2014考研基礎閱讀講義

1、用諺語和名人警句來激勵Fortune favors the brave. 勇者事成。 Live and learn. 學無止境。Not to advance is to go back. 不進則退。 No pains, no gains. 無勞無獲。No st without sweat. 苦盡甘來。Seeing is beving. 眼見為實。的人生Hard work pays off.酬勤。Time and tide wait for no man. 時不我待。Practice what you preach. 言行一致。Good things never comeWhere there

2、is a will,easy. 好事多磨。there is a way. 有志者事竟成。Actions One forNothingspeak loudernwords. 事實勝于雄辯。人人為我，我為人人。gained. 不冒風險，不能成功。all, all for one.ventured, nothingDiligence is A journey ofRome was notthe parent of sucs. 勤勞是成功的根本。a thousandbegins wisingle step.千里之行始于足下。built in one day. 羅馬非一日建成。The goodlife

3、is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. 美好的人生是由愛所激勵的、由知識所引導的。Choose a life of action，not one of showing-off. 寧要實干的生活，不要空洞的生活。The home is the crystal of societythus the core of national character. 家是社會的結(jié)晶民族性格的。The great end of life is not knowledge but action. 生活崇高的目標不是知識而是行動。 Have an aim in

4、 life，or your energies will all be wasted. 生活應該有目標，否則你的精力就會被浪費掉。The important thing in life is to have a great aim，and the determination to attain it. 人生重要的是樹立一個偉大的目標，并決心實現(xiàn)它。The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer，but what they miss. 人生的悲劇不在于經(jīng)受了許多苦難，而在于他們錯失良機。老師與大家共勉 2012 年 10 月12014英語基礎閱

5、讀講義簡介：“翻譯王”，會議同傳，英國倫敦大學高級學者著名輔導，應邀到國外大學做中國文化講學，著名英語欄目、 音樂電視、新浪網(wǎng)特約撰稿，是界不可多得的英語領軍級輔導。是國家行政學院英語的總主編，遍及各地，培訓學員每年達 30 萬人次。她講課脈絡清晰、條理清楚、邏輯性強，力求幫助學生在最有限的時間內(nèi)輕松掌握閱讀、英譯漢等技巧，以其時尚、獨到、犀利又不乏睿智、幽默的授課風格深受學生喜愛，2012 年暑假在多個城市 3000 余人的英語輔導班上，學員滿意率近100%。詞匯能力句法能力邏輯思維能力一、閱讀要求理解主旨要義；理解文中的具體信息；理解文中的概念性含義；進行有關的判斷、推理和引申；根據(jù)上下文

6、推測生詞的詞義；理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關系；理解作者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度；區(qū)分論點和論據(jù)。二、學生病癥泛讀太多,精讀太少；按規(guī)定時間內(nèi)草草看過文章的太多, 認真細讀和總結(jié)的太少；抓大意不求甚解的太多,透徹分析語言點和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的太少。三、發(fā)作表現(xiàn)即便有些文章中語言點和結(jié)構(gòu)已看過 n 次,在 n+1 次看到它時還是不懂。2學會作者真正,體會作者真正的感情,理解作者真正的思路。四、做和模擬題成為了一種自我安慰,自欺欺人段，而真正的閱讀水平并沒有得到提高。五、應對策略學會略讀,查讀,跳讀；學會調(diào)節(jié)閱讀速度；抓住作者中心意圖,文章大意；4注意標識路標詞和句子。六、閱讀基本技巧閱讀三要素：T、D

7、、E；文章框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本思維；出題類型：主旨題、細節(jié)題、詞匯題、事實態(tài)度題、推理題。七、閱讀基本段落結(jié)構(gòu)Sle 1.Influenced by the view of some twentieth-century feminists the family is one of the central factors determining womens sot womensition withinlition, some historianshave underestimated the significance of the woman suffrage movement. These hist

8、orians contendt nineteenth-century suffragism was less radical and, hence, less importantn, for exle,the moral reform movement or domestic feminismtineteenth-century movements in which womenstruggled for moreer and autonomy withhe family. True, by emphasizing these struggles,such historians have bro

