英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言綜合2004有答案88

1、大學(xué)學(xué)位2004 年攻讀入學(xué)試題科目名稱(chēng)：英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言綜合科目代號(hào)：440Part OneI.PARAPHRASE (共 10 題， 每題 3 分，共 30 分)Direction: Paraphrase the following senten, paying attention to the connoion each of them suggests.1. After three days in Japan, the spinal columxtraordinarily flexible.2. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to

2、create fast pasture for fast-food beef.3. His inva Isles.of Russia is no moren a prelude to an attempted invaof the BritishWith so much big money and so many big dreams pinned to an idea on the drawing boards, theres no limit to the hype.All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful l

3、anguaget is still largelyt he soaked upwimemoryt seemed phonographic.6. All languages are systems of human conventions, not systems of natural laws.7. All of them are mummified wige and the sun.8. The United Nations is our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the i

4、nstruments of peace.Fine feathersNew broom sot make fine birds. ps clean. PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (20 分)The following passage contains seventeen errors. Each line contains aum ofone error, and there are free from error, in each case onlyord is involved. You shouldproofread the passage and

5、correct ithe following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write thecorrect one in the blprovided at For a missing word, mark theof the line.ition of the missing word wi sign and write theword you beve to be missing the line.he blprovided atofFor an unnesary word, cross out the unnesa

6、ry word wislash / and put the wordhe blprovided atof the line. provided atIf the line is correct, place a tick he blof the lineEXIt is im forLEsible any sentence in one language to have exactly(1)the same meaning as any single sentence in another language. It is also single(2)imsible for any sentenc

7、e in a particular language to have exactly(3) (4)the same meaning as the other sentencehat same language.anyAmong the company was a lawyer, a young man of about twenty-five. (1) In being (1)asked his opinion, he said: (2) Capital punishment and life-imprisonment are equal (2)immoral; (3)(3) but if I

8、 offered the choice betn them, I would certainly choose the second.(4)(4) Its better to live somehown not to live at all.(5)(5) There is ensued a lively discus. (6) The ber who was then younger and(6)more nervouddenly lost his tempers, (7) banged his fist on the table and(7)turning against the young

9、 lawyer, cried out:(8)(8) Its a. I bet you of two millions you wouldnt stick in a cell even for five years.(9)(9) If you mean it seriously, repd the lawyer, then I bet Ill stay not five or fifteen.(10) Fifteen! (10)e! cried the ber. Gentlemen, I stake at two millions.Agreed. I mine freedom, said the

10、 lawyer. (11)However this wild, ridiculous bet came to pass. (13) The ber, who at (12)ttime had too many millions to count on, spoiled and capricious, (14) was beside (13)himself with rapture. During supper he said to the lawyer jokingly:(14) (15) Come to your sense, young man, before its too late.

11、(16) Two millions are(15) something to me, but you stand to lose three or four of the best years of your life.(16) (17) I say three or four, because youll stick it out any longer. (18)(17) t feteither, you unhappy man,t vo(18) tary is much heaviern enforcingimprisonment. The ideat you have the right

12、 to free yourself any moment willpoison the whole of your lifehe cell. 1 pity you.And now the ber, pacing from comer to comer, recalled all this and asked himself:Why did I make this bet? Whats the good? The lawyer loses fifteen years of hislife and I throw away two millions. (19) Will it convince p

13、eoplet capital punishment(19) is worsen imprisonment for life? No, no! All stuff and rubbish. (20) In my part, it(20) was the caprice of a well-fed man; but as to the lawyer, pure greed of gold.III. WRITING(30 分)Some people say, it is inevitablet as technology develops traditional cultures must be l

14、ost.Technology and tradition arepatible,t is to say, you can nove both together.To what extend do you agree or disagree with this sement?Write an essay of about 300 words, either supporting or attacking above poof view.IV.READING COMPREHEN(每題 1 分, 共 20 分)Passage 1Before we can determine whether what

