大學英語英漢語言對比

1、英漢語言的對比Major Disparity between English and Chinese一、英漢詞匯對比（詞匯的意義、詞語的搭配、詞序）1.詞匯的意義 英語詞匯意義在漢語里的對應(yīng)程度，大致可歸納為以下四種情況：（1）英語中有些詞所表示的意義，在漢語中可以找到完全對應(yīng)的詞來表達。它們的意義在任何上下文中都完全相等。這主要是一些已有通用譯名的專用名詞、術(shù)語和日常生活中的一些事物的名稱。如：TheU.S.StateDepartment美國國務(wù)Computationallinguistics計算語言學Helicopter直升飛機Minibus微型汽車（面包車）（2）英語中有些詞與漢語中有些

2、詞在詞義上只有部分對應(yīng)。它們在意義上概況的范圍有廣狹之分。如：Marriage娶、嫁Gun槍、炮Sister姐、妹Morning早晨、上午（3）英語中有些詞所表示的意義，目前在漢語里還找不到最后確定的對應(yīng)詞來表達。這主要是英語中一些新詞，包括專用名詞、術(shù)語以及一些反映英美社會特殊風氣及事物的詞。如：Mascon(massconcentration)（表示月球表層下高密度的）物質(zhì)聚積Beddo（一種多用途的）床Overkill（核彈超過軍事目的的）過度殺傷力（系資產(chǎn)階級渲染核武器“威力”的用語，現(xiàn)又用來表示宣傳活動等方面不必要的過度行為）Plumber（形成于“五角大樓文件”泄密事件后白宮設(shè)立的

3、專門特工機構(gòu)?！皃lumber”原意“鉛管工”，用以指特工，系借用“鉛管工”堵漏、防漏之含義）Bridal Shower 新娘結(jié)婚前的派對/準新娘送禮會Bachelor Party (婚禮前夕為新郎舉行的)單身漢舞會Baby Shower 嬰兒送禮會/嬰兒洗禮（在孩子出生前舉辦一個特殊的派對）A bridal shower is a gift-giving party held for a bride-to-be in anticipation of her wedding. It gives the bride-to-be a much-needed break from the stres

4、s of planning a wedding. Bridal showers can be a surprise for the bride or a planned party, a formal brunch or a casual party. As showers are explicitly a gift-giving occasion, everyone who attends the shower is expected to bring a small gift. People who decline the invitation for any reason are not

5、 expected to send a gift or otherwise participate in the party.A bachelor party, also known as a stag party, stag night, a bulls party, a bucks party or bucks night is a party held for a bachelor shortly before he enters marriage, to make the most of his final opportunity to engage in activities a n

6、ew partner might not approve of, or merely to spend time with his male friends. A bachelor party may involve activities beyond the usual party and social gathering ingredients (often drinking alcohol and gambling), such as going to a strip club or hiring a stripper.The planned activities of a bachel

7、or party are traditionally kept secret from the groom.Baby shower is a great way to welcome a new child and congratulate the new mother. Traditionally, baby showers were celebrated by a new mother and only her closest female friends after the baby had been born. Over time, however, old traditions ha

8、ve relaxed, allowing for couple showers to which men are invited, and celebrations in the workplace that co-workers can attend. It is now generally a party for a mother-to-be. Many mothers appreciate advice in purchasing the items they will need for their new baby. Friends of the new mother bring gi

9、fts for the new baby. （4）英語中有許多詞一詞多義，其所表示的各個意義，分別與漢語中幾個不同的詞或詞組對應(yīng)。多義詞的具體意義，只有聯(lián)系上下文才能確定。如果脫離上下文，孤立地譯一個詞就很難確切地表達該詞的真正含義。如：Asoftabove-goundlaunchingsite無堅固掩體的地面發(fā)射基地Therecordhasbeenconsideredsofteversinceitwassetlast May自從五月份創(chuàng)造了這個紀錄以來，人們一直認為它是很容易被打破的。Thelandingmustbesuper-soft這次著陸一定是超級的軟著陸Marijuanaisusua