9、adened the conventional view of nineteenth- century feminism, but they do a historical disservice to suffragism. Nineteenth-century feminists and antifeminists alikeperceived the suffragists demand for enfranchisement as the most radical element in womens ofso, in part because suffragists were deman

10、dingert was not basethe institutionthe family, womens traditional sphere. When evaluating nineteenth-century feminism as a l force, contemporary historians should consider the perceptions of actual participantshe historical events.1The author assertst the historians discussedhe texve A)B)C)D)influen

11、ced feminist theorists who concentrate on the familyhonored the perceptions of the women who participatedhe woman suffrage movementellectual traditiontreated feminism as a sol force rathern as anexpanded the traditional notion of the 19th-century feminism2The author of the text suggestsfeminists?t w

12、hich of the following was true of nineteenth-century3細中求穩(wěn)、穩(wěn)中求全、全中求精、精中求勝！細節(jié)決定成敗，決心決定一切！A) Those who participatedto reconcile their privahe moral reform movement were motivated primarily by a desireives with their publicitions.Those who advocated domestic feminism, although less visible in some ways

13、the more radical of the two groups.Those who participatedhe woman suffrage movement sought sowere not defined by womens familial roles.n the suffragists, werel roles for womentD) Those who advocated domestic feminism regarded the gaining of more autonomy withfamily as a step toward more participatio

14、n in public life.heThe author imp text?They arguest which of the following is true of the historians discussedhet nineteenth-century feminism was not as significant a sol forceastwentieth-century feminism has been.B) They rely too grestudy.y on the perceptions of the actual participantshe events the

15、yC) Their assessment of the relative sucs of nineteenth-century domestic feminism does notadequay takeo account the effects of antifeminism rhetoric.D) Their assessment of the importance of nineteenth-century suffragism differs considerablyfromle 2.t of nineteenth-century feminists.SAlthough the dev

16、elopment of new infrastructure (such public facilities aslants,schools and bridges) is usually determined byernmental planning, sometimes this developmentcan be planned more flexibly and realistically by private investors whoipate profit fromthe collection of user fees. Such profits can contribute t

17、o the financing of more infrastructureif demand proves great enough, whereas the reluctance of developers to invest in such projectscan signals for ext additional infrastructure is not needed. During the economic boom of the 1980le, the se of Virginia authorized private developers to build a $ 300 m

18、illion tollroad. These developers obtained the needed right-of-way from property owners, but by 1993 theystill had not raised the nesary financing. The unwillingness of investors to finance thisproject does not negate the viability of privay financed roads; rather, it illustrates a virtueof private

19、financing. If a road appears unlikely to attract enough future traffic to pay forthe road, then it should not be built.e of the text is to.for increasing the development of new infrastructure1The primary purA)B)C)D)build a caseadvocateternative toernment financing of infrastructureexplahe failure of

20、 a privay financed venturesuggest the types of infrastructure most appropriate for private financing2The text impst the “ernmental planning” mentioned in line 2 may lead to whichof the following problems?A) Improper use of profits derived from user fees.B) Unduly slow development of nesary new infra

21、structure.4C) Unrealistic decis about develonew infrastructureD) Incorrect predictions about profits to be gained from user fees.3The text suggestst which of the following would occur if a privay financed bridgetproved to be profitable failed after a number of years to meet theA) Private developers

22、who financed the bridge would rely on develop new infrastructure.demands of traffic?ernmental authorities toB) User fees would be increased sot usage woulde morecostly.ernmental authorities would be reluctant to rely on private contractors to develop a new bridge.Profits generated by user fees would

23、 be used to help finance the construction of new infrastructure to alleviate the traffic problem.Sle 3.While it is truet livinganisms are profoundly affected by their environment, itis equally important to remembert manyanisms are also capable of altering their habisignificantly, sometimes limiting