15、 a writer said is true, we mustdeterminewhat the writer actually said. Business writers make their living by proitioning readers.t is, they haveeast one theme or idea they want you to embrace upon reading theirbook. This is not nesarily a bad thing, but one must carefully inspect what sort ofproitio

16、n the author is making. The word has two meanings.athematics or logic, a proition is a sement ofa truth to be demonstrated; the reader should expect a logical demonstration to follow everysuch proition to convince him of its truth. The colloquial use of proition ist ofa scheme offered evidence-free,

17、 take it or leave it. The reader should instinctively put hishanhis wallet when he hears one. Little can bee wiproitiont cannot beshown as true or false, and so busy readers can feel justified when offeree.Once we have a better idea of what the writer isoving on to the next booksaying, we canyze the

18、evidence to see if the proition is true. This second level is where things get morecomplex. Evidence is not only a series octs, it is also a method, called inference, ofanizing ideas. Moreover, there are two types of inference: deductive and inductive. To read a business book well, one must determin

19、e which type of inference the author is using.Deductive inferentarts from an amption. Scholarly economists, for exle, deduceproitions from basic amptions about human nature using mathematical logic.Anyone can make a deduction. It is up to you to assess whether the deduction makessense.The questions

20、a reader should ask of a workt res on deductive reference are:agree with the amptions andtulates underlying the reasoning? Is the reasoningitself logically correct? Peer-reviewed journals, the home of scholarly economists, typicallyscreen out egregious instanwhere the answer to the second question i

21、s no. They alsoattemptwith varying degrees of suc yes.sto ensuret the answer to thequestion isUnfortunay, very few business books are writtenhis paradigm, mostly becausethe kind of writing assoted with peer-reviewed journals is not acsible to teralbusiness reader. An author usually ses his amptions

22、in a fuzzy or anecdotal manner (ifat all), and certainly doesnt articulate the logical steps by which he reaches hiss.He is not being dishonest; hes under the mistaken impres taxes average readers.It is, in any case, up to the reader to ferret out the atellectual rigor overlymption behind the proiti

23、on.Lester Thurow, for exle, uses careful economic reasoning in his 1992 bestseller Headto Head to proe how the U.S. should alter its business behaviorhe face of thenapparently overwhelming Japacompetition. It was fine reasoning, but, as PaulKrugman pos out in his 1996 book Popernationalism, Thurows

24、underlyingamptiont a nation functions like a corporation was inaccurate, so the logic of the t premise, no matter how meticulous, was moot.argument fromInductive inference, on the other hand, is based not on an underlying amption, buton empirical data. Industrial-anization economists, for exle, will

25、 often induceproitions from empirical observations using sistical inference. A noteworthy exleis Gee Stiglers and James Kendals 1970 book Behavior of Industrial Pri. They o howstudied tranions pribetn buyers and sellers, which provided insightsprice clears markets in response to changes in supply or

26、 demand.A proition basereal data is strong, but still questionable. The questions areader needs to ask of such a work are: Is the sle adequate both in selection and size? Is the sistical inference properly performed? What are file probabilities of variouserroneouss from the inference?Most popular bu

27、siness books, with their emphasis on case studies, seem to bebaseinductive inference, but pay only token attention to thequestion, and seldomaddress the second and third questions. Remember, data is not the plural of anecdotes. Awork oftenes as a data-based induction when it is, in fact, merely spec

28、ulation. Whetherit be Chris Argyrissinferenbasea s basele of one (Executive Leadership), Tom 75 companies (In Search of Excellence),Peterss and Bob Watermans inferenor Marcus Buckinghams and Curt Coffmans inferenbase80,000erviews ( itioned.Break All the Rules), the reader still has to make sure he i

29、s not being pro1. To determine what the writer iually saying is toA. understand the proition of the writer.B. determine the truth of what the writer says.C. find out the aD. weigh the damption behind the proition.hat support inductive inference.2. Business writers who skip logical reasoning beveA. i