10、llyregardedasasoftdrug.大麻通常被看做是軟性（毒性較輕的）麻醉毒品。Atthisstagethereisonlysoftintelligenceabouttheenemy intention.Weshouldnotshoothimfromthehip.在目前，關(guān)于敵人的意圖還只有不太充分的情報，我們不能魯莽行事。2.詞語的搭配英語和漢語在詞的搭配能力方面往往有差異。a horsea cattle (ox/cow/bull)a sheep (lamb)a chickena boata desk 3.詞序主要差異集中在定語和狀語的位置上。定語的位置：（1）單詞作定語 英語中單

11、詞作定語時，通常放在它所修飾的名詞前面，漢語中定語的位置也大體如此。有時英語中也有后置的，但在漢語里一般都前置。Aresearch-orientedhospital （前置？后置？）一所以搞科研為重點的醫(yī)院Somethingimportant重要的事情Thebankerslittlegarden銀行老板的小花園（2）短語作定語 英語中修飾名詞的短語一般放在名詞之后，漢語里則放在被修飾的名詞之前，但間或也有放在后面的，視漢語習慣而定。Abuildingprojectofhigh-riseapartmenthouses（前置？后置？ ）一個多層公寓大樓的建筑項目Acandidatewithlitt

12、lechanceofsuccess一個當選希望極微的候選人總結(jié)：定語后置1. some-, any-, every-, no等構(gòu)成的復合代詞He told me something important.他告訴我了一件重要的事情。There is nothing wrong with this computer.這臺電腦沒有什么毛病。2. ible, -able 結(jié)尾的形容詞作定語，與every, the only或形容詞最高級連用來修飾一個名詞時，也常需后置。The doctors have tried every way possible.大夫們已經(jīng)試過各種可能的辦法了。They had t

13、he greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time.為了能及時趕到那兒，他們克服了極大的困難。It is the only wild berry edible here in this area.它是這個地區(qū)惟一能食用的野莓。3. 定語從句和某些分詞作定語時，也需后置Here are the New Year cards Ive just received.這些是我剛收到的新年賀卡。Most of the people studying here are middle school teachers.在這里學習的多數(shù)是中學老師。4.

14、起表語作用的形容詞作定語，也需后置。Everybody present at the conference welcomed the decision.出席大會的人都贊同這項決議。There are many young people adrift in the big cities in that country.那個國家的大城市里有很多四處游蕩的年輕人。5. 某些成對的形容詞作定語需要后置，翻譯時需靈活處理All nations, large or small, rich or poor, should be equal.國家不論大小貧富，都應(yīng)一律平等。Teachers, old and

15、new, must respect each other and learn from each other.新老教師都應(yīng)互相尊重，互相學習。The reason for the change is lack of money, pure and simple.更改的原因純粹是因為缺少經(jīng)費。c. 英語中表示程度的狀語在修飾狀語時可前置也可后置，而在漢語中一般都前置。Themoleculesofagasaremovingaboutextremelyfastinalldirections.氣體的分子非常迅速地向四面八方運動著。Heisrunningfastenough.他跑得夠快了。多層定語的順序

16、：視語言習慣而定 多層定語之間一般按照與中心語關(guān)系的密切程度排列順序，關(guān)系越密切的定語越靠近中心語。一位漂亮的長頭發(fā)的中國女孩A beautiful long-haired Chinese girl一張紅木小圓桌a small round red wooden table一位中國現(xiàn)代優(yōu)秀作家an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer繁榮昌盛的社會主義現(xiàn)代化強國a modern, prosperous, powerful socialist country狀語的位置：（1）單詞作狀語a.英語中單詞狀語修飾形容詞或其他狀語時，常放在它所修飾的形容詞或狀語的

