翻譯的基本技巧-被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯

1、專業(yè)word可編輯翻譯的基本技巧一一語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法1順譯法順譯成被動(dòng)句順譯成主動(dòng)句2倒譯法把by后的賓語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)把其他介詞后的賓語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句3分譯法一、順譯法既保留原文的主語(yǔ)，又要使譯文主要成分的順序和原文大體一致的翻譯方法就叫順譯法。順譯法 (Translation in Original Order)順譯成被動(dòng)句A.譯成被”字所謂被字句，就是在漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞前面加上一個(gè)被”字來(lái)表示被動(dòng)的句子。主要表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作不利于受事者或這個(gè)情況有點(diǎn)特殊，或者出乎意料。加上 被”字以引起讀者的注意并表示被“這一動(dòng)作動(dòng)作接受者(受事者)是不樂(lè)意或不情愿接受的。例 1 ：

2、 Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.譯文】維生素C受熱過(guò)度就會(huì)被破壞 例 2: Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newlyformed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate.譯文】花一旦被授了粉并受了精，植株就會(huì)對(duì)新生種子提供養(yǎng)料貯藏，以備種子未來(lái)發(fā)芽 之需。例 3: She t

3、hought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad,and imbruted partner! （Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre）譯文】她以為一切都是公正合法的，做夢(mèng)也沒(méi)想到過(guò)自己竟會(huì)被誘入欺詐婚姻的圈套，跟一個(gè)騙子、瘋子、十足的壞蛋締結(jié)姻緣。B.譯成挨”字句挨”僅用于翻譯該動(dòng)作是對(duì)動(dòng)作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子

4、。例 1 ： The boy was criticized yesterday.驛文】這孩子昨天挨了一頓批評(píng)。例 2 ： I was caught in the downpour.譯文】我在大雨中挨澆了 。C.譯成給”字句給”也是用于翻譯該動(dòng)作對(duì)動(dòng)作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。例 1 ： Our clothes were soaked with sweat.譯文】我們的衣服給汗水濕透了 例 2: The crops were washed away by the flood.譯文】莊稼給大水沖跑了 。例 3: Your car was towed away by a towing

5、truck from Lewis Company.譯文】路易斯公司的一輛拖車(chē)把你的汽車(chē)給拖走了。D.譯成叫、讓、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、力口、加以、引以、為所、經(jīng)所”等字句，用以加強(qiáng)說(shuō)話、表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣。例 1 ： You have been wetted in the rain.譯文】你叫雨淋濕了 。例 2: The 丫-rays are not affected by an electric field.譯文】射線不受電場(chǎng)影響。例 3 ： A lot of houses and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquak

6、e.驛文】許多房屋建筑、道路橋梁在這次海嘯中遭到破壞。例 4 ： It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.譯文】這件事必須在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候用適當(dāng)?shù)氖侄斡枰蕴幚?。課堂互動(dòng)1 ：翻譯下列句子，順譯成被動(dòng)句。Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded.譯文】立功的人將受到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。A program called a compiler was written by an expert in machine code and is storedin the

7、computer.譯文】編譯程序先由專家用機(jī)器代碼編碼寫(xiě)好然后儲(chǔ)存在計(jì)算機(jī)中Translation techniques should be paid enough attention to. TOC o 1-5 h z HYPERLINK l bookmark44 o Current Document 譯文】翻譯技巧應(yīng)予以足夠的重視。The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material.譯文】被談過(guò)話的申請(qǐng)人，要求交上必要的材料。Television keeps us informed about

8、 current events at home and abroad. HYPERLINK l bookmark48 o Current Document 譯文】電視使我們了解國(guó)內(nèi)外大事。1.2順譯成主動(dòng)句A.順譯成形式是主動(dòng)，意義上是被動(dòng)的句子 HYPERLINK l bookmark50 o Current Document 把英語(yǔ)句子順譯成主動(dòng)句，其形式是主動(dòng)，但從意義和邏輯關(guān)系上看還是被動(dòng)句。例 1: Love can not be forced.譯文】愛(ài)情不能強(qiáng)求。例 2: Love and cough cannot be hidden.譯文】愛(ài)情和咳嗽都無(wú)法隱藏。例 3: My h

9、olidays afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country.(Washington Irving)譯文】每逢假日的下午，我總要漫步周?chē)泥l(xiāng)村。例 4: Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine.譯文】疾病必須先確診，再用藥。B.改變?cè)牡闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，順譯成主動(dòng)句如果把英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句譯成漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句，則不符合漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，所以?？蓪⒂⒄Z(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句順譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，原文的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)形式，可轉(zhuǎn)變謂語(yǔ)，順譯

