高考英語專題考點分類導(dǎo)練

1、高考英語專題考點分類導(dǎo)練 根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞的含義是考生必須掌握的一項重要閱讀技能, 因此, 詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解的必考題型。這類題包括猜測單詞、短語、句子的意思和判斷指代內(nèi)容。 詞義猜測題 猜測詞語意思要求考生根據(jù)語境猜測生詞、短語或句子的意思, 或者推斷熟詞生義。題干中常含有mean, refer to, be replaced by等。如：技巧點撥解答這類試題最重要的方法是理解含生詞部分的上下文(也就是人們常說的語境)來推測其意思。以下是可供參考的幾個小技巧：1.根據(jù)接近或遞進關(guān)系:由and或or等可確定生詞的義域,推知它的大致意義。2.根據(jù)選擇或相對關(guān)系:對比or(要么, 或者)前

2、面和后面的句子或詞語, 來猜測生詞的含義。3.根據(jù)同位或解釋關(guān)系:通過生詞后的定語(定語從句或分詞短語等)、表語、同位語、逗號、括號、破折號等的解釋說明來推測其意思。4.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系:由上下句之間的轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系來推測詞義。5.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系:根據(jù)前后的因果關(guān)系來推斷其中的某個生詞或短語的意思。既可由因推果,也可由果推因。6.根據(jù)列舉的實例:根據(jù)such as, for example等后列舉的實例也可推測出前面某個詞語的意思。7.根據(jù)并列同類關(guān)系:一般說來,并列的幾個事物應(yīng)屬同類事物, 由此可推測其中一個的大概意思。 考題中若要求我們猜測熟悉詞語的意思, 我們必須通過上下文得出其在特定場

3、合下的特殊意思, 那些常規(guī)含義的選項不會是要選擇的正確答案。注意：經(jīng)典例題閱讀下列文段, 從每題所給的A、B、C和D項中, 選出最佳選項。 .Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, bu

4、t it would be far better if we did not bring so much material home in the first place. 61. What does the underlined phrase “that over-consumption” refer to?A. Using too much packaging.B. Recycling too many wastes.C. Making more products than necessary. D. Having more material than is needed.解析：據(jù)上文推測

5、 。由上文的we already have more material than we need很易選出D。但我們也可根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法 來猜測：我們學(xué)過動詞consume(消費, 消耗), 可知consumption應(yīng)為其名詞形式, 前面加上over (超過)的over-consumption應(yīng)為“過度消費, 過度消耗”之意, 故選D。課堂練習(xí)閱讀所選文段, 從每題所給的A、B、C和D項中, 選出最佳選項。(1) Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home? People who are thinking about adop

6、ting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study, if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young (less than 6 months for cats, a year for dogs), it is highly probable

7、 that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.31. The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. EarlyB. sweetlyC. QuicklyD. smoothly1. D 據(jù)上下文推測。本文首句以疑問句Can dogs and cats live

8、in perfect harmony in the same home?開頭, 接著就是與此相關(guān)的調(diào)研結(jié)果或回答; 由表明研究結(jié)果的句子“A recent research has found a new recipe of success”和調(diào)查結(jié)果的句子 “Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog”可知，兩者“相處得好”。故選D。(2) When something goes wrong, it can be very satisfying t

9、o say, “Well, its so-and-sos fault.” or “I know Im late, but its not my fault; the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault, but once you form the habit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation, you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situ

10、ation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.47. The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. AvoidB. acceptC. improve D. consid

11、er2. C據(jù)上文推測。由上文, 你沒有能力也不可能“改變the (bad) situation”, 然而“你可以remedy the situation”, 根據(jù)這種轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系可推出, remedy應(yīng)是“改善”之意。(3) We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. “You could win prizes, ” our teacher told us as she wrote the poster information on the blackboard. We studied the board c

12、ritically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard, rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that tendollar grand p

