醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語考試重點(護理學(xué)用)

1、醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語考試重點 （護理學(xué)用 ）第一單元To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the bodys structure is called anatomy; the study of the bodys function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, em

2、bryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人體 各部分的組成及其功能，對于認識人體是必需的。研究人體結(jié)構(gòu)的科學(xué)叫解剖學(xué)；研究人體功能的科學(xué)叫生理學(xué)。其他研究人體的科學(xué)包括生物學(xué)、細胞學(xué)、胚胎學(xué)、組織學(xué)、內(nèi)分泌學(xué)、血液學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、心理學(xué)等等。Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system,

3、 the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖 學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)把整個人體分成骨骼、肌肉、循環(huán)、呼吸、消化、泌尿、內(nèi)分泌、神經(jīng)、生殖系統(tǒng)以及感覺器官的做法是

4、很有幫助的。本文描繪并闡述了各系統(tǒng)的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the huma

5、n skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系統(tǒng)由骨、 關(guān)節(jié)以及軟骨組成。 它對軟組織及人體器官起到支持和保護作用， 并牽動骨胳肌，引起各種運動。人體有206 根骨頭。骨形態(tài)不一，有長的、短、立方的、扁的及不規(guī)則的。許多長骨里有一個內(nèi)層間隙，里面充填

6、著骨髓，這即是血細胞的制造場所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis -

7、 as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 關(guān)節(jié)把骨與骨連接起來。顱骨不能運動，是由于骨與骨之間的連接太緊密。但其它的關(guān)節(jié)可允許活動，如一個平面上的前后屈伸運動，如肘關(guān)節(jié)；或是繞軸心旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，如樞

8、軸點允許頭部轉(zhuǎn)動。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大輻度的運動（如肩關(guān)節(jié)、 髖關(guān)節(jié)） 即成為可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infants skel

9、eton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 軟骨是一種 比一般骨更具韌性的物質(zhì)。它是骨連結(jié)的保護、緩沖層。它把肋骨與胸骨連結(jié)起來，也是鼻腔與內(nèi)耳的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。一個嬰兒的骨骼就是由軟骨組成，然后不斷生長、骨化，使嬰兒長大成人。 The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant bo

10、dy temperature. Striated muscles can be consciously controlled. The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move

11、just one part of the body, as when bending a finger. Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body. 肌肉系統(tǒng)使軀體運動， 肌肉收縮產(chǎn)生

12、的熱有助于維持一個恒定的體溫。人體能夠有意識地控制條紋肌。結(jié)締組織使肌肉末端附著于不同的骨面上，所以當(dāng)肌肉收縮時，兩骨彼此靠近而產(chǎn)生運動。這也就使整個人體可以運動起來，如走路，運動軀體某個部位，如彎曲手指。心臟收縮和平滑肌收縮就不是被意識所控制的。 器官壁內(nèi)層的平滑肌， 如胃腸壁的平滑肌把胃腸中的物質(zhì)運送到全身。 The circulatory system. All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be

13、 removed before they accumulate and poison the body. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which together make up the cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of the bodys defense system. It has antib

14、odies and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders. 循環(huán)系統(tǒng)：機體的所有部分需要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和氧氣來使之發(fā)揮功能和生長，也需要在這些器官所產(chǎn)生的廢物積聚而危害生命之前將其排除。循環(huán)系統(tǒng)運送有用物質(zhì)，排泄廢物。心血管系統(tǒng)是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的組成之一；心血管系統(tǒng)包括心臟、血管及血液。血液也是機體防御系統(tǒng)的一個部分，血液中有抗體及白細胞來防止機體受到外來的侵襲。 The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halves: one

15、half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs./ 13醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語考試重點（護理學(xué)用）When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart

16、 through veins. 心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對等兩半的肌肉。 一半吸收來自肺部的血液， 并將血液運送到機體的其余部位， 另一半使流經(jīng)全身的血液回流人肺。心臟收縮時，動脈把全身血液輸送到毛細血管。靜脈輸送血液返回心臟。 Also functioning in circulation is the lymphatic system. Some of the fluid that surrounds cells does not reenter the blood vessels directly. This fluid, called lymph, returns to the heart