10、成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)形式。例 1 ： The teacher was satisfied with the answer.譯文】老師對(duì)回答感到滿意。例 2 ： I am told you are careless.譯文】聽(tīng)說(shuō)你很粗心大意。例 3: The long river is originated from that high mountain.譯文】這條大河發(fā)源于那座山。C.順譯成是的”結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)句子要著重表示的不是受事者受到了某個(gè)行動(dòng)這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)本身，而是與這個(gè)行動(dòng)有關(guān)的一些具體情況，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、方法等。也就是說(shuō)，句子里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是行動(dòng)的靜態(tài)而不是動(dòng)態(tài)的含義。這樣就可以順譯成漢語(yǔ)的是的”的

11、句式。其框架為 受事者一是一動(dòng)詞一的”。例 1 ： That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother. TOC o 1-5 h z 譯文】這個(gè)怪念頭是他哥哥想出來(lái)的。例 2: The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.譯文】美國(guó)的學(xué)分制是1872年在哈佛大學(xué)首先實(shí)施的。例 3: Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.譯文】詩(shī)歌吟唱時(shí)是由七弦琴伴奏的。例 4: The

12、 left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain.譯文】左耳是由大腦的右側(cè)控制的。課堂互動(dòng)2 :翻譯下列句子，順譯成主動(dòng)句This is a question to be answered at once. TOC o 1-5 h z 譯文】這是一個(gè)要立即回答的問(wèn)題。We are deeply touched by the hero s loyalty to the cause.譯文】我們深為英雄忠于事業(yè)的精神所感動(dòng)。The novels of Dickens have already been translated into man

13、y languages.譯文】狄更斯的小說(shuō)已經(jīng)譯成了好幾種語(yǔ)言。The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science.譯文】這一發(fā)現(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)界得到很高的評(píng)價(jià)。Wells and spring are supplied with underground water.譯文】井水和泉水都是地下水。I was received by a tall, lithe, vibrant woman in her 70s, white-haired, and still beautiful.譯文】接見(jiàn)我的是一位高挑輕

14、盈、滿頭銀發(fā)的女人。雖然年逾古稀，卻依然神采奕奕、風(fēng)韻猶存。2. 倒譯法 (Translation in Reverse Order)倒譯法就是將英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)漢譯成賓語(yǔ)的翻譯方法。倒譯法又分完全倒譯法和部分倒譯法。完全倒譯法是把原文by或其他介詞后的賓語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)；部分倒譯法譯出的漢語(yǔ)句子常是無(wú)主句。2. 1 把by后的賓語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)例 1: Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. TOC o 1-5 h z 譯文】然而，人類(lèi)只利用了這種能量的一部分。例 2: Rivers are controlled by dams.譯

15、文】攔河大壩把河流控制住了。例 3: We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism.譯文】社會(huì)主義給我們帶來(lái)了自由和幸福。例 4: Light and heat can be given to us by the sun.譯文】太陽(yáng)供給我們光和熱。例 5: At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.譯文】一個(gè)正常的人每天至少需要兩夸脫的水。2把其他介詞后的賓語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)例 1 ： Heat is removed from the bod

16、y during sweating.譯文】出汗時(shí)人體散發(fā)熱量。例 2: Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book.譯文】這本參考書(shū)提供了大量的練習(xí)和問(wèn)題。例 3: The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.譯文】全世界都使用同樣的數(shù)學(xué)記號(hào)和符號(hào)。例 4 ： 50 laboratories have been built in our school.譯文】我們學(xué)校已建立了50個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。例 5: The

17、compass was invented in China 4 000 years ago.譯文】4000年前中國(guó)發(fā)明了指南針。3倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句將原文主語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)，譯出的漢語(yǔ)句子常是無(wú)主句。有時(shí)也會(huì)譯成動(dòng)賓詞組作主語(yǔ)的句子，這種譯法更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，通順自然。對(duì)于原文中未提及動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（施事者）的句子?？刹扇∵@種翻譯方法 。例 1 ： Quality of products must be guaranteed first.譯文】首先要確保產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。例 2: The goods are urgently needed.譯文】急需此貨。例 3: Smoking is not allo

18、wed here.譯文】此處禁止吸煙。例 4: Children should be taught to speak the truth.譯文】應(yīng)該教育兒童講真話。例 5: You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered.譯文】書(shū)到后應(yīng)立即付款。課堂互動(dòng)3:運(yùn)用倒譯法翻譯下列句子Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds.譯文】要達(dá)到如此神奇的速度，需要進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的研究工作。Helsinki became a flour