13、rize， each and every one of us.據(jù)近義推測。上下句是Some.Other.句式，while we conjured up our designs的對應(yīng)部分是while deep in thought，可見conjured up是deep in thought的近意表達，意為“思考，構(gòu)想”，故選A。47. The underlined phrase in paragraph 3 most probably means _. A. formed an idea forB. made an outline forC. made some space forD. chos

14、e some colors for3. A據(jù)近義推測。上下句是Some.Other.句式, while we conjured up our designs的對應(yīng)部分是while deep in thought, 可見conjured up是deep in thought的近意表達,意為“思考, 構(gòu)想”, 故選A。(4) Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, E

15、lizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager. “I would never have said to my mom, Hey, the new Weezer album (威瑟樂團的專輯)is really great. How do you like it? ” says Bal

16、lmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.” Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.41. The underlined word “gulf ” in Para.3 most probably means _.A. InterestB

17、. distanceC. DifferenceD. separationToday, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families.據(jù)近義或反義推測。因 “Music was not the only gulf ”與上段末句是遞進關(guān)系, 可見gulf與gap是近義關(guān)系; 這里是回憶過去與現(xiàn)在(文章首段)的對比, 可見這里的gulf與文章首段首句中的alike和same是反義關(guān)系, 因此, gulf的意思是“差異(difference)”。(5) Family researche

18、rs offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say (有發(fā)言權(quán)). “My parents were on the before side of that change, but toda

19、ys parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side, ” explains Mr. Ballmer.44. By saying “todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side.” the author means that todays parents _.A. follow the trend of the changeB. can set a limit to the changeC. fail to take the change seriouslyD. have l

20、ittle difficulty adjusting to the change據(jù)上文推斷。結(jié)合上一段可知, todays parents就是60年代后的父母，他們與孩子有更多的交流, 更加民主, 他們應(yīng)當是“順應(yīng)這種變化趨勢”的, 故選A。課外作業(yè)(1) We have two daughters：Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner. The guests arrived. I introduced my two da

21、ughters to each of them. The adults were nice and kind and said how lucky we were to have such good kids. Each of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age. I

22、 thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because shes the one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions. But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child. 56. The underlined expression “make a big to do over” (paragraph 4)mean

23、s _.A. show much concern aboutB. have a special effect onC. list jobs to be done forD. do good things for1. A據(jù)因果關(guān)系或近義推測。本句“因為她是似乎更易受到傷害的那一個”“所以我們成年人就對年幼的那個格外關(guān)注”, 可見答案為A。另外, 由上句中與之近義的made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile也可推出。(2) Being considere

24、d a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated. Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, n

25、ot born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?60. The underlined word “cultivated” (paragraph 1)roughly means _.A. encouragedB. comparedC. examinedD. developed2. D據(jù)對比關(guān)系和下文解釋。由前句“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)不像(unlike)維生素C一樣一口吞下”可知, “領(lǐng)導(dǎo)

26、藝術(shù)必須是慢慢培養(yǎng)的”; 下段的解釋就更為清楚, are made, learn.in their everyday life, 特別是But which do they develop?中的develop, 非常明顯地告訴我們答案是D。(3) “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves, ” he said. Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity. Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean.

27、“The wind starts out by making little ripples(漣漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ” Taylor said. “Waves are one of natures ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”65. The underlined phrase “picking up” (paragraph 2)is clo

28、sest in meaning to _.A. starting again B. speeding upC. gathering D. improving據(jù)前提條件與結(jié)果推測。首先要“聚集(gather)”能量, 然后才能將其發(fā)送出去(sending it off)。也可用代入檢驗法排除法: 用其他選項代入原句, 也后面的sending it off在邏輯上也都講不通。此外,還可從前句中的get bigger and bigger得到提示。(4) If the world were a village of 1, 000 people. One-third of the people in

29、the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65. Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modern equipment.About one-third have access to clean, safe drinking water. Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.62. The underlined part “have acc