24、their own growth. The influence of the biological componentof an ecosystem is often greater in fresh watersnarine or terrestrial systems, becauseof the small size of many fresh water bodies. Many of the important effects ofanisms arerelated to their physiology, espellygrownd respiration. By their gr

25、owth many speciescan deplete essential nutrients withhe system, thus limiting their own growth ort oft in Lake Windermere the alga Asterionella is unableother species.d has demonstratedto grow in conditionst it itself hascreated. Once a yearhe spring, this plant startsto grow ralyhe lake, using up s

26、o much silica from the watert by late spring thereis no longer enough to maain its own growth. The population decreases dramatically as a result.1Which of the following is an exle of the type ofanism described in lines 2-3?A kind of ant t grows in dryA kind of fishA kind of flowert feeds on the st j

27、uice exuded by the twigs of a species of thorn treeareas.tafter growing to maturityhe ocean, returns to fresh water.s marking distinctly perceptible in ultraviolet light to the species the flower.seedst germinate readily only in a sunny spot and then developor beet pollinatesD) A kind of tree witho

28、mature treest shade the area below them.2It can be inferred from the textt which of the following is true about Asterionella plantsin Lake Windermere?A)B)C)D)They TheyTheyare not present except in early spring.contribute silica toare food for otherthe waters as they grow. anisms.spring.Their growth

29、peekshe3The text indicatesintanisms frequently have the strongest effects on their environmentA) oceans, since oceans contahe largest5anisms living on earth.B) oceans, since oceans provide habis for many different kinds of speciesC) freshwater bodies, sinuch effectse pronounced in relatively small s

30、paD) freshwater lakes, since nutrients in freshwater lakes are present only in small amountsle 4SCoolidges sement, “The business of America is business,” still pos toan important truth todayn any other kind oft business institutions have more prestige (威望) in American societyanization, including hee

31、rnment. Why do business institutionssessthis great prestige? One reason ist Americans view business as being more firmly basethe ideal of competition n other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business inst

32、itutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic Americanvalue ch as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuringt there is no monopoly(壟斷) ofer. In contrast

33、 to one, allerfulernment, many businesses compete against eachother for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businessescompete for the customers dollar, they cann

34、ot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves.A contrast is often made betn business, which is competitive, andernment, whichis a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans bevet it is more supportiveof freedomnernment, even thoughernment leaders are elected by the people and busin

35、essleaders are not. Many Americans beve, then,t competition is as important, or even moreimportant,t democracy in preserving freedom.Competition in business is also beved to strengthen the ideal of equality of opportunity.Competition is seen as an open and fair race where sucs goes to the swiftestre

36、gardlessof his or her sol class background. Competitive sucs is commonly seen as the Americanalternative to sol rbasefamily background. Business is therefore viewed as anexpresof the idea of e quality of opportunity rathern the aristocratic (的) ideaof inherited privilege.1The sement “The business of

37、 America is business” probably means “ ”A)B)C)D)The business institutions in America are concerned with commerce Business problems are of great importance to the AmericanernmentBusiness is of primary concern to AmericansAmerica isa greatveer in world businessthey can realize theiral values only 2Ame

38、ricans betA)B)C)D)when giventhroughequality of opportunityng businessby protecting their individual freedomby way of competition3Who can benefit from business competition?6A)B)C)D)4by A)B)C)D)5ItA)B)C)D)Honest businessmen.Both businessmen and their customers. People with ideals of equality and freed

39、om.Both business institutions andernment.ernment is be.ved to differ strikingly from businesshaternment is characterizedits its its itscanabsolute control oferfunction in preservingal freedomrole in protecting basic American values democratic way of exercising leadershipbe inferred from the passaget

40、 the author beves _ .Americans are more ambitiousn people in other countriesany countrie American businessesbusinesses in othercs often depends on ones sol susare more democraticn those in other countries countries are not as competitive as those in AmericaSle 5According to a survey, which was baset

41、he responses of over 188,000 students, todays traditional-age college freshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主義的)”n at any timeNot surprisinghe 17 years of the poll.hese hard times, the students major objective “is to be finanllywell off. Less importantn ever is develoa meaningful p