19、ishing port, and a university was founded at Turku.譯文】赫爾辛基變成了一個(gè)繁榮的港口 ，在圖爾庫(kù)還建成了一所大學(xué) 。The matter was never mentioned again ever since.譯文】從那以后再也沒(méi)有提起過(guò)那件事I am saying that if they are read in a historical order, the effort is rewarded.譯文】我是說(shuō)，如果按歷史順序閱讀，則不會(huì)徒勞無(wú)益。3 分譯法(Splitting Translation)把原文的主語(yǔ)部分或被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞從原

20、文中分出來(lái)，單獨(dú)譯成一個(gè)帶主語(yǔ)或不帶主語(yǔ)的分句，放在句首，剩余部分再譯成一句或幾句，跟在其后。It + be + V.-ed + that-cl.1It is asked that It is asserted that It is felt that It is preferred that It is recommended thatIt is suggested that TOC o 1-5 h z It is stressed thatIt will be said that-It is believed thatIt is estimated thatIt is announced

21、thatIt is pointed out that結(jié)構(gòu)有人會(huì)問(wèn)有人主張有人感到；人們認(rèn)為有人建議有人建議；有人推薦有人建議有人強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)有人會(huì)說(shuō)有人相信有人估計(jì)有人通知;有人宣稱有人指出有人宣稱It is claimed that It is declared that有人提出It is described that有人介紹說(shuō)It has been objected thatIt is thought that It is taken that It is reputed thatIt is regarded that It is noticed thatIt is noted that It

22、is sometimes asked thatIt was told thatIt is supposed thatIt is expected thatIt is hoped thatIt is still to be hoped that有人反駁說(shuō)人們認(rèn)為；有人認(rèn)為人們認(rèn)為人們認(rèn)為人們認(rèn)為人們注意到 ；有人指出人們注意到；有人指出人們有時(shí)會(huì)問(wèn)人們?cè)f(shuō)人們猜測(cè) 人們希望人們希望我們?nèi)詰?yīng)希望It is generally considered that 大家認(rèn)為It is well known that 眾所周知例 1: It is pointed out that there may be

23、as many as 100 000 different sorts of proteinsin a man s body.譯文】有人指出人體內(nèi)不同種類(lèi)的蛋白質(zhì)可多達(dá)10萬(wàn)種。例 2 ： It is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being.譯文】人們知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以使人體充滿一種愉快的感覺(jué)。例 3: During the enquiry, it was discovered that h

24、er death had not been an accident.譯文】在調(diào)查中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)她并非死于意外事故。例 4 ： It is generally assumed that the ascertainment and recording of facts is thetechnique of history, and that the phenomena in the province of this technique are the social phenomena of civilization.譯文】一般人都認(rèn)為考核和記錄事實(shí)是歷史的方法，在這種方法使用范圍以內(nèi)的現(xiàn)象就是文明的

25、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。2 S + be + v.-ed + to-v. ”結(jié)構(gòu)原句的主語(yǔ)是名詞或人稱代詞，翻譯時(shí)添加 打人，人們，大家，我們”等，譯成分句，其余部分分層譯出。此結(jié)構(gòu)如下：S + be known to-V 大家知道，/人們（都）知道，S + be held to-V人們認(rèn)為，S + be considered to-V 我們認(rèn)為，S + be found toN 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，S + be thought to-V 有人認(rèn)為, 例 1 ： All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.譯文】人們（者B）知道，地球上的一切物質(zhì)均具有重量

26、。例 2: Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room.譯文】有人看見(jiàn)小德里克在閱覽室看書(shū) 例 3: The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.譯文】人們很早就知道油井的存在。例 4: She was much run after in her youth.譯文】她年輕時(shí)，有許多人追求她。3譯成據(jù)”字句原句的主語(yǔ)也是名詞或人稱代詞，翻譯時(shí)常把被動(dòng)的部分譯成據(jù)”，然后再按主謂順序譯出其余部分。常見(jiàn)于下列句型結(jié)構(gòu)。S + be said to-V 據(jù)說(shuō)S +

27、 be reported to-V 據(jù)報(bào)道S + be stated to-V 據(jù)稱S + be known to-V 據(jù)了解例 1 ： She is said to have studied English for three years.譯文】據(jù)說(shuō)她已經(jīng)學(xué)了三年英語(yǔ)。例 2: The area is known to be rich in natural resources.譯文】據(jù)了解，這個(gè)地區(qū)有豐富的自然資源 。例 3： The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we get well prepared for it.譯文】即將舉行的物理考試據(jù)說(shuō)相當(dāng)難，所以我們必須做好充分準(zhǔn)備。例 4: The novel