職業(yè)大學英語Unit Three

1、Unit Three Text AText B能力分析訓練Text A A lack of economic incentives for merchants and the high cost of implementation are keeping the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) protocol from gaining acceptance.Related terms：Digital certificate Digital certificate is an electronic identification that says the

2、 user is who he or she claims to be. Its issued by a bank or clearinghouse and contains information about the user. Digital signature Digital signature is a code that guarantees a senders，identity. If an unauthorized person decrypts it, the digital signature will be altered and the recipient will kn

3、ow of the trap. Digital wallet Digital wallet is a file or set of records for a user that contains all account information, such as credit-card numbers and digital certificate. Electronic cash A form of money encoded on a credit card or in a digital wallet. Like cash, ifits lost or stolen, it cant b

4、e replaced. It lets you make anonymous transactions. Smart card A credit card embedded with a chip containing a digital wallet and information about the cardholder. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) SSL is the current standard for electronic transactions. Its a simpler standard than SET, but its less secure

5、. Because of SSLs simplicity, analysts expect it to be used as the interface between the online buyer and the merchant. Trusted authority Trusted authority is an organization that generates and validates secure keys. This is separate from an organization that performs the monetary transactions. Futu

6、re Demand Undetected fraud on the Internet is relatively low. Analysts agree that the banks and the clearinghouses will have to purchase SET transaction servers, and the clearinghouses will have to set up and distribute the users and merchants identification, called digital certificates. Furthermore

7、, while SET was being developed and tested, other security measures cut the risk of fraud greatly. Most companies will need to add new validation, protocol-management and encryption/decryption software while using existing credit-card payment networks and Internet servers. And consumers will need to

8、 have SET software on their computers.Notes 1The 2-year-old standard, co-owned by Visa International Service Association and MasterCard International, Inc., is in trial tests in Europe and Asia. （1）co-owned by Visa International Service Association and MasterCard International是過去分詞短語，作定語修飾前面的the 2-y

9、ear-old standard，過去分詞和現在分詞都可以作定語。 例如：the work done by Mary 瑪麗做的工作 the car moving on the ground 在路面上行駛的汽車 （2）過去分詞和現在分詞還可以作狀語。例如： She left for home, crying. 她哭著回家了。 Punished by the manager, they walked home. 被經理懲罰后，他們步行回家了。 本句譯為：這個協(xié)議標準為萬事達公司和VISA公司所共同擁有，已經有兩年歷史，目前在歐洲和亞洲正處于試用階段。 2An electronic identifi

10、cation that says the user is who he or she claims to be. say這個單詞在這里不能直譯為“說，講”，而因根據上下文翻譯為“說明，宣稱，表明”。例如： What do these figures say? 這些數字說明什么？ My watch says ten to four. 我的表上是三點五十分。 a glance that says much 含義很深的一瞥 本句譯為：數字證書是一種電子認證，它可以表明用戶的身份。 3A credit card embedded with a chip containing a digital wal

11、let and information about the cardholder. embedded with a chip containing a digital wallet and information about the cardholder是過去分詞短語，作定語修飾前面的a credit card，但在該過去分詞中又嵌套了一個現在分詞短語containing a digital wallet and information about the cardholder，作定語修飾前面的a chip。 本句譯為：智能卡是在信用卡中植入一個包含了數字錢包和有關持卡人信息的芯片。 4But

12、 as Internet commerce grows, the cost of fraud to merchants will grow, Glass says, and that will cause retailers to adopt SET. 該句中有兩個grow，但在翻譯中應表現不同的含義。 第一個grow 相當于develop，可理解為“發(fā)展”，第二個grow相當于increase，可理解為“增加”。 本句譯為：但是隨著互聯(lián)網商務的發(fā)展，對于商家而言，欺詐行為所帶來的代價也隨之增加。 這將導致零售商們爭相采用SET協(xié)議。 5Its difficult to figure the

13、actual cost of SET, but its expensive because its so secure.（1）figure n. 外形；輪廓 have a well-developed figure 體態(tài)健壯 the figure of a ship on the horizon 地平線上的船形（2）figure v. 計算 figure the number of the present people 計算出現場的人數 本句譯為：很難計算出SET協(xié)議的實際成本，但總之會很昂貴，因為它很安全。 6Theres really no good estimate of what it

14、 will cost estimate作為名詞，譯為“估計；估價”。例如： by rough estimate 據粗略的估計 make an estimate of the height of a mountain 估計一座山的高度 本句譯為：現在確實還沒有一種好的方法來估計它究竟要花費多少錢 7Most companies will need to add new validation, protocol-management and encryption/decryption software while using existing credit-card payment network

15、s and Internet servers. 這里的while using existing credit-card payment networks and Internet servers 就等于while they use existing credit-card payment networks and Internet servers （這里的they代指前面的most companies）。 當狀語從句中的主語和主句中的主語相同時，從句中的主語可省略，并以分詞短語的形式出現。 例如：She heard someone knocking on the door when havin

16、g tea in the garden. 她在花園里喝茶時聽見有人在敲門。 When walking in the street, the men encountered an old friend who had moved to another city for many years. 這個人在路上走著的時候巧遇了一位已移居另一城市多年的老朋友。 本句譯為：在使用現有的信用卡付款網絡和互聯(lián)網服務器時，大多數公司必須要添加新的認證、協(xié)議管理和加密/解密軟件。Text B Internet security problem is a commonly believed barrier for

17、electronic commerce development. Many techniques to ensure secure E-commerce, to some way, are all for offering security services. In order to avoid the attack of all risks, people use various methods, among which encryptions, hashing, digital signatures and digital certificates are the main forms.