42、hilosophy of life.” It followsthent today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.eresteaching, sol service and the “altruistic” fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up.ts no surprise either. A fri

43、end of mine (a sales represenive for a chemical company)year on the jobeven beforewas makinice the salary of her college instructors hershe completed her two-year assote degree.While its truet we all need a career, it is equally truet our civilization hasaccumulated an incredible amount of knowledge

44、 in fields far removed from our own andt weare better for our understanding of these other contributions m be they scientific or artistic.It is equally truet, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. Moreimportant, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections betn thi

45、ngs, as well as toseeour immediate needs.kly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employerout of business. No company; no job. How shortsightedhe long run!But the most important argument for a broad education ist in studying the accumulatedwisdom ofof businessme

46、n on thes, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is(對講機): “Miss Baxter,” he says, “could you please send in somea group talkingho candistinguish right from wrong?”7From the long-term poof view,ts what educa

47、tion really ought to be about.1According to the authors observation, college students _.A)B)C)D)2TheA)B)C)D)have have havehavenever never neverneverbeenbeen beensoso somaterialistic as todayerestedhe artsfinanlly well os todayattached so much importance to moral sensecriteria for selecting majors to

48、day have much to do with .studentsthe influenthe finanof their instructorsl goalsrethey seek in life ions of the coursesof the contributions of otherstheirtheirownunderstanding3By saying“While its truet . be they scientific or artistic”(Lines 1-3, Para. 5),t .the author meansA)B)C)D)business managem

49、ent should be included in educational programshuman wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speedhumanellectual developmens reached new heightsthe importance of a broad education should not be overlooked4Studying the diverse wisdomof others can _. erestsheir rightamong people modern people

50、A)B)C)D)create varying artistic help people see thingshelp improve connectionsregulate the behaviorof5Which of the following sements is true according to the passage? heir career are narrow-minded.rd tol right from wrong.A)B)C)D)Businessmen absorbedManagers oftenPeople engaged Career seekersfind iec

51、hnical jobs lead a more rewarding life.should not focus on immediateerests only.Sle 6It is easier tonegotiate initial salary requirement because onceyou are inside, theanizational constras (約束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: yourchanof getting the raise you feel you deserv

52、e are less if youleast ask for it.Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resour, not justpay increases. Consider Beths story:I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle(間) offiandwindow offi. I sathe cubicles with several male colleagues

53、. One by one they were movedo window offi, while I remainedhe cubicles. Several males who were hired after mealso went to offi. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office andt ithehad been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to staycubicles since I

54、did not voice my opinion either way.It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but “nice”8isnt a quality attributed to mostanizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, youll probably have to ask for it.Performance is your best bargaining chip (

55、籌碼) when you are seeking a raise. You must beable to demonstratet you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you cangive yours something he or she needs (a new cnt or a sizable contract, for exle) justbefore merit pay decis are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you

56、 want. Useinformation as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What willsomeone else pay for your servi?Goo the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate timeand prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of theeraction

57、.According to the passage, beforedemonstrate his capabilitytaking a job,ask forask for story?rson should _.as muoney as hecanB) give hiss a good impresthe salary he hopestoget2What can be inferred from BethsA)B)C)D)WeA)B)C)D)ToA)B)C)D)ToA)B)C)D)Prejudice against women still exists in someanizations.

58、If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it. People should not be content with what they have got.People should be careful when negotiating for a job. can learn from the passaget _.unfairness exists in salary increasesmost people are overworked and undone should avoid oversing ones mos

59、tanizations give their staaid performanceutomatic pay raisesget a pay raise,advertise himselfrson should _. on the job marketto sign a long-term contractpersuade hisstry to get insideinformation about theanizationdo something to impress hiss just before merit pay deci be sucsful in negotiations, one

60、 must _.meet hiss at the appropriate timearrive at the negotiation table punctuallysbe good at influencing thebe familiar with what thee of theeractions likes and dislikesSle 7It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Prins of Wales, made a tripto Angolain 1997, to support the Red CrosssWithin