30、ess to” (in Para. 4)means _.A. use B. buy C. produce D. try4. A代入檢驗排除法。用“生產(chǎn)”和“試驗”代入句中，根據(jù)常識即可排除選項C和D。由下文 “Of the 670 adults in the village, half can not read nor write.”可知, 還有半數(shù)成年人非常貧窮, “用”不起現(xiàn)代設(shè)備。(5) When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the

31、 customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.65. The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours _.A. attracted the customers stronglyB. had weak effects on the customersC. tricked the customers into shoppingD. caused the customers to lose

32、interest5. D據(jù)因果關(guān)系推測。由 “because they made the product look weak and ineffective(因為這些顏色使這種藥看起來沒有效果)”可知, “這些顏色會使顧客對這樣的藥失去興趣”。判斷指代內(nèi)容 要求考生根據(jù)語境判斷代詞(this, that, it, they, them, one等)或代動詞(do，does, did等)究竟指代什么。題干中通常含有refer to。技巧點撥 一般說來, 代詞的指代內(nèi)容大多在它的前一句中, 或者前幾個句子中, 有時也在它的后一句中。找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在這個代詞的位置上，看一看這句話是否合理,

33、與前后的內(nèi)容是否一致,然后再判定它是否為正確答案。經(jīng)典例題閱讀下列文段, 從每題所給的A、B、C和D項中, 選出最佳選項。 As a woman, I feel unsafe here. I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m. I used to use it, but now Im afraid.58. The underlined part “it” (in Para. 4) refers to _.A. a taxiB. the moneyC. a bombD. publ

34、ic transport 解析: 句中it應(yīng)是指代前一句中的public transport；用public transport代入句中, 該句話是合理的, 前后意義一致, 故選D。課堂練習(xí) (1) By the end of the seventeenth century, when newspapers were beginning to be read by more people, printed materials became an important way to promote products and services. The London Gazette was the

35、first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.61. What does the word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Advertising in newspapers.B. Including

36、 pictures in ads.C. Selling goods in markets.D. Working with ad agencies.1. A由本句前面的newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising可以推出。(2) My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my fathers knee, his arm in a bandage. He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore j

37、ob in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.63. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the fathers _.A. weak he

38、artB. taking a shore jobC. failure to return to seaD. injury caused by a torpedo2. A由本段第2 句中的he had a weak heart可知, it指weak heart。(3) Within weeks of the race, Henry Ford formed a new automobile company. In the 1903, a doctor in Detroit bought the first car from the company. That sale was the beginn

39、ing of Henry Fords dream. Ford said: “I will build a motor car for the great mass of people.”A. the selling of Ford cars at reduced pricesB. the sale of Model T to the mass of peopleC. the selling of a car to a Detroit doctorD. the sales target for the Ford Company64. “That sale” in Paragraph 4 refe

40、rs to _.3. C由前后句的意義銜接關(guān)系可知, “這筆交易”是指前句的“特律的一名醫(yī)生購買了這個公司的第一輛汽車”。 (4) A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. Graduates earn more than non-graduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However, only some people have it. So the individual

41、, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources(資源)of the government. Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them. 68. The underlined word “them” refers to _. A. taxpayers B. pressing calls C. college

42、graduates D. government resources4. B由前后的意義銜接關(guān)系可知, 是代替前句中的pressing calls。前句說“政府資源有一些迫切需要的地方要用”而“用納稅人的錢來幫助一小部分人在未來獲得更高收入并不是政府迫切需要花錢的地方”。(5) The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian pe

43、ople while they observed pictures of expressive faces. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial e

44、xpressions, ” Jack said, “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”A. The participants in the study. B. The researchers of the study. C. The errors made during the study. D. The data collected from the study. 68. What

