水資源綜合管理

1、水資源綜合管理（IWRM） Introduction to Principles and Practices -原理與實踐簡介 1. 1。 The Current Water “Picture” 現(xiàn)行水“圖片” Water is essential to sustain human life. 水是維持人類生命。 It plays a vital role in many human 它起著至關(guān)重要的作用，許多人 activities, including industrial production, agriculture, energy, sanitation, and transport

2、ation, 活動，包括工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，農(nóng)業(yè)，能源，衛(wèi)生，交通， in addition to sustaining ecosystems that provide valuable services to both environment and 除了維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)提供有價值的服務及環(huán)境保護 human. 人類。 Although water seems to be abundant on the planet, 97% of the Earths water is 雖然水似乎是地球上豐富的水，對97的地球 seawater, making it unfit for most human uses.

3、 海水，使它不適合大多數(shù)人使用。 Of the remaining 3%, 87% is inaccessible, 余下的3，87是無法訪問， either locked in polar icecaps or in deep underground aquifers. 要么鎖在極地冰蓋或在很深的地下蓄水層。 Thus, only 0.4% of all of the 因此，只有0.4的所有 water on earth is in a form that is usable and accessible by human beings (CAP-Net 2003). 水是地球上的形式是可用

4、的和）進入2003年的凈人（上限。 Out of all renewable freshwater that reaches land by precipitation, most returns to the 在各種可再生淡水的降水土地，返回到最 atmosphere via evapo-transpiration, while the remainder is available as runoff. 通過大氣，土壤水分蒸發(fā)，蒸騰，而其余部分可作為徑流。 Thus, while 因此，雖然 only 8% of total renewable freshwater is being use

5、d directly by humans, it is estimated that 只有8的總的可再生淡水是人類直接使用，據(jù)估計， 54% of accessible annual runoff is currently withdrawn, with higher figures in water-scarce 徑流54，目前每年的訪問撤回，具有較高的數(shù)字，在缺水 areas (UN WWDR1, 2003). 地區(qū)（聯(lián)合國WWDR1，2003年）。 The scarcity of water is being noticed in much of the world. 在缺水的被發(fā)現(xiàn)在世

6、界許多地方的。 More than two billion 超過20億 people in 40 countries live in river basins under “water stress”, where per capita supply is 在40個國家的人民生活在江河流域在“水分脅迫”，其中人均供水 less than 1,700 m 小于1700米 3 3 per year (Revenga 2000). 每年（雷文2000年）。 Population growth and economic development 人口增長和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 have caused demand

7、for water to increase drastically over the past century. 造成水的需求大幅增加，在過去的世紀。 Global 全球 population increased by a factor of three during the 20 人口增長了3倍，期間20 th 日 century, while water withdrawals 新世紀，抽水 increased by a factor of seven (GWP 2000). 增加了7個因子（GWP值2000）。 Population growth and economic develop

8、ment 人口增長和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 contribute to pollution from municipal waste, mining and industry, and agricultural runoff, 推動城市垃圾污染，采礦和工業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)徑流， all of which further degrade water quality and thus the amount of quality water sources, 所有這些都進一步降低水的質(zhì)量，從而來源數(shù)量的優(yōu)質(zhì)水， further exacerbating the quantity of usable waters. 進一步加

9、劇了水的可用數(shù)量。 Already many regions of the world 在世界許多地區(qū)已 withdraw more water than is locally renewable, either through inter-basin transfers or 收回更多的水比本地可再生或，或者通過跨流域轉(zhuǎn)讓 unsustainable groundwater mining (Fig. 1). 不可持續(xù)的地下水開采（圖1）。 As global population is expected to increase 由于全球人口預計將增加 from six billion to

10、ten billion people over the next 50 some years, demand on scarce water 從60億增加到10億人在未來50多年的，稀缺的水資源的需求 resources will increase further (CAP-Net 2003). 資源將進一步增加（上限網(wǎng)2003年）。 1 一 This paper was prepared for the Africa Regional Workshop on IWRM, Nairobi, Oct. 29-Nov. 本文是11月編寫的非洲水資源綜合管理的區(qū)域講習班，內(nèi)羅畢10月29。 2006