17、前面，這一點與漢語相同。Johndidnotdistinguishhimselfasastudent,buthewasveryactiveinclass.（前置?后置？） 約翰當年并不是出色的學生，但他在班上很活躍。b. 英語中單詞狀語修飾動詞時，一般放在動詞之后，而在漢語里則一般放在動詞之前。Modernscienceandtechnologyaredevelopingrapidly.現(xiàn)代科學技術(shù)正在迅速發(fā)展。（2）短語作狀語 a. 英語中短語狀語可放在被修飾的動詞之前或后，譯成漢語時，大多數(shù)放在被修飾的動詞之前，但也有放在后面的，視漢語的習慣而定。Thenwithabagoftoysand

18、bookswewalkedacrossthe gardeninthegraylightofthedawn.（前置?后置？）我們提著一口袋玩具和書籍，在晨曦中穿過了花園。Hewasquicktouseselfdeprecatinghumortothrow anyoneoffthescent.為了迷惑別人，他機靈地說些自我挖苦的笑話。Ajeep,full,spedfast,drenchingmeinspray.一輛坐滿人的吉普車急駛而過，濺了我一身水。b. 英語中地點短語狀語一般在時間狀語之前，而在漢語中時間狀語往往在地點狀語之前，如：HewasborninFurthonMay27,1923.他是

19、一九二三年五月二十七日在菲爾特出生的。c. 英語中時間、地點短語狀語之間的排列一般都是從小到大，而在漢語中一般都是從大到小。二、英漢句子結(jié)構(gòu)對比1. “形合”與“意合”的差異英語重形合（hypotaxis)，漢語重意合（parataxis) 形合主要靠語言本身語法手段（形式手段），意合主要靠句子內(nèi)部邏輯聯(lián)系。奈達 譯意Translating meaning:就漢語和英語而言，也許在語言學中最重要的一個區(qū)別就是形合與意合的對比 (contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis)英語注重顯性銜接（overt cohesion），漢語注重隱性連貫（covert co

20、herence) 傅雷：東方人與西方人的思維方式有基本分歧，我人重綜合，重歸納，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人則重分析，細微曲折，挖掘唯恐不盡，描寫唯恐不周。漢語學家王力：西洋語法是硬的，沒有彈性；中國語法是軟的，富有彈性。所以中國語法以達意為主。 英國人寫文章往往化零為整，而中國人寫文章卻往往化整為零。潘文國：英語基本上是一種形態(tài)性的語言，漢語基本上是一種語義性的語言。原文：No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness

21、like a mighty stream. 譯文：不，不，我們沒有滿足，我們也不會滿足，直到公平如大水滾滾，公義如江河滔滔。 原文選自Martin Luther King的演講稿I Have a Dream（我有一個夢）。其中有兩個“and”及一個“until”引導的結(jié)構(gòu)使全句節(jié)奏緊湊，讀來有氣貫長虹、激情澎湃之勢。但是如果將“and”譯為“而且”之類的對應(yīng)詞就會破壞原文的氣勢，因而譯文根據(jù)漢語意合的特點，對“and”不做對應(yīng)詞翻譯，如此操作反而增加了譯文的節(jié)奏感，更能再現(xiàn)原文的感染力。譯文中的逗號有五處，而原文中只有三處，這種翻譯操作與漢語的意合特點不無關(guān)系由于漢語中短句很多,更容易讓讀者體

22、會原文的節(jié)奏感和內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系。 原文: 寒蟬凄切, 對長亭晚, 驟雨初歇。 朱純深先生譯為: A miserable cicada is thrilling in the cold, Over the wayside pavilions darkening form Emerging from the wash of a sudden storm. 原文描繪了一幅畫卷當中三個不同側(cè)面，交代了時間、季節(jié)和地點，勾畫了凄切的寒蟬、長亭、晚景、初歇的驟雨等意象，但彼此之間到底是怎樣的邏輯關(guān)系和空間關(guān)系讀者并不確定，我們甚至連畫卷所著眼的主角是詞人、詞人的友人、還是“寒蟬”都很難判斷，原詞語意非常模