30、t is an old-fashioned way of deducing proitions.tB. it res on amptionst are often false.C. its steps are difficult to articulate.D. it is too harthe reader.3. The author impstinduction should be favored over deduction.inductive reference is difficult to perform.C. sle size is no guarantee for qualit

31、y case-study books.D. the number of case studies determines the strength of proitions.4. The authors main pure is toA. exe the tricks business writers use to sell their proitions.B.yze the relationship betn the business writer and the reader.C. discuss ways to ascertahe truth of the proition of the

32、business writer.D. discuss the importance of logical reasoning in writing business books.Passage 2The absence of classical studies from contemporary education is a bad thing, and it istime to arguet they should be restored to a more sant placehe curriculum. Thereasons are many and good.The arguedis

33、a very familiar one.he Latin wars, the defenders of classics routinelyt the study of classical languages is a fineellectual discipline, whichsimultaneously gives students a grasp of grammar, of style and of the roots of their own language. They were right, and a comparison of the prose of writers ed

34、ucated in Englandbefore and after the 1960s is a remarkable testimony tot fact. This has nothing to dowith language purism - for languages constantly change, and colloquial idioms thrive and e orthodox - but is everything to do wirespect for logic and clarity.The second reason is more general. Weste

35、rn culture is so deeply imbued with itsclassical originst a proper appretion of it is imsible without some knowledge ofthese origins. Consider a visitor to the National Gallery in Lon,. the walls of whichcrawl wi llu to ancient history and mythology, not simply as direct represen ions of these, but

36、as psychological studies, as conveyors of symbolic meaning, and as a commentary on the human condition. To be ignorant of this wealth of legend and event,and to be unable to see what it means andends, is therefore to be blind. One does nothave to wrestle with gerunds an read some of the source mater

37、ial,rists to recognise Aphrodite in a paing, but to havehe original tongues, for these dctions are to renderones grasp of them absolute and natural, because ites part of ones constitution.There is practically no area of thought, whether in art, history, philosophy, science, politics or literature, w

38、hich does not owe a great deal to ancient Greece and Rome. Withouta grounding in classical culture, engagementhese fields is likeng arithmetic withoutknowing how to count. Moreover, as almost all the laterellectual history of the west isitself woven out of the classical legacy, a proper understandin

39、g of the thought and writingof every age before our own requirest knowledge, too. To read Spenser, Milton, DrJohnson or Matthew Arnold without knowing what they took for granted in the way of classical knowledge is simply not to understand them fully.This poleads to the third - the resource offered

40、by the classics is immense, andperhaps indispensable. Their literature and philosophy shour mentality in a millionways not always to our benefit: which is a good reason to be alert to its influence. Think,for exle, of the amptions underlying the concept of aristocracy, whieans ruleby the best. Think

41、 of the crushing weight of class divis, sol injustice, lostopportunities and wasted lives which, century after century, resulted from the arrogation ofaristocratic privileges by a few at the expense of the many, espelly when they wereclaimed as a hereditary right. In Aristotles view, aristocracy mea

42、nt something closer towhat we now describe as meritocracy., every form of sol arrangement wasdebated by the ancients, who gave them their modem names as well as content. Thinkingabout them now in ignorance of wh triangle.ies behind them is like reinventing the wheel as aWhich of the following is mos

43、t probably true of the prose writers educated in England before the 1960s?They set prescriptive rules about language.They were resistant to language change.Their works exhibited logic and clarity.Some of their works were written in Latin.According to the passage, to truly understand the descriptions

44、 on the walls of theNational Gallery in Lon, one has to beA. familiar with the language of paing.B. familiar with the source material of these dctions.C. good at understanding the symbolic values of legend and event.D. good at understanding the human condition.Spenser, Milton, Dr Johnson and Matthew