11、, under 2006年，根據(jù) GEFs International Waters Learn Program. 全球環(huán)境基金的國際水域的學習計劃。 2 2 Mei Xie, senior water resources management specialist, World Bank Institute (WBI). 謝梅，高級水資源管理專家，世界銀行學院（世界銀行學院）。 Special thanks go 特別感謝 to the contribution of Nadav Tanners for the collection and review of literature at W

12、BI, Aug. 2006. 對文學的貢獻Nadav塔納斯的收集和審查在世界銀行學院，2006年8月。 Page 2 2頁 2 2 Competition for scarce water resources already is a source of conflict in many areas. 資源稀缺的水資源比賽已經(jīng)是一個地區(qū)的沖突在許多來源。 Potential exists for these conflicts to escalate as water scarcity increases. 存在潛在的缺水問題增加了這些沖突升級為。 Conflicts exist 存在沖突 b

13、etween competing sectors that depend on the same water body/river basins. 行業(yè)之間的競爭是在同一流域取決于水體/河流。 Rivers and 河流與 lakes that cross international boundaries have potential for conflict, as countries can limit 湖泊跨越國際邊界沖突有潛力的，因為國家可以限制 other countries access to the water resource through over-extraction o

14、r pollution. 國家的其他獲得通過水資源過度開采和污染。 According to UNWWDR1 2003, 263 river basins are shared by two or more nations, 據(jù)UNWWDR1 2003年，263流域是兩個或兩個以上的國家， indicating that international competition for shared water bodies could be a series source of 這表明共享的水資源國際競爭機構(gòu)可能是一個系列的來源 international conflict in the futu

15、re. 在未來的國際沖突。 Conflict also exists among various water use sectors and 沖突還存在著各用水部門和 societies between urban and rural water users, between hydropower demand and 社會，城市和農(nóng)村之間的水用戶之間的需求和水電 agriculture user, between upstream and downstream areas. 農(nóng)業(yè)用戶，上游和下游之間的地區(qū)。 Moreover, most of current water 此外，目前大部分水

16、management systems undervalue environmental water needs. 管理系統(tǒng)低估環(huán)境的用水需求。 When vital ecosystem 當重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng) services do not receive the water allocations they need to function, they would impact the 服務沒有得到他們所需要的水資源分配的功能，它們將影響 communities that depend on them. 他們對社區(qū)的依賴。 Source: UN WWDR2 2006 資料來源：聯(lián)合國2006年WW

17、DR2 The vast majority of future population growth will occur in developing countries, 絕大多數(shù)的人口增長未來將發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國家， many of which already suffer water scarcity problems and lack the infrastructure and 其中許多已經(jīng)受到水資源短缺的問題，缺乏基礎(chǔ)設施和 institutions needed to provide water services and manage water conflicts effective

18、ly. 機構(gòu)需要提供供水服務和有效管理水資源的沖突。 Almost all current and projected countries with less than 2000 m 國家不到2000米，幾乎所有目前和預計的 3 3 annual per capita 年人均 freshwater availability are located in Africa, the Middle East, and South-east Asia (Figure 2). 淡水供應是位于非洲，中東和東南亞（圖2）。 Half of the population of the developing wo

19、rld is exposed to polluted sources of water 世界一半人口的發(fā)展是受到污染的水來源 (CAP-Net 2003), a situation caused by a combination of inadequate water supply and （第網(wǎng)2003年），供應和水的情況不足造成的組合 sanitation infrastructure, poor management of utilities, and lack of regulation protecting 衛(wèi)生基礎(chǔ)設施，公用設施管理不善，缺乏調(diào)控和保護 water sources

20、from pollution. 從污染的水源。 Despite focused efforts to improve access to sanitation and 盡管集中精力，努力改善衛(wèi)生設施和 water supply as part of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), half of the developing 供水作為發(fā)展的一部分，千年發(fā)展目標（MDG）的是，半數(shù) world still lacks access to basic sanitation, and 20% of the developing world lacks

21、access to 世界上仍然缺乏基本的衛(wèi)生設施，20的世界發(fā)展中國家無法獲得 improved sources of water supply (MDG Report 2006). 2006）改善供水來源（千年發(fā)展目標報告。 UN WWDR1 (2003) indicates that 聯(lián)合國WWDR1（2003）指出， 6,000 people, mostly children under the age of five, die every day from water-related 6000人，其中多數(shù)是兒童5歲以下的，每天死于與水有關(guān)的 diseases. 疾病。 Extreme

22、drought and flood events, which occur naturally but can be exacerbated 極端干旱和洪水事件，這自然會出現(xiàn)，但可以加劇 Figure 1. 圖1。 Page 3 第3頁 3 3 by land mismanagement or climate change, are also serious problems in developing 由土地管理不善或氣候變化，在發(fā)展中也存在嚴重問題 countries. 國家。 Figure 2 Global Water Scarcity 圖2全球水資源短缺 Source: Fischer

23、 and Heilig 1997 資料來源：1997年菲舍爾和海利格 2. 2。 Failure of Existing Water Management Approaches 失效現(xiàn)有水管理辦法 Current and past approaches of water resources management (WRM) have proven 管理（WRM）當前和過去的做法已經(jīng)證明水資源 inadequate for the global water challenges. 全球水資源不足的挑戰(zhàn)。 These approaches are mostly sectoral managemen

24、t, 這些方法大多是部門管理， where each sector (domestic use, agriculture, industry, environmental protection, etc.) has been 每個部門（國內(nèi)使用，農(nóng)業(yè)，工業(yè)，環(huán)保等）已 managed separately, with limited coordination between sectors. 單獨管理，與各部門之間協(xié)調(diào)有限。 These approach lead to 這些做法導致 fragmented and uncoordinated development of water resou

25、rces. 分散和不協(xié)調(diào)資源開發(fā)的水。 Water is by nature a flowing 水是流動的性質(zhì)1 resource, which crosses sector boundaries. 資源，其中跨越部門界限。 Many uses of water have spillover effects on other 一水多用的溢出效應對其他 uses, and water development projects have unintended social and environmental consequences. 用途，以及水資源開發(fā)項目產(chǎn)生意想不到的社會和環(huán)境后果。 Th

26、is is especially true for river basins where upstream water and land practices impact directly 這是尤其如此河流域上游的地方水和土地的做法直接影響 the quantity and quality of water in downstream areas. 水的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量在下游地區(qū)。 As water becomes more scarce, it is 由于水變得更加稀缺，這是 becoming increasingly inefficient to manage water without rec

27、ognizing the interdependencies 越來越相互依存用水效率低下，管理不承認 between agencies, jurisdictions, sectors and geographical areas. 各機構(gòu)之間，地區(qū)，部門和地理區(qū)域。 Top-down approaches have dominated the traditional approaches to WRD, with many 自上而下的方法有辦法的WRD為主的傳統(tǒng)，許多 central governments directing development of water supplies, pr

28、ovision of water services, and 中央政府指導發(fā)展的水供應，服務提供水， regulation of water uses. 調(diào)節(jié)用水。 This approach has had questionable effectiveness. 這種做法的有效性值得商榷了。 Central 中央 governments have emphasized supply augmentation over demand management, leading to 政府一直強調(diào)需求管理供應增強了，從而導致 inefficient development projects. 低效率

29、的發(fā)展項目。 Subsidies have encouraged wasteful use of water, and 補貼鼓勵浪費用水，和 restrictions on water transfers have prevented water from being allocated to the most beneficial 轉(zhuǎn)讓的限制對水有利于防止水被分配到最 use. 使用。 In many cases, such services would have been more effectively provided by local 在許多情況下，這種服務將是更有效地提供當?shù)?go

30、vernments, user groups, or the private sector. 政府，用戶組或私營部門。 Supply management is dominating the past and current water management. 供應管理是主宰過去和目前的水管理。 Without 沒有 demand management, supply management alone has caused negative externalities, making the 需求管理，供應管理就有造成負面外部性，使 opportunity cost of water to r

31、ise to unsustainable levels. 水的機會成本上升到難以承受的水平。 As demand for scarce water resources 由于資源稀缺的水資源的需求 increases, new sources of water need to be obtained, often at greater cost than previous sources, 增加，新的水源需要獲得更多的資源成本往往比以前， and with greater potential ecological and social consequences. 并具有較大潛力的生態(tài)和社會后果。

32、 Water service providers, 水服務提供商， particularly in developing countries, struggle with financial sustainability, as inefficient 特別是在發(fā)展中國家，可持續(xù)發(fā)展與金融斗爭，效率低下 Page 4 第4頁 4 4 operations and low quality of service create a vicious cycle where dissatisfied users refuse to pay 業(yè)務及服務質(zhì)量低下的惡性循環(huán)在那里建立一個表示不滿的用戶拒絕支付

33、 water tariffs, limiting the service providers ability to maintain infrastructure effectively and 水費，限制了服務提供商的能力，有效地維護基礎(chǔ)設施和 causing service quality to decline. 導致服務質(zhì)量下降。 Poor service quality in turn exacerbates poor productivity of 貧困反過來又加劇了服務質(zhì)量差生產(chǎn)力 water, and leads to the depletion of aquifers and

34、pollution of water bodies. 水，導致身體消耗和污染的含水層的水。 Artificially low water 人工低水 prices fail to encourage conservation and efficiency, and allow wasteful practices and inefficient 價格不鼓勵節(jié)能和提高效率，并允許浪費和低效率的做法 operations to continue. 行動繼續(xù)下去。 The current water issue is often more a crisis of governance than a c

35、risis of physical 目前水的問題，往往更多的是身體危機的治理危機的比 scarcity, as scarce water resources are allocated inefficiently, unregulated pollution compromises 稀缺性，作為稀缺的水資源的分配缺乏效率，無管制污染妥協(xié) water quality, weak water service providers fail to serve the public, and social and environmental 水質(zhì)，供水服務提供者不弱，服務公眾，社會和環(huán)境 concern

36、s are left unaddressed. 關(guān)注置之不理。 Without a significant shift in the way water resources are 一個重要的資源的方式轉(zhuǎn)變之水，無 managed and water services are provided, the current water crisis will only worsen. 管理和提供供水服務，目前的水危機，只會惡化。 Given the 鑒于 above shortcomings with traditional WRM approaches, Integrated Water Res

37、ources Management 上述方法的缺點與傳統(tǒng)WRM綜合水資源管理 (IWRM) has emerged as a means of addressing the global water problems and working toward a （水資源綜合管理）已成為一種手段，解決全球水問題的走向和工作 sustainable future for water management. 水資源管理可持續(xù)發(fā)展的未來。 3. 3。 IWRM Overview Basic Definition 水資源綜合管理概述-基本定義 Defined by the Global Water Par

38、tnership (GWP) GWP值定義由全球水事伙伴關(guān)系（） 3 3 , Integrated Water Resources ，水資源綜合 Management (or IWRM) is “ a process that promotes the coordinated development and 管理（或水資源綜合管理）是“ 一個進程，促進協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展， management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic 管理水，土地及相關(guān)資源，以最大限度地所造成的經(jīng)濟

39、 and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital 社會福利和公平的方式在不損害重要的可持續(xù)性 ecosystems .” 生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 。“ A more functional definition is used by the United States Agency for International 一個功能更強大的定義是利用美國對國際機構(gòu) Development (USAID): 開發(fā)署（USAID）： “IWRM is a participatory pl

40、anning and implementation process , based on “水資源綜合管理是一個參與性的規(guī)劃和實施過程中 ，基于 sound science , which brings together stakeholders to determine how to meet societys long-term needs 健全的科學 ，它匯集了利益相關(guān)者 ，以確定如何滿足社會的長遠需要 for water and coastal resources while maintaining essential ecological services and economic

41、benefits.” 對水資源和海岸資源，而維持基本的生態(tài)服務和經(jīng)濟利益?！?The above reference continues to say that “ 上述提及繼續(xù)說“ IWRM helps to protect the worlds environment, 水資源綜合管理有助于保護世界的環(huán)境， foster economic growth and sustainable agricultural development, promote democratic participation in 促進經(jīng)濟增長和可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，促進民主參與 governance, and impr

42、ove human health 治理和改善人類健康 .” “。 From these definitions, a few key elements (note the bold key words) can be distilled: 從這些定義中，一些元素（主要注意大膽關(guān)鍵詞）可提煉： - IWRM is a coordinated process that brings together stakeholders . -水資源綜合管理是一個 協(xié)調(diào)的過程， 匯集了有關(guān)人士 。 - It focuses on both economic and social welfare and equ

43、ity as well as protecting -它集中 社會福利和權(quán)益 ，以及對經(jīng)濟 和保護 ecosystems . 生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 。 - It uses scientific data /tools to provide sound base for judgment. -它使用 科學數(shù)據(jù) /工具，為判斷堅實的基礎(chǔ)。 - It emphasizes proper governance involving democratic participation . -它強調(diào) 妥善的管治涉及民主參與 。 It is important to note that IWRM is a process

44、, not a product, and that it serves as a tool 重要的是要注意，水資源綜合管理是一個 過程 ，而不是一個產(chǎn)品，它作為一個工具 for assessment and program evaluation. 評估和方案評價。 IWRM does not provide a specific blueprint for a given 水資源綜合管理并沒有提供一個具體的藍圖給定的 water management problem but rather is a broad set of principles, tools, and guidelines,

45、which 水管理問題，而是一個，工具一套廣泛的原則和準則，這 must be tailored to the specific context of the country or region or a river basin. 必須針對流域的具體范圍內(nèi)的國家或地區(qū)或一個。 3 3 an international organization dedicated to promoting sustainable management of water resources. 一個國際組織，致力于促進水資源的可持續(xù)管理。 Page 5 第5頁 5 5 4. 4。 The Dublin Princi

46、ples 都柏林原則 At the International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE), held in Dublin, 在國際水與環(huán)境會議（ICWE），都柏林舉行， Ireland in 1992, over 500 participants representing 100 countries and 80 international and non- 愛爾蘭于1992年，500多名與會者，代表100個國家和80個國際組織和非 governmental organizations, the following princ

47、iples were recommended to guide global water 政府組織，下列指導原則，建議全球水 management and development efforts: 管理和發(fā)展工作： Principle 1 “Ecological” : Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to 原則1“生態(tài)：”：淡水是一種有限的和脆弱的資源，必須 sustain life, development and the environment. 維持生命，發(fā)展和環(huán)境。 Principle 2 “Inst

48、itutional” : Water development and management should be based on a 第2原則“制度”：水資源開發(fā)和管理應建立在 participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all 參與式方法，包括用戶，規(guī)劃者和決策者都 levels. 水平。 Principle 3 “ Gender ”: Women play a central part in the provision, management, and 第3原則 “ 性別 ”： 婦女發(fā)揮管理，

49、以及中央部分的規(guī)定， safeguarding of water. 維護水。 Principle 4 “Instrument” : Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and 原則4“文書”：水有競爭性用途的經(jīng)濟價值，并在其所有 should be recognized as an economic good. 應被視為是經(jīng)濟財富。 Later that same year, the Dublin principles were incorporated into the Agenda 21 同年晚些時候，都柏林原則被納入

50、21世紀議程 recommendations put forth at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 建議提出在（聯(lián)合國環(huán)發(fā)會議關(guān)于環(huán)境與發(fā)展） in Rio de Janeiro. 在里約熱內(nèi)盧。 Since then, these principles have strongly influenced the development of 自那時以來，這些原則已強烈地影響了發(fā)展 IWRM. 水資源綜合管理。 The four principles are discussed below, together

51、with how they guide general IWRM 這四個原則是下面討論，連同它們?nèi)绾我龑б话闼Y源綜合管理 approaches: 方法： Principle 1 - “Ecological”: It calls for a holistic approach to WRM, “l(fā)inking social and 原則1 - “生態(tài)”：它要求以整體的方式WRM，“連接社會和 economic development with protection of natural systems” (ICWE 1992). 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與保護系統(tǒng)的天然“（ICWE 1992年）。 Recog

52、nizing the 認識到 catchment area or river basin as the most appropriate unit for WRM, Principle 1 calls for 集水區(qū)或河川流域作為WRM 1，原則是最合適的單位要求 coordination across the range of human activities that use and affect water in a given river basin. 協(xié)調(diào)整個流域范圍內(nèi)河流給予人類活動影響水的用途和研究。 IWRM approaches incorporate this princi

53、ple into its emphasis on integration between all 水資源綜合管理辦法納入重點之間的所有這些原則納入其一體化 concerned water sectors. 水務部門有關(guān)。 Principle 2 “Institutional”: This participatory approach is to raise awareness of water 第2原則“制度”：這是參與式方法，以提高水意識的 issues among policy-makers and the general public. 問題的政策制定者和一般公眾。 It emphasi

54、zes subsidiarity - management 它強調(diào) 輔助 -管理 decisions should be taken at the lowest appropriate level, with central government retaining 決定應采取適當?shù)淖畹鸵患壵?，中央保?regulatory and support roles. 管理和支持作用。 It advocates increased accountability of management institutions 它主張增加機構(gòu)的問責性管理 and full consultation and in

55、volvement of users in the planning and implementation of water 水和充分的協(xié)商和參與的用戶在實施規(guī)劃和 projects. 項目。 The capacity of certain disadvantaged groups may need to be enhanced through 在某些弱勢群體的能力，可能需要得到加強 training and targeted pro-poor development policies for full participation. 訓練和有針對性的扶貧開發(fā)政策的充分參與。 IWRM appl

56、ies this 水資源綜合管理適用本 principle through its concepts of decentralization and participation, discussed below. 下面討論原則通過的權(quán)力下放的概念，和參與。 Principle 3 “Gender”: 第3原則“性別”： The approach emphasizes the important synergy that exists 這種方法強調(diào)的重要存在協(xié)同作用 between gender equity and sustainable water management. 兩性之間的平等和可

57、持續(xù)水管理。 Worldwide, women play a key role 在世界范圍內(nèi)，婦女發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用 in the collection of water for domestic and often agricultural use, but in many societies, 在水中收集國內(nèi)-而且往往農(nóng)業(yè)-使用，但在許多社會中， women are excluded from water management decisions. 婦女被排除在水資源管理決策。 IWRM includes an emphasis on 水資源綜合管理包括強調(diào) empowering women

58、in its focus on participatory management and capacity building. 增強婦女能力建設，并在其重點是參與性管理。 Page 6 第6頁 6 6 Principle 4 “Economic”: 原則4“經(jīng)濟”： Known as the “instrument principle”, the approach 被稱為“工具”的原則，方法 emphasizes the importance of economic tools in helping achieve efficient and equitable use of 強調(diào)經(jīng)濟手段的重

59、要性，幫助在實現(xiàn)高效率和公平的使用 water resources. 水資源。 The human right to access clean water and sanitation at affordable prices must 人類的權(quán)利，負擔得起的價格獲得衛(wèi)生清潔水，必須 be recognized, but the scarcity of water demands that economic perspectives should not be 必須承認，但水的需求匱乏，經(jīng)濟前景不應該 ignored. 被忽略。 In conditions where water is esp

60、ecially limiting, where supply augmentation is not a 在條件限制，尤其是在水，其中供應隆乳不是 feasible option, economic tools should play a larger role in determining how limited water 可行的選擇，經(jīng)濟手段應該如何有限的水資源發(fā)揮更大的作用在決定 resources should be distributed efficiently and equitably. 資源分配效率和公平。 Managing water as an economic good