23、糊。然而要翻譯為英文的話卻無論如何也模糊不出來，譯者必須選擇一個明確的著眼點，將各意象合理地編織在一起，構(gòu)成自相完整而緊湊的句式。為此，譯者不得不放棄原文所可能允許的其他各種理解，遵照自己認為合適的理解讓各個成分形成一個完整的畫面。這里，朱純深先生特意擷取了單數(shù)名詞“cicada”為焦點意象，使之成為引發(fā)情景交融的一個觸點，然后通過“Over”引出夜晚的長亭這一意象使之成為“A miserable cicada is thrilling in the cold”這一主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的狀語，又通過“Emerging from”這種句法手段使“Emerging from the wash of a sud

24、den storm”成為“darkening form”的補足修飾語。 雨霖鈴 寒蟬凄切。對長亭晚，驟雨初歇。都門帳飲無緒，留戀處、蘭舟催發(fā)。執(zhí)手相看淚眼，竟無語凝噎。念去去、千里煙波，暮靄沉沉楚天闊。 多情自古傷離別，更那堪冷落清秋節(jié)！今宵酒醒何處？楊柳岸、曉風殘月。此去經(jīng)年，應(yīng)是良辰好景虛設(shè)。便縱有千種風情，更與何人說？2. 英漢句子重心的差異We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by sidenot

25、 just in a passive way but as active friends.我們認為生活在不同政治社會制度下的各國人民應(yīng)該共處，不僅僅是消極共處，而是要積極地友好相處，這是正確而必要的。漢語的習慣是敘事在前，表態(tài)在后。英語的習慣是表態(tài)在前，敘事在后。英語：頭輕腳重，屬于主語顯著（subject-prominent）語言。 英語重視主語的位置及其統(tǒng)帥全局的作用。因此在漢譯英中，如何找準句子重心，確定主語常常是翻譯成敗的關(guān)鍵因素。漢語：頭重腳輕，屬于主題顯著（topic-prominent）語言。The visit gives me the opportunity which I h

26、ave long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.這次訪問使我有機會親眼看一看中國人民取得的成就，這是我向往已久的。I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency.貴國政府一再表示，協(xié)議中有關(guān)香港的安排不是權(quán)宜之

27、計，這種保證使我感到鼓舞。3. 靜態(tài)語言與動態(tài)語言的差異英語句子中，名詞與介詞占優(yōu)勢漢語句子中，動詞使用較多Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.農(nóng)民缺乏訓練，許多農(nóng)場生產(chǎn)率很低，這就使得大多數(shù)農(nóng)民處于貧窮的境地。4. 重物稱與重人稱的差異英語多采用不能施以動作或無生命的詞語作主語漢語多用人稱作主語5. 多被動

28、與多主動的差異英語：廣泛使用被動語態(tài)漢語：較少使用被動語態(tài)6. 多長句與多簡單句的差異英語被動語態(tài)使用的情況：（1） 不知道或是沒有必要說明行為的實行者The audience are requested to keep silent.請觀眾保持肅靜。She was offered a job in a middle school.人家給她一個中學里的工作。（2） 動作的對象是談話的中心話題Clinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape.克林頓將會以錄像的形式提供證詞。The scientific research plan has

29、 already been drawn up.科研計劃已經(jīng)擬出來了。The girl was criticized yesterday.這個女孩昨天挨了一頓批評。（3） 無從說出動作的實行者是誰She was seen to go out of the room.有人看見她走出了那個房間。Youre wanted on the phone.你的電話。This rubbish is being disposed of.（有人）正在處理這些垃圾。（4）為了加強上下文的連貫、銜接John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.約翰真的愛瑪麗，而瑪麗也