18、One way to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of messages is to make sure that even if they fall into the wrong hands they cannot be read. This is where cryptography comes into play. Regardless of the level of sophistication, all cryptography has four basic parts:1.Encryption 1Plaintextthe origi

19、nal message in human-readable form. 2Ciphertextthe plaintext message after it has been encrypted into unreadable form. 3Encryption algorithmthe mathematical formula used to encrypt the plaintext into ciphertext and vice versa. 4Keythe secret key used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Different keys

20、produce different ciphertext when used with the same algorithm. Cryptography enables not only text but also binary informationvideo, sound and executable software modulesto be encrypted for secure transmission across the Internet. In order to verify that the contents of a message have not been alter

21、ed in any way, integrity check values or hash values are usually employed. A hash is a one-way function, meaning that it is virtually impossible to reverse the process and produce a message from the check value. 2.Hashing How can you ensure that a message is actually coming from the person you think

22、? One part of the answer is a digital signature the network equivalent of a personal signature that cannot be forged. Digital signatures are based on public key encryption.3.Digital Signatures: Authentication and Non-denial Digital certificates verify that the holder of a public and private key is w

23、ho they claim to be. Individuals or companies apply for digital certificates by sending the CA their public key and identifying information. The CA verifies the information and creates a certificate that contains the applicants public key along with identifying information. The CA uses their private

24、 key to encrypt the certificate and sends the signed certificate to the applicant.4. Digital Certificates and Certificate AuthoritiesNotes 1DES：Data Encryption Standard 數據加密標準，是1997年由美國政府開發(fā)。 2National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 國際標準技術組織 3RSA：named after its inventors Ronald Rivest,

25、 Adi Shamir and Leonard Adelman. 以它的發(fā)明人Ronald Rivest，Adi Shamir和Leonard命名的。 4public (private) key encryption 公（私）鑰，也是不對稱（對稱）密鑰的別稱 5digital envelope 數字信封 6散列算法是一種衡量信息真實性的工具，它是不可逆的。 一般用戶將信息通過散列算法得出信息摘要，信息摘要連同真實信息一同發(fā)送，到達接受方時，接受方將接到的信息也進行一次散列算法，得出新的信息摘要。 如果兩個信息摘要相同，則表明信息未被改動。 7ISO：International Standard

26、 Organization 國際標準化組織 8數字簽名用到了公鑰和散列算法，不僅保證了信息的保密性，而且可以驗證信息的真實性。 發(fā)送者同時發(fā)送加密后信息和加密后的信息摘要，接受方將信息意義解密，并對信息進行散列計算，得出新的信息摘要。 通過比較兩次的信息摘要，可知信息是否真實。 9CA認證機構是專門為網絡通信各方提供身份證明的第三方機構。 證書通常分為個人證書和服務器證書兩類，分別用于見證網絡兩端用戶的合法身份。 證書中包含了使用者的身份信息和公鑰以及頒證機構的信息、數字簽名。能力分析訓練Skills of UnderstandingSkills of Translation Skills o

27、f Business E-mail Writing Skills of Oral Language in Working Condition Skills of Understanding猜 測 詞 義 不管我們是在進行平常閱讀還是做閱讀理解試題，總會遇到生詞。 平常閱讀時如果遇到生詞就查詞典，那樣不光太費時間也不利于閱讀能力的提高（筆者主張適當地查閱詞典或詞匯表）；而考試中又不允許查詞典；再者，英語詞匯含義繁多，在不同的上下文中會有不同的含義，因此掌握一點猜測詞義的技巧是必要的。 猜測詞義所利用的上下文線索或暗示主要有4種，另外我們還可以根據構詞法來猜測詞義。 有時在一篇文章中，某些生詞的詞

28、義被其后面的短語或句子所解釋。（1）定義詞 A hobby is a leisure-time interest or activity taken up mainly for pleasure. 在句中，a leisure-time interest or activity taken up mainly for pleasure（主要是為了娛樂在業(yè)余時間所從事的興趣活動）就解釋了hobby的意思，即“業(yè)余愛好”。1釋義（definition） He is a warm-hearted person who is always ready to help others. 定語從句who is

