《關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)總論》件課件

1、 Arthrology 關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)山東大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院 解剖學(xué)教研室第1頁，共29頁。 Classification There are two major types of articulations or joint.一Continuous joints 直接連結(jié)1.Fibrous joints 纖維連結(jié): bones are united by fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis 韌帶連結(jié)Suture 縫2.Cartilaginous joints 軟骨連結(jié): bones are united by cartilageSynchondrosis 透明軟骨結(jié)合

2、: bones are united by hyaline cartilageSymphysis 纖維軟骨聯(lián)合: bones are united by fibrocartilage3.Synosteosis 骨性結(jié)合二Discontinuous joints 間接連結(jié)synovial joints 滑膜關(guān)節(jié)第2頁，共29頁。Synovial joints 滑膜關(guān)節(jié)1.Basic structuresArticular surface關(guān)節(jié)面: covered by articular cartilage 關(guān)節(jié)軟骨 Articular capsule 關(guān)節(jié)囊Fibrous membrane纖維膜

3、Synovial membrane 滑膜Articular cavity關(guān)節(jié)腔: containing synovial fluid; negative pressure in it第3頁，共29頁。2.Accessory structuresLigaments韌帶(lig.): extra- and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(內(nèi))韌帶Articular disc關(guān)節(jié)盤 and articular labrum 關(guān)節(jié)唇:Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊第4頁，共29頁。Terms movements of jointsTr

4、anslation 移動 Flexion and extension 屈和伸在足部屈稱為跖屈,伸稱為背屈第5頁，共29頁。Adduction and abduction 收和展第6頁，共29頁。第7頁，共29頁。第8頁，共29頁。Classification of synovial joints關(guān)節(jié)的分類Uniaxial joints單軸關(guān)節(jié): hinge joints 屈戍關(guān)節(jié)trochoid (pivot) joints車軸關(guān)節(jié)Biaxial joints雙軸關(guān)節(jié):ellipsoid joints 橢圓關(guān)節(jié)saddle joints 鞍狀關(guān)節(jié)Multiaxial joints多軸關(guān)節(jié): b

5、all-and-socket joint 球窩關(guān)節(jié)plane joints 平面關(guān)節(jié)第9頁，共29頁。Articulations of Bones of Trunk軀干骨的連結(jié) The vertebral column脊柱 Composition:consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. 第10頁，共29頁。1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎體間的連結(jié)Intervertebral discs 椎間盤 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed o

6、f:Nucleus pulposus髓核, an inner soft, gelatinous膠狀的, highly elastic structure Annulus fibrosus纖維環(huán) an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage纖維軟骨第11頁，共29頁。Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脫出第12頁，共29頁。Anterior longitudinal ligament 前縱韌帶Position:Strong band covering the anterior part of the vert

7、ebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2 function:prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column and anterior protrusion of the discsPosterior longitudinal ligament后縱韌帶Position: Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs

8、and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacral canal.function:Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column第13頁，共29頁。 2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓間的連結(jié)Ligamenta flava 黃韌帶 Position:unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canalfun

9、ction: prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.Interspinal ligament 棘間韌帶Supraspinal ligament 棘上韌帶Ligamentum nuchae項韌帶 Intertransverse ligament橫突間韌帶 Zygapophysial joint 關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)下部肋椎關(guān)節(jié)（后面觀）第14頁，共29頁。3.Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕關(guān)節(jié)composition:superior articular fovea of atlas and occipital condylesliga

10、ment:寰枕前膜寰枕后膜第15頁，共29頁。3.Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕關(guān)節(jié)Action 頭部作前屈后伸,側(cè)屈運動. 第16頁，共29頁。4.Atlantoaxial joint 寰樞關(guān)節(jié)Three synovial joints between atlas and axis寰樞外側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)寰樞正中關(guān)節(jié) ligaments:apical ligament of dens 齒突尖韌帶alar ligament 翼狀韌帶transverse ligament of atlas寰椎橫韌帶 tectorial membrane 覆膜Action 使頭部連同寰椎進行旋轉(zhuǎn)運動.第1

11、7頁，共29頁。Normal Curves of vertebral columnCervical curvature頸曲 convex forwardThoracic curvature胸曲 convex backward Lumbar curvature腰曲 convex forwardSacral curvature骶曲 convex backward Movement of the vertebral column flexion extensionlateral flexion rotation第18頁，共29頁。第19頁，共29頁。Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂第

12、20頁，共29頁。Thoracic cage 胸廓CompositionBones consists of twelve thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs , sternum and their joints.第21頁，共29頁。Joints1.Costovertebral joints 肋椎關(guān)節(jié)Joints of costal head 肋頭關(guān)節(jié)Costotransverse joints 肋橫突關(guān)節(jié)2.肋軟骨與胸骨的連結(jié)Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib 第一胸肋結(jié)合Sternocostal joi

13、nts胸肋關(guān)節(jié): Interchondral joints軟骨間關(guān)節(jié): costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 fuse with each other ,the common cartilage of these ribs unite with 7 costal cartilage to form the costal arch肋弓第22頁，共29頁。General features of thoracic cageIs conical in shape, transverse diameter is long,anteroposterior diameter is s

14、hort, narrow above and broad below.Inlet of thorax胸廓上口: bounded by upper border of manubrium, the first pair of ribs, and vertebra T1Outlet of thorax胸廓下口: bounded by vertebra T12, 12th and 11th ribs, costal arch and xiphoid processInfrasternal angle胸骨下角: formed by the costal arch of both sideInterco

15、stal spaces肋間隙: lie between the ribs,11pairs.第23頁，共29頁。Function: protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; plays a vital role in the process of breathingInspirationExpiration 第24頁，共29頁。Joints of skull 顱骨的連結(jié)Continuous joints: sutures, synchondrosis or synosteosis第25頁，共29頁

16、。Temporomandibular joint 顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)composition:Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, aboveHead of mandibule, below feature: Capsule: thin and lax in front and medial wallstrengthened by the lateral ligament 外側(cè)韌帶Articular disc: separates surfaces, forming upper and lower compartments within jointMoveme

17、nt: mandible may be elevated or depressed, protruded or retracted and lateral movement is permitted.第26頁，共29頁。Teaching outline1.Master the essential structure, accessory structure. 2.Master the shape, structure of the intervertebral discs, the position and function of the anterior, posterior longitudinal ligaments,the position and function of the ligamenta flava.3.Master the composition ,master the normal curves and the moveme