17、 by way of another system of channels - the lymph vessels. Lymph nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood. The spleen is a large lymphatic organ that filters the blood. 淋巴系統(tǒng)也是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個組成部分。 一些細胞周圍的體液不是直接回流入血管通道， 這種體液叫淋巴液， 它是流經(jīng)另一個管道系統(tǒng) 淋巴管而回流人心臟。沿淋巴管的淋巴結(jié)將淋巴液過濾，過濾后再回流人血液。脾是

18、一個過濾血液的大淋巴器官。The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor. Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx, and trachea. The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of

19、 small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood release carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled. 呼吸系統(tǒng)從空氣中攝取 氧氣，并將二氧化碳、水蒸氣排出體外?？諝饨?jīng)鼻腔、口腔人喉管、氣管。氣管分成左右支氣管，各連結(jié)左右肺， 左右支氣管再分枝 20 多次，在終端形成大量微小的肺泡。從空氣攝取的氧氣流經(jīng)這些肺泡壁內(nèi)的毛細血管流入血 液，血

20、液再經(jīng)肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外。 The digestive system consists of a tube extending from the mouth to the anus. In it, food and fluids are taken in, moved through the body, and broken down into small molecules that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This breakdown, known as digestion, is both a mechanical

21、and a chemical process.Food enters through the mouth, where chewing and saliva start to break it up and make it easier to swallow. Next, the food travels down through the esophagus to the stomach. Contractions of the stomachs muscular wall continue to break down the food mechanically, and chemical d

22、igestion continues when acid and enzymes are secreted into the stomach cavity. 消化系統(tǒng)是一個從口腔直到肛門的管道。食物和液體在消化道里被吸收，在腸道里移動時，被分解成小分子物質(zhì)后 再進入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。這種分解，即消化，是一個機械過程，也是一個化學(xué)過程。食物進入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液開始將 食物粉碎，使之便于吞咽。接著，食物經(jīng)食管人胃。胃肌壁的收縮繼續(xù)機械化地分解食物，而當(dāng)酸和酶分泌入胃腔 時，化學(xué)性消化開始。 The liquified food gradually passes into the small intest

23、ine. In the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum, enzymes from the pancreas are added. These enzymes complete the chemical breakdown of the food. The digestion of fat is aided by bile, which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. The small intestine of an adult is abo

24、ut 21 feet （6.4 meters） long. Most of its length is devoted to absorbing the nutrients released during these digestive activities. 液體化食物逐漸進入小腸。小腸的起始部分叫十二指腸，胰腺分泌的酶輔助食物消化。這些酶完成食物 的化學(xué)分解。肝臟分泌的膽汁貯存在膽囊內(nèi)，膽汁有助于脂肪消化。一個成年人的小腸有21 英尺（ 6.4 米）長。小腸的大部分腸段用來吸收消化過程中釋放的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。 The liquid remainder of the food enters the

25、 large intestine, or colon, which is about 12 feet （3.7 meters） long. It is more than twice as wide as the small intestine. In the large intestine most of the fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues are expelled.液狀的剩余食物進入大腸，或結(jié)腸，它大約有12 英尺（ 3.7 米）長。大腸是小腸的兩倍多寬。大部分液體在大腸內(nèi)被吸收，相對干化的殘余物被排出體外。 The

26、 urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short s

27、upply. 泌尿系 統(tǒng)維持水分及體內(nèi)某些小分子物質(zhì)，如鈉、鉀的正常水平。身體是通過讓腎過濾血液來做到這一點的。腎是兩個有效的過濾器官，它濾出各種多余的小分子物質(zhì)，保留那些供應(yīng)不足的小分子物質(zhì)。The fluid that leaves the kidneys, known as urine, travels through a tube called the ureter to the bladder. The bladder holds the urine until it is voided from the body through another tube, the urethra.

