 普詞匯，從根本上提高科普英語的閱讀能力。2.熟悉科普類文章的 結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)?？破疹愇恼乱话阌蓸?biāo)題（高考題屮一般不給出標(biāo)題）、 導(dǎo)語、背景、主體和結(jié)尾五部分構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)語一般位于整篇文章的首 段。背景交待一個(gè)事實(shí)的起因。主體則對導(dǎo)語概括的事實(shí)進(jìn)行詳細(xì) 敘述，這部分是命題的重點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)把握。結(jié)尾往往也是中 心思想的概括，并與導(dǎo)語相呼應(yīng)，命題

41、者常在此要設(shè)計(jì)一道推理判 斷題。3.在進(jìn)行推理判斷時(shí)，考生一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科 學(xué)事實(shí)為依據(jù)，同時(shí)所得出的結(jié)論還應(yīng)符合基本的科普常識。CSuppose you become a leader in an organization. Its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what kee

42、ps their interest in the work.Lets begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to st re

43、ngthe n social relatio nships. If volu nteer positio ns do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to un d erst a nd the motivati ons of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To in crease levels o

44、f community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., I volun teer b ecause its importa nt to me) to an ext er nal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because Km required to do so). W

45、hen that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have con ducted

46、 follow-up studies in which they track volun teers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most importa nt factors that in flue need their satisfacti on as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Alth

47、ough this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to utraining methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experienee.Another stud

48、y of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on in dividual differe nces in the degree to which people view “volunteer as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue vo

49、lunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by resp on ding to stateme nts such as “Vol un teering in Hospital is an important part of who I am. Consistent with the researchers expectations, they found a positive correlation （正相關(guān)）between the st re ngth of role i

50、de ntity and the len gth of time people con tinued to volun teer. These results, once agai n, lead to con Crete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly f

51、or their contributions can help st re ngthe n role ide ntity.People volunteer mainly out of.academic requirementsB. social expectationsC. financial rewardsin ter nal n eedsWhat can we learn from the Florida study?Follow-up studies should last for one year. B. Volunteersshould get men tally prepared.

52、C. Strategy training is a must in research.D. Volunteers areprovided with con Crete advice.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?In dividual differe nces in role ide ntity.B. Publiclyidentifiable volunteer T-shirts.C. Role identity as a volunteer.D. Practical advicefrom r

53、esearchers.What is the best title of the passage?A. How to Get People to VolunteerB. How to StudyVolunteer BehaviorsC. How to Keep Volunteers InterestD. How toOrganize Volunteer Activities【解析】試題分析：本文是一篇議論文。文章分析講述志愿者為什么自發(fā)地 去服務(wù)社會，并通過3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究志愿者的意圖。61. D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容可知人們做志愿者工作的 原因?yàn)椋?“to express persona

54、l values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relati on ships” ,再結(jié)合 “If volu nteer positi ons do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate ” 可知答案為 D 項(xiàng)（滿足 內(nèi)在的需求）。B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句中utraining methods that would prepare volunteers for tro

55、ublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience ” 可矢口志 愿者應(yīng)該從心理上做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。故選B項(xiàng)。C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第二句屮uthose people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work可知志愿者身份認(rèn)同會激勵 他們繼續(xù)從事

56、志愿者工作。故選C項(xiàng)。A標(biāo)題歸納題。文章首段提出假設(shè)：假如你是一名組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人, 很想得到志愿者的幫助。并指岀在此Z前，必須弄清志愿者為什么 自發(fā)地去服務(wù)社會，并通過3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究志愿者的意圖。因此A 項(xiàng)（如何使人們從事志愿者服務(wù)）是文章的最佳標(biāo)題?！究键c(diǎn)定位】議論文閱讀【名師點(diǎn)睛】議論說理類文章具有以下特點(diǎn)：1. 一般按提出問題、 分析問題、解決問題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活屮的熱點(diǎn)問 題、社會上的重大問題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問題入手，即提出問題。 然后，分析利弊，舉例說明，推理判斷，即分析問題。最后，闡述 觀點(diǎn)，提出辦法，即解決問題。2.以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心， 對細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。

57、3.文章的主題一般是生活屮的熱點(diǎn) 問題、重大問題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問題等?？忌鷳?yīng)注意抓住作者 提出的觀點(diǎn)、給出的例證及最后得出的結(jié)論。同時(shí)，理清作為論據(jù) 的諸多事例和理由之間以及它們和觀點(diǎn)/結(jié)論Z間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，把 握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。5. 2020 廣東】CDaniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes its important to distinguish televisions influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says, for p

58、roblems it doesnt really cause, overlooki ng our own roles in shaping childrens min ds.One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a childs ability to think and to un d erst a nd the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images （影像） Instead, they learn both

59、 explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children un d erst a nd far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational progr

60、am as a chanee to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of en tertai nment. But accordi ng to Anders on, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesnt