閱讀解析譯文逐段對(duì)應(yīng)tpo-34reading

1、Protection of Plants by Insects昆蟲對(duì)植物的保護(hù)Many plants one or more species ofeast 68 different famis can secrete nectareven when they have no blossoms, because they bear extra floral nectaries (structures t produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. These plants usually occur whe

2、re ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperateareas. Among those of northeastern Normerica are various plums, cherries, roses,hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly ofwater wihigh content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small am

3、ounts ofamino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries isunknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists bevet all extrafloral nectaries attractinsectst will defend the plant.即使不開花，很多植物也能花蜜（在至

4、少 68 個(gè)不同的植物就有一種或多種花蜜的植物）。這是因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谇o，葉子，葉莖或其他結(jié)構(gòu)上有花外蜜腺（保護(hù)花蜜的結(jié)構(gòu)）。這些植物通常生長(zhǎng)在大量蟻群存在的地方，因此大多數(shù)生長(zhǎng)在熱帶地方，但也有一些生長(zhǎng)在溫帶地區(qū)。在東北部地區(qū)就有這類植物，包括各種各樣的，櫻桃，薔薇，山楂樹，白楊樹和橡樹。像花蜜一樣，花外花蜜主要包括水，高濃度的溶解糖，在某些植物里，還有少量的氨基酸。人們已經(jīng)知道某些植物的花外蜜腺是為了吸引螞蟻和昆蟲，但是目前大部分帶有花外蜜腺的植物的進(jìn)化史人們還不得而知。盡管如此，大多數(shù)生態(tài)學(xué)家相信所有的花外蜜腺都是為了吸引昆蟲以便防御自身。Ants are probably the most

5、frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plantsexploit this need by providing extrafloral nectarts ants with abundantenergy. To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killingrudinginsects

6、t might compete with ants for nectar. Many of theseruders areherbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.螞蟻或許是植物的最常見也無(wú)疑是最執(zhí)著的保護(hù)者了。因?yàn)楦叨然钴S的工蟻需要很多能量，而植物正好可以利用這一需求，為螞蟻提供花外蜜以滿足它們的能量需求。為了回報(bào)植物，螞蟻會(huì)蜜腺，趕走或殺死的昆蟲，因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)和螞蟻爭(zhēng)奪蜜腺。很多者是食草動(dòng)物，會(huì)植物的葉子。Biologists once thought physiological function, andt secretion o

7、f extrafloral nectar has some purelyernalt ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plantstsecrete it. This view and the op plants had been disputed for over a Morton Wheeler commented oning “protectionist” hypothesist ants defenddred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William the controversy. He cal

8、led for proof of theprotectionist view:t visiions of the ants confrotection on the plants andthe absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produceflowers or seedsn when the insects are present.t we now have an abundance ofthe proof t was called for was established when Bar

9、bara Bentley reviewed therelevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experimentshave provided still furthrooft ants benefit plants.生物學(xué)家曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為花外蜜只產(chǎn)生生理功能，螞蟻對(duì)花蜜的植物沒(méi)有任何益處。人們就該觀點(diǎn)及其反方觀點(diǎn)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)了很多年。反方觀點(diǎn)堅(jiān)持“保護(hù)主義者”假說(shuō)，認(rèn)為螞蟻能夠保護(hù)植物。1910 年，懷疑論者爭(zhēng)議做出了評(píng)論。他要求為“保護(hù)主義者”觀點(diǎn)提供對(duì)這一：螞蟻能為植物提供保護(hù)；如果沒(méi)有昆蟲，植物將會(huì)，或者不

10、能開花或結(jié)種?，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有充分表明昆蟲的確有益于植物，因?yàn)樵?1977 年賓利就已經(jīng)研究了相關(guān)，并且自那以后，的觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)也提供了的。One exle shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning gloriesagainstacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the Normerican morningfeed mainly on its flowers or fruits rathern its leaves. Grasshoppers feedi

11、ngon flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollengerminates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do notract pollinators and arenot fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a

12、large corolla, about 2.5 inches long,in an hour. Catillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Catillarsdevour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds asthey burrow in develofruits.有一個(gè)例子向展示了被花外蜜腺吸引的螞蟻如何保護(hù)牽牛花不被昆蟲的。牽?；ǖ念^號(hào)天敵昆蟲主要吸食牽?；ǖ幕ǘ浜凸麑?shí)而不是葉子。因?yàn)椴蒡煳郴ǘ?/p>

13、，破壞牽牛花的花冠或柱頭，而這正是接收花粉粒和花粉生長(zhǎng)的地方，所以間接阻斷了授粉和制造。一旦花冠被破壞，花朵不能再吸引傳份昆蟲，因此不能。一個(gè)成年草蜢可以在不到一個(gè)小時(shí)消耗一個(gè) 2.5 英寸的大型花冠。相比之下，毛毛蟲和象鼻蟲則是直接影響的形成。毛毛蟲毀壞子房，這是生產(chǎn)的地方。在果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中，象鼻蟲的幼蟲進(jìn)入果實(shí)蠶食。Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different specie

14、s of them. When buds are still small,lessn a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present andproducing nectar.They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruitmatures. Observations leave little doubtt ants protect morningflowers andfruits from the combined enemy f

15、orce of grasshoppers, catillars, and seed beetles.Bentley compares the seed production of six plantst grew where there were noants witht of seventeen plantst were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants boreonly 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are

16、 not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drivethem away by nip are much smallerat their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerabecause theyn grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturbfemales as they lay their eggs on develo manage to lay.fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do每個(gè)花萼底部的花外蜜腺可以吸引幾種不同的昆蟲，不過(guò) 96%都是螞蟻，盡管種類會(huì)有所不同。當(dāng)蓓蕾還小時(shí)，已經(jīng)有不到四分之一長(zhǎng)的花萼蜜