28、 從腎流出的液體，即尿，通過輸尿管人膀胱。 膀胱起貯存尿液的作用，直到尿經(jīng)膀胱另一端的管道排出。The endocrine system. The two systems that control body activities are the endocrine system and the nervous system. The former exerts its control by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by a variety of endocrine glands, w

29、hich release the hormones directly into the blood stream. 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)。內(nèi)分泌和神經(jīng)是調(diào)控機體活動的兩個系統(tǒng)，前者依靠其化學(xué)信使 激素發(fā)揮作用。激素是由各種內(nèi)/ 13醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語考試重點 （護理學(xué)用 ）分泌腺體制造，并直接被釋放入血流A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of thehead. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney

30、 function, and development of the sex organs. Because some of the pituitarys hormones stimulate other glands to produce their own hormones, the pituitary called the master gland.腦垂體是一個主要腺體，它位于頭中部腦下方。它至少分泌八種激素，這些激素對人體生長、肝功能及性器官發(fā)育有影響。因為腦垂體分泌的一些激素促進其他腺體分泌激素，所以腦垂體是主要腺體。Another gland, the thyroid, is loc

31、ated between the collar bones. Its hormone controls the rate of the bodys metabolism. The sex organs （ovaries end testes） make the sex cells and also make hormones that control certain characteristics of males and females. Located on top of each kidney is the adrenal gland, which produces cortisone

32、and adrenaline. The pancreas produces not only digestive enzymes but also 3insulin and glucagon, which control the bodys use of sugar and starches. 另 一個腺體，甲狀腺，位于鎖骨之間。甲狀腺激素調(diào)控著機體新陳代謝的速度。性器官（卵巢、睪丸）分泌性細胞和 性激素，這些激素控制著男性和女性的某些特征。每邊腎上方是腎上腺，它分泌可的松和腎上腺激素。胰腺不僅分 泌消化酶，而且分泌胰島素和高血糖素，這兩種激素控制機體的糖分及淀粉的消耗。The nervous

33、 system. The brain, the spinal cord and the nerve - also controls body activities. The lower parts of the brain control basic functions such as breathing and heart rate as well as body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Above these regions are the centers for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste, and

34、 the regions that direct voluntary muscular activities of the arms and legs. Performed here are the higher functions of integrating and processing information. 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) 腦、脊髓及神 經(jīng)，也調(diào)控機體活動。腦的偏下部位控制著諸如呼吸、心跳、體溫、饑渴的基本活動。而腦的偏上部位則是視覺、 聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺及味覺中心，也是指揮臂、腿隨意肌肉運動的區(qū)域。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)更高級的功能是整合、處理信息。The brain receives and send

35、s information by means of nerves, many of which lie partly in the spinal cord. The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column. Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord at each level of the body, traveling to and from the arms, legs, and trunk. These nerves bring information from the various sense o

36、rgans. The information is processed by the brain, and then messages are carried back to muscles and glands through out the body. 腦通過神經(jīng)收集并傳送信息， 許多神經(jīng)部分地分布在脊髓里。脊髓由脊柱保護。在機體每一級，神經(jīng)傳人、傳出脊髓，往返于臂、腿、軀體。這 些神經(jīng)輸送來自各種感覺器官的信息。信息經(jīng)腦處理后輸送回全身及腺體 The reproductive system is constructed differently for males and females.

37、 The male reproductive system is responsible for producing, transporting and maintaining viable sperm （the male sex cell）. It also produces the male sex hormone, testosterone, which regulates the development of a beard, pubic hair, a deep voice and other bodily characteristics of the adult male. 男、女

38、性的生殖系統(tǒng)不同。男性生殖系 統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送、維持能存活的精子（男性性細胞） 。它也分泌男性激素、睪酮，以此調(diào)節(jié)胡須、陰毛、深沉嗓音極 其他成年男子身體發(fā)育的特征。The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova （the female sex cells）, eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and providing a place for growth of

39、an embryo when an ovum is fertilized by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child. The female reproductive system also produces the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the development of breasts and other bodily characteristics of the mature female.女性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送卵子（女性性細胞），將未受精的卵子

40、排出體外，而當(dāng)精、卵結(jié)合時，女性生殖系統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)、提供胚胎生長場所，并孕育新生兒。女性生殖系統(tǒng)也分泌女性性激素 雌激素和孕酮，以此調(diào)節(jié) 乳房及其他成熟女性身體發(fā)育的特征。The skin is a complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest of the bodys organs. It keeps out foreign substances and prevents excessive water evaporation. The nerves in the skin

41、provide tactile information. The skin also helps keep the bodys temperature close to 37 C, heat is conserve d by reducing blood flow through the skin or is expended by increasing blood flow and by evaporation of sweat from the skin. Hair and nails are accessory structures of the skin. 皮膚是保護肌體內(nèi)層結(jié)構(gòu)的完整

42、層，也是機體的最大器官。皮膚防御外來侵襲，防止過多水分蒸發(fā)。皮膚上 的神經(jīng)提供觸覺信息。 皮膚也能將體溫維持到 98.6 華氏度 （約 37攝氏度） 。 通過皮膚的血流量降低時，熱量就被儲 存起來，通過皮膚的血流增加及汗液蒸發(fā)時，熱量就散發(fā)。頭發(fā)及指甲是皮膚的附屬結(jié)構(gòu)。解人體各部分的組成及 其功能，對于認識人體是必需的。研究人體結(jié)構(gòu)的科學(xué)叫解剖學(xué)；研究人體功能的科學(xué)叫生理學(xué)。其他研究人體的 科學(xué)包括生物學(xué)、細胞學(xué)、胚胎學(xué)、組織學(xué)、內(nèi)分泌學(xué)、血液學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、心理學(xué)等等。 解剖學(xué)家發(fā) 3 / 13醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語考試重點 （護理學(xué)用 ）現(xiàn)把整個人體分成骨骼、肌肉、循環(huán)、呼吸、消化、泌尿、內(nèi)分泌

43、、神經(jīng)、生殖系統(tǒng)以及感覺器官的做法是很有幫助的。本文描繪并闡述了各系統(tǒng)的主要部分。 骨骼系統(tǒng)由骨、關(guān)節(jié)以及軟骨組成。它對軟組織及人體器官起到支持和保護作用，并牽動骨胳肌，引起各種運動。人體有206 根骨頭。骨形態(tài)不一，有長的、短、立方的、扁的及不規(guī)則的。 許多長骨里有一個內(nèi)層間隙， 里面充填著骨髓， 這即是血細胞的制造場所。 關(guān)節(jié)把骨與骨連接起來。顱骨不能運動，是由于骨與骨之間的連接太緊密。但其它的關(guān)節(jié)可允許活動，如一個平面上的前后屈伸運動，如肘關(guān)節(jié)；或是繞軸心旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，如樞軸點允許頭部轉(zhuǎn)動。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大輻度的運動（如肩關(guān)節(jié)、髖關(guān)節(jié)）即成為可能。 軟骨是一種比一

44、般骨更具韌性的物質(zhì)。它是骨連結(jié)的保護、緩沖層。它把肋骨與胸骨連結(jié)起來，也是鼻腔與內(nèi)耳的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。一個嬰兒的骨骼就是由軟骨組成，然后不斷生長、骨化，使嬰兒長大成人。肌肉系統(tǒng)使軀體運動，肌肉收縮產(chǎn)生的熱有助于維持一個恒定的體溫。人體能夠有意識地控制條紋肌。結(jié)締組織使肌肉末端附著于不同的骨面上，所以當(dāng)肌肉收縮時，兩骨彼此靠近而產(chǎn)生運動。這也就使整個人體可以運動起來，如走路，運動軀體某個部位， 如彎曲手指。 心臟收縮和平滑肌收縮就不是被意識所控制的。器官壁內(nèi)層的平滑肌，如胃腸壁的平滑肌把胃腸中的物質(zhì)運送到全身。 循環(huán)系統(tǒng)：機體的所有部分需要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和氧氣來使之發(fā)揮功能和生長，也需要在這些器官所產(chǎn)生的廢

45、物積聚而危害生命之前將其排除。循環(huán)系統(tǒng)運送有用物質(zhì)，排泄廢物。心血管系統(tǒng)是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的組成之一；心血管系統(tǒng)包括心臟、血管及血液。血液也是機體防御系統(tǒng)的一個部分，血液中有抗體及白細胞來防止機體受到外來的侵襲。 心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對等兩半的肌肉。一半吸收來自肺部的血液，并將血液運送到機體的其余部位，另一半使流經(jīng)全身的血液回流人肺。心臟收縮時，動脈把全身血液輸送到毛細血管。靜脈輸送血液返回心臟。 淋巴系統(tǒng)也是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個組成部分。一些細胞周圍的體液不是直接回流入血管通道，這種體液叫淋巴液，它是流經(jīng)另一個管道系統(tǒng) 淋巴管而回流人心臟。沿淋巴管的淋巴結(jié)將淋巴液過濾，過濾后再回流人血液。脾是一個過濾血液

46、的大淋巴器官。 呼吸系統(tǒng)從空氣中攝取氧氣，并將二氧化碳、水蒸氣排出體外?？諝饨?jīng)鼻腔、口腔人喉管、氣管。氣管分成左右支氣管，各連結(jié)左右肺，左右支氣管再分枝 20 多次，在終端形成大量微小的肺泡。從空氣攝取的氧氣流經(jīng)這些肺泡壁內(nèi)的毛細血管流入血液，血液再經(jīng)肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外。 消化系統(tǒng)是一個從口腔直到肛門的管道。食物和液體在消化道里被吸收，在腸道里移動時，被分解成小分子物質(zhì)后再進入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。這種分解，即消化，是一個機械過程，也是一個化學(xué)過程。 食物進入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液開始將食物粉碎，使之便于吞咽。接著，食物經(jīng)食管人胃。胃肌壁的收縮繼續(xù)機械化地分解食物，而當(dāng)酸和酶分泌入胃腔時，化學(xué)性消

47、化開始。 液體化食物逐漸進入小腸。小腸的起始部分叫十二指腸，胰腺分泌的酶輔助食物消化。這些酶完成食物的化學(xué)分解。肝臟分泌的膽汁貯存在膽囊內(nèi)，膽汁有助于脂肪消化。一個成年人的小腸有21 英尺（ 6.4 米）長。小腸的大部分腸段用來吸收消化過程中釋放的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。 液狀的剩余食物進入大腸，或結(jié)腸，它大約有12 英尺（ 3.7 米）長。大腸是小腸的兩倍多寬。大部分液體在大腸內(nèi)被吸收， 相對干化的殘余物被排出體外。 泌尿系統(tǒng)維持水分及體內(nèi)某些小分子物質(zhì)， 如鈉、鉀的正常水平。身體是通過讓腎過濾血液來做到這一點的。腎是兩個有效的過濾器官，它濾出各種多余的小分子物質(zhì)， 保留那些供應(yīng)不足的小分子物質(zhì)。 從腎流

48、出的液體， 即尿， 通過輸尿管人膀胱。 膀胱起貯存尿液的作用，直到尿經(jīng)膀胱另一端的管道排出。 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)。內(nèi)分泌和神經(jīng)是調(diào)控機體活動的兩個系統(tǒng)，前者依靠其化學(xué)信使 激素發(fā)揮作用。激素是由各種內(nèi)分泌腺體制造，并直接被釋放入血流。 腦垂體是一個主要腺體，它位于頭中部腦下方。它至少分泌八種激素，這些激素對人體生長、肝功能及性器官發(fā)育有影響。因為腦垂體分泌的一些激素促進其他腺體分泌激素，所以腦垂體是主要腺體。 另一個腺體，甲狀腺，位于鎖骨之間。甲狀腺激素調(diào)控著機體新陳代謝的速度。 性器官 （卵巢、 睪丸） 分泌性細胞和性激素， 這些激素控制著男性和女性的某些特征。每邊腎上方是腎上腺，它分泌可的松和腎上

49、腺激素。胰腺不僅分泌消化酶，而且分泌胰島素和高血糖素，這兩種激素控制機體的糖分及淀粉的消耗。 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) 腦、脊髓及神經(jīng)，也調(diào)控機體活動。腦的偏下部位控制著諸如呼吸、心跳、體溫、饑渴的基本活動。而腦的偏上部位則是視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺及味覺中心，也是指揮臂、腿隨意肌肉運動的區(qū)域。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)更高級的功能是整合、處理信息。 腦通過神經(jīng)收集并傳送信息，許多神經(jīng)部分地分布在脊髓里。脊髓由脊柱保護。在機體每一級，神經(jīng)傳人、傳出脊髓，往返于臂、腿、軀體。這些神經(jīng)輸送來自各種感覺器官的信息。信息經(jīng)腦處理后輸送回全身及腺體。 男、女性的生殖系統(tǒng)不同。男性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送、維持能存活的精子（男性性細胞） 。它也分

50、泌男性激素、睪酮，以此調(diào)節(jié)胡須、陰毛、深沉嗓音極其他成年男子身體發(fā)育的特征。 女性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送卵子（女性性細胞） ，將未受精的卵子排出體外，而當(dāng)精、卵結(jié)合時，女性生殖系統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)、提供胚胎生長場所，并孕育新生兒。女性生殖系統(tǒng)也分泌女性性激素 雌激素和孕酮， 以此調(diào)節(jié)乳房及其他成熟女性身體發(fā)育的特征。 皮膚是保護肌體內(nèi)層結(jié)構(gòu)的完整層， 也是機體的最大器官。4 / 13醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語考試重點（護理學(xué)用）皮膚防御外來侵襲，防止過多水分蒸發(fā)。皮膚上的神經(jīng)提供觸覺信息。皮膚也能將體溫維持到 98.6 華氏度（約 37 攝氏度） 。通過皮膚的血流量降低時，熱量就被儲存起來，通過皮膚的血流增加及汗液蒸發(fā)時，

51、熱量就散發(fā)。頭發(fā)及指甲是皮膚的附屬結(jié)構(gòu)。第二單元Human DiseasesThe brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the s

52、cience that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body disease

53、s.第章中， 通過對人體的概論， 即解剖學(xué)與生理學(xué)，我們對兩種被認為是醫(yī)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的不同學(xué)科有了一個大致的印象。然而如果我們不考慮病理學(xué)， 這門涉及由疾病帶來的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能變化的學(xué)科，上述的人體概論就不是完整的。實際上，現(xiàn)代對疾病的研究方法強 調(diào)了病理學(xué)與生理學(xué)方面的密切關(guān)系，強調(diào)了我們在治療任何人體疾病方面需要了解病理學(xué)與生理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的重要 性。Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Eve

54、ry living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses. 那么什么是疾病呢？它可能被定義為正常的功能或是 部分功能遭受損害時的一種狀態(tài)。每一種生物、植物和動物，都會受制于疾病。例如，人類常常被微小的細菌所感 染，但是，反過來說，細菌又能夠被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。Hund

55、reds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an

56、 enlarged internal body organ. 許多種疾病存在于世。每一種都有其 特定的癥狀、征兆和線索，醫(yī)生能以此診斷疾病之所在。癥狀是病人自己就能覺察到的，比如，高燒、流血，或是 疼痛。而征兆則是醫(yī)生能夠觀察到的，比如，血管擴張或是體內(nèi)器官腫大。Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after ye

57、ar it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic

58、fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute. 疾病可以劃分為不同的種類，例如，流行病是一 種在某一社區(qū)內(nèi)侵襲許多人的疾病。 當(dāng)它年復(fù)一年地襲擊同一社區(qū)， 就成了一種地方病。 急性病發(fā)作快， 但病程短， 舉個例子來說，急性心臟病發(fā)作常常沒有前兆，而且會很快致命。慢性病發(fā)作則慢，但病程有時會長達幾年之久。風(fēng)濕熱正是由于發(fā)病慢、病程長而成為一種慢性失調(diào)?。圆。?。而介于急性與慢性之間的另一種類型，就被稱 為亞急性。Diseases can also

59、 be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So ca

60、n tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even k