29、 always ready to help others解釋了warm-hearted的意思，即“熱心腸的，樂于助人的”。（2）同位語或定語從句 He takes a special interest in botanythe study of plants. 破折號往往表示解釋或說明。Botany意思就是the study of plants（植物學）。（3）提示性標點符號 重述即在某個篇章中作者對前面的一句話重新或補充陳述。 這種重新陳述中往往包含前面句子中某個生詞的含義。引導重述最常用的詞或表達法有or、i.e.、thats to say等。 An unsuccessful firm o

30、r individual may go from insolvency to bankruptcy by a written admission that the liabilities or debts exceed the value of assets. 如果你不知道liabilities這個詞的詞義，那么后面的重復詞debts就告訴我們該詞的意思為“債務”。2重述（restatement） 有時候，讀者可以從上下文的有關信息猜測出某個詞的詞義。 所謂相關信息包括舉例等。 She is held in high esteem for her outstanding research on

31、 cataract and other diseases of the eye. 從other diseases of the eye我們可以猜測出cataract是一種眼病。3相關信息（related information）或常識（common sense） 在比較暗示中常用的引導詞有l(wèi)ike和asas等；對照暗示中常用的引導詞有but、while、however、unlike、on the other hand、in contrast等。 She is so quiet, but her brother is so talkative. 她沉默寡言，而她的兄弟卻talkative，根據上

32、下文的邏輯關系（由but傳達），我們可以猜測出該詞意為“健談的、多話的”。 Mary manages money judiciously while I manage money unwisely. 同樣，從while可知，judiciously是unwisely的反意，意為“明智的”。4對照或比較（contrast and comparison） 英語中有許多詞的構成是有規(guī)律的，比如前綴dis-，in-，im-，non-，un-，ir-，il-表示否定；后綴-able表示“能夠的、可以的”，或“值得的”。 英語中主要的構詞法有4種：派生法、轉化法、合成法以及縮略法。 可找一些有關資料看看，在

33、這里就不再贅述。 Have you disconnected the hose from the tap? connect的意思是“連接”，前綴dis-表示否定，因此我們可以判斷出disconnect的意思為“使斷開或分開”。5構詞法（word formation） 請運用上面介紹的5種猜測詞義法猜測出斜體詞的含義。 1Generally a contract is unenforceable or becomes void when any of these essential elements is disregarded. 2He looked at me appraisingly as

34、 if measuring me for a suit. 3Hobbyists raise pets, build model ships, weave baskets, or carve soap figures.Exercises of Such Skill 4Mother was tall，fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman，almost as plump as mother，and much shorter. 5A protective tariff is designed to dis

35、courage foreign business from shipping certain goods into the country. 6Voluntary bankruptcy is initiated by the debtor, while involuntary bankruptcy is petitioned by creditors. 7He enjoys reading periodicals, such as Times Magazine, Newsweek, Readers Digest, etc. 8Smith and Tom are close friends; t

36、hey never fall out.Skills of Translation詞 的 增 減 翻譯中的增詞與減詞并不是沒有限制的，更不能隨心所欲。 增詞與減詞是應譯文語言的需要而采用的翻譯處理手法。 He majors in English and I, in French. 他主修英語，我主修法語。 He cut short by one day his stay in Bagdad. 他把他在巴格達逗留的時間縮短了一天。 （以上兩句中的“主修”、“的時間”屬增詞譯法。）1增詞法 Workers should avoid using these materials wastefully.

37、工人應節(jié)余使用這些材料。 （句中的“節(jié)約”是由avoid和wastefully合并而譯出。） The advantage of rolling bearings is that they cause less friction. 滾動軸承的優(yōu)點在于產生的摩擦較小。 （句中減去了原文中的they。）2減詞法 將下列句子譯成漢語，注意句中斜體部分的增減譯法。 1When anyone among people breaks the law, he too should be punished. 2In spite of the difficulties, our task was got over

38、 well. 3To give you some idea of birth rate, look at the second of your watch. 4Different metals differ in their conductivity.Exercises of Such SkillSkills of Business E-mail Writing邀 請 信 In some cases we write E-mails to arrange activities. Writing an E-mail is different from having a conversation,

39、 so we must follow certain etiquette. Now read the following sample, and try to learn how to write a polite and effective E-mail invitation. 有時我們通過E-mail來安排娛樂活動。 E-mail寫作與日常對話是不同的，因此我們需要遵循一些禮節(jié)。 請閱讀以下給出的范例，學習如何寫出禮貌而有效的邀請函。From: LisaTo: SCc:BCC:Subject: Invitation!Date: Wed, Nov 30, 2009A. E-mail invi

40、tations電郵邀請函Dear Sandy, You are invited to the annual Christmas party for Future Business staff（全體職員）and their families from 1:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m. on Dec 23. We will make some arrangements（安排）in the meeting room and stock the table with our favorite treats, including champagne（香檳）, ham, and turkey with all the trimmings（配料）. Special activities for children will begin at 2:00 p.m. Please reply to this E-mail with the number of people that you will bring along. Dress is casual.Sincerel