30、愛約翰。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他出現(xiàn)在臺上，觀眾熱烈鼓掌歡迎。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.人的思想形成語言，而語言又影響了人的思想。（5） 出于禮貌，使措辭得當，語氣委婉Visitors are requested to show their tickets.來賓請出示入場券。Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here.請

31、旅客在此填寫報關(guān)表。漢語被動語態(tài)使用的情況：（1） 有形式標記的被動態(tài) 表被動意義的助詞 ：讓,叫,給,被,受,挨,遭,由,加以,予以,為所,被所,是.的The work has been done by him.工作已由他完成了。The cup has been broken into pieces.杯子給打得粉碎。This matter must be dealt with.這個問題必須予以處理。（2） 無形式標記的被動態(tài) 看似主動，但在主謂關(guān)系上卻有被動含義，這種語言現(xiàn)象在漢語中大量存在。What language is spoken there?那里講什么語言？This task mu

32、st be fulfilled in time.這個任務(wù)必須按時完成。 （3）漢語無主句 用來表達觀點、態(tài)度、要求、告誡、號召等Children should be taught to speak the truth.應(yīng)該教育兒童講老實話。Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯誤，一定要改正。 Passive voice in translationConverting the passive voice into the activeConverting passive voice into a subjectless sen

33、tenceKeeping the passive structure unchangedReplacing the passive voice with other meansA. Converting the passive voice into the active1. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.2. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.3.

34、 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 4. To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again.5. Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals.A. Converting the passive voice into the active1. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth ha

35、s never been totally eradicated. 他在青少年時期留下的自卑感還遠遠沒有完全消除。2. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization. 大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束時，這個組織拯救了800人。3. A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 電子技術(shù)提供了一種新的顯示時間的方法。4. To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again.

36、為了探測月球的表面，人們一次又一次地發(fā)射火箭。5. Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals. 大家知道，鹽對金屬有很強的腐蝕作用。B. Converting passive voice into a subjectless sentence1. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.2. Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.3. Best surface

37、finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding.B. Converting passive voice into a subjectless sentence1. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.必須立即終止這種討厭的噪音。2. Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已經(jīng)注意到采取防腐新措施。3. Best surface finish is pr

38、ovided by machining methods, especially by grinding.用機械加工的方法，特別是磨削法，可以獲得最佳表面光潔度。C. Keeping the passive structure unchanged1. If the scheme is disapproved, work on the project will stop immediately.2. At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.3. Any minute we would surely be spotted by en

39、emy planes flying in and out of the airfield.4. Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.5. Everyone was fed up with her gossip.6. Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency.C. Keeping the passive structure unchanged1. If the scheme is disapproved, w

40、ork on the project will stop immediately.如果方案被否決，這項工程將立即停工。2. At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.月底，他因不勝任工作而被解雇了。3. Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我們隨時都會被出入機場的敵機發(fā)現(xiàn)。C. Keeping the passive structure unchanged4. Our foreign pol

41、icy is supported by the people all over the world.我們的對外政策受到全世界人民的支持。5. Everyone was fed up with her gossip.人人都受夠了她的流言蜚語。6. Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency.這種行為將會為一切有良知的人所蔑視。D. Replacing the passive voice with other means1. The village is populated by about 13,000

42、 farmers.2. The news was passed on by word of mouth.3. He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.4. She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.5. He has been wedded to translation.6. She did not wish to be troubled.D. Replacing the passive voice with other means1. T

43、he village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.這個村子里住著大約13，000個農(nóng)民。2. The news was passed on by word of mouth.眾口相傳，消息不脛而走。3. He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.他已得知他們中有兩個人好像不能及格。4. She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.她和丈夫應(yīng)邀赴宴去了。5. He has been wedded to

44、 translation.他與翻譯結(jié)下了不解之緣。6. She did not wish to be troubled.她不愿別人麻煩她。Passive voice in translationmore practice1. She hadnt been told Bettes family name, or shed forgotten it.2. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.3. Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.4. He