45、 does the underlined word “they” refer to?前一段說到研究人員選取了13個西方白種人和13個東方亞洲人, 通過觀察他們的眼部運動來研究文化差異;此處that they show是修飾eye movement的定語從句, 意為“他們表現(xiàn)出來的眼部運動”, 這個“他們”, 自然就是指在這項研究中參加測試的那26個人, 故選A。 課外作業(yè) (1) .You are never going to win. If John wants to see them, I cannot stop him. Hes their father I want them to s

46、ee him! However, his visit in his present condition will disturb the childrens stable life. John, who has spent much of his time in California recently, has only hired a house for himself in Pennsylvania, according to his lawyer. “If hed like to stick to a regular life, Id be more than happy to do t

47、hat, ” Jane says. 58. What does “to do that ” refer to in the second paragraph?A. To live with John.B. To hire a house for John.C. To allow John to see the children.D. To ask John to set up a regular life.1. C指代上文內(nèi)容。由前文信息“Hes their fatherI want them to see him!”可知, to do that是指“允許她的丈夫John探望孩子”, 故選C。

48、(2) Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we

49、can now.68. What does the underlined word “it” in Para. 3 refer to _.A. the American EastB. the American WestC. the argumentD. the alternative energy詞義猜測題。由該詞前面的We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of 可知。(3) Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream

50、 and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of t

51、ea or coffee.57. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “ _”.A. alcohol B. absorptionC. blood D. process3. D詞義猜測題。 由該詞前面的To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process可知。(4) The multi-million pound new Library of Birmingham (LoB) will be the most visible sign of the w

52、ay the city is accepting the digitalization (數(shù)字化) of everyday life.As digital media is important to its idea， the project is already providing chances for some of the many small new local companies working at the new technologies.A. the equipmentB. the projectC. the digital media D. the physical lib

53、rary51. The underline part “its idea” in Paragraph 3 refers to the idea of _.4. B指的上文中出現(xiàn)的 “The LoB project”, 也指下文的the project。本句大意為, 數(shù)字媒體對這項“工程”很重要, 故選B。(5) Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (評論家) Edie Jarolim. “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occ

54、urred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.”1. The underlined word “both” in paragraph 2 refers to _.A. traveling and workingB. writing and shoppingC. traveling and eatingD. writing and eating由前一分句I always loved traveling and always liked to eat可知。主旨大意題 我們閱讀一篇文章, 首先是要了解其大意, 明確其主旨

55、。因此, 主旨大意題是?？碱}。主旨大意題包括：主要內(nèi)容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章標題(title)型、寫作目的(purpose)型。五年來共考了8道題, 其中mainly about只考過1題(2008), title題考了3題(2007, 2010, 2011), purpose題考了4題(2007, 2008, 2009, 2011)。主要內(nèi)容型技巧點撥 弄清文章的大意, 關(guān)鍵是找到主題句。 主題句的位置:主題句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼應(yīng), 有時也在文中,或沒有主題句,需根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進行歸納。各段的主題句也常在該段的首句或尾句。議論文和說明文一般有主題句

56、,但記敘文通常沒有主題句,需要歸納。 找主題句的方法：用瀏覽法(skimming),即快速閱讀文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主題線索和主題信息。1.段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however, but, in fact, actually等)時, 該句很可能是主題句。 2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時, 對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。找主題句的四個小竅門：3.作者有意識地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點, 通常是主旨; 反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語, 一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。經(jīng)典例題 Sometime

57、s youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sure we all know that were the apple of our parents eyes.But sometimes its a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-

58、image and learn to love yourself. Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world. The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. It very wel

59、l might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to realize that.解析：由第1段最后一句it is time you build a positive self-image, 第3段首句The best way to defeat a passive sel

60、f-image is to., 最后一段的首句The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to.都說明本文是講如何消除否定的自我形象, 建立肯定的自我形象的。故選C。49. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to prepare for your success. B. How to face challenges in your life.C. How to build a positive self-image.D. How to develop your good qualities