45、 Arnoldfailed to understand classical culture.wrote about ancient Rome and Greece.symbolized the classical legacy.were well-versed in classical knowledge.8. The main idea of the last paragraph istA. aristocracy is the most important form of sol arrangement.B. the meaning of aristocracy has changed d

46、ramatically since classical times.C. classical concepts have shd usitively.D. we should be aware of the amptions of some classical concepts.Passage 3In early modem England there was far greater linguistic diversityn today. One of the most striking aspects of life in the world we have lost, though on

47、e of the leastrecognized by sol historians, is the rich and variegated nature of popular speech. Thevarieties of English were so copioust it is scarcelysible to speak of a nationallanguage or native tongue. There was instead a multiplicity of different dialects, basedupon geographical, occupational,

48、 and sol allegian, which divided up the countryoa complex configuration of “speech communities. They could be markedly different invocabulary, grammar, and phonology, each one expressing andpassing quite distinctcultural contexts, the variety of the one reflecting the variety of the other. Commenors

49、 onthe languagehe sixteennd seventeenth centuries were fond of quoting the classicaldictumt speech is thcture of the mind. Ach, the spoken word, in so far as it canbe retrieved from written sour, promises to reveal much about the normative values andbasic amptions of contemporaries. For students of

50、popular culture, the dialects of theperiod offer a poof entryo the frame of reference oft majority of people whosewords are usually hardest to recover. In some of their now opaque terms and obscure phrases, they suggest an world views, ways of perceiving and behaving now lost, theideas and practithe

51、y conveyed as redundant as the means by which they were thenexpressed. Dialect speech was, as E.P. Thompson once remarked, studded with wordswhich ponot only towards fotten tools, measures, things, but also towards fottenmodes of thought and habits of work.For those concerned with the relationship b

52、etn oral and literate forms of culture,the linguistic change of this period affords equally revealing insights.nks to theinfluence of prculture and the cross-fertilization in Europeanellectual life during theRenaissance, English was enormously enriched and expanded by the infuof words andphrases fro

53、m other languages. There are few better ex invigoration of oral communication by written forms vernacular vocabulary at this time. In parallel with this proles of the stimulation and n the transformation of the s, the early modem periodalso witnessed the consolidation of something like a standard or

54、 authorized verof themother tongue. This had the effect of throwingo ref the idiom of the majority whoremained less affected by the raly changing influenwhich informed the best speech.What came to be known by the later sixteenth century as dialects, or alternative and subordinate strains of the lang

55、uage, were relatively untouched by the roles and conventionsshathe literary, and courtly variant. Instead, dialects continued to express and reflect apopular culture in which literate habits of wand and national pro scarcely undermined oral traditions or subsumed local identifies.ses of incorporatio

56、n hadThe dominance of a single variety of spoken English also had significant implicationsfor sol relations more broadly. For received speech became not only the medium of thelearned elite but also of the sol elite.his period, to a much greater extentl hierarchies, to provide a litmus of rn everandb

57、efore, language came to undin sodegree, and a vehicle for sus differentiation,his context as in others, the unevennessof cultural change was a function of the inequalities of wealnder within society.The way in which people spoke was not merely determined by their placehe order ofthings, but it came

58、to ratify and confirm it in new and subtly pervasive ways. On the onehand, vowel sounds and vocabulary might facilie a common identity anderest amongcertain individuals and groups; on the other hand, they might serve as an agent of excluand sol differentiation. Language, it has justly been said, is

59、an instrument of bothcommunication and9. We can infer from themunication. paragrapht in early modem EnglandA. people found it difficult to express their ideas.B. everybody livedimay and harmoniously with others.C. people often used pictures to represent their ideas and values.D. people from differen

60、t parts of the country had little verbal communication.For students of popular culture, the dialects of early modem England are most useful inretrieving lost ideas and thoughts.tracing the origins of dialects.understanding how ideas were expressed and received.D. studying the relationship betn diffe