備戰(zhàn)2018年英語考點(diǎn)一遍過專題47閱讀理解議論(含解析)

1、考點(diǎn)47閱讀理解議論文高考頻度：議論文是英語中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。議論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫法通常有以下三種形式：寫法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我認(rèn)為寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，解決問題。寫法三：論點(diǎn)，理由（證據(jù)），重申論點(diǎn)。議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作

2、者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。注意事項(xiàng)：.避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺。（要求每一道題回到原文去找答案）.要先看題目，后讀文章。（與先讀文章，后看題目的比較）高考材料閱讀方法： 先通讀全文，重點(diǎn)讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題定位，比較選項(xiàng)，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。.閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號的有：（1）標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。表示并列關(guān)系：and, also, coupled with 等；表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but, yet, however, by contrast 等；表示因果關(guān)系：therefore, ther

3、eby, consequently, as a result等；表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：in addition to, even,what s more, furthermore 等；表示重要性的詞：prime, above all, first 等。以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。(2) 具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞： blind 盲目的( 貶), excessively過分的(貶),objective( 客觀 ) 等。4. 常見問題：讀不懂怎么？問題本身太空泛，應(yīng)該仔細(xì)分析問題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識到自身問題所在。unconscious incompetent ( 無意識無能力 )屬于

4、問題認(rèn)知的第一階段；conscious incompetent (有意識無能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第二階段；conscious competent ( 有意識有能力 ) 屬于問題認(rèn)知的第三階段；unconscious competent (無意識有能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第四階段。從認(rèn)知的第三階段達(dá)到第四階段，是一個反復(fù)熟練的過程。讀懂了文章之后還做錯題怎么辦？做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？做題技巧用不上怎么辦？能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。在課堂聽明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對自己的實(shí)際進(jìn)行分析，從而對癥下藥?！久}分析】議論說理類文章就是議論文， 是高考閱

5、讀理解題中一種較難的題目。 議論說理類文章具有以下特點(diǎn)：題材多樣化、知識化，它包括社會科學(xué)的多種領(lǐng)域，以及和自然科學(xué)交叉學(xué)科，體現(xiàn)以人為本的特點(diǎn)。具體說來：一般按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點(diǎn)問題、社會上的重大問題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問題入手，即提出問題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說明，推理判斷，即分析問題。最后，闡述觀點(diǎn)，提出辦法，即解決問題。以作者的觀點(diǎn)或情感為核心，對細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進(jìn)行考查。文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點(diǎn)問題、重大問題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問題等。側(cè)重考查學(xué)生對文章深層意義的理解。通常情況下，深層理解題占多數(shù)，這就要求學(xué)生讀議論文時， 不能僅限于對文

6、章的表層理解， 只抓一些事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)， 而且要注重對文章的意圖、作者的觀點(diǎn)以及內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的審視。深層理解題的主要表現(xiàn)形式：主旨性題目：此類題常針對文章主題、中心思想、標(biāo)題或作者的寫作意圖，通常有以下提問方式：What would be the best title for the text? TOC o 1-5 h z The text is mainly about .From the passage we know that .The main idea of the paragraph is .The writer s purpose of writing this text is .Th

7、e passage could be titled .The passage deals with .What s the subject discussed in the text?推理判斷題： 此題主要考查學(xué)生對文章內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系的把握， 通常有以下出題方式：a.回答對why和how的提問。According to the text, which of the statements is true/wrong?From the text, we can infer that .Where can this text be selected from?What can you imagine

8、will be dealt with/written in the following passage?以短語 according to the writer of the text或 in the writer s opinion 等引出的其他問題。詞義猜測題：判斷詞義的詞可能有四種情況，一是詞未學(xué)過，二是詞已學(xué)過，但在該篇中不是已學(xué)過的詞義，三是某個代詞 it 或 them 在文中指代什么，四是某句話的意思?！緫?yīng)試策略】議論文體閱讀理解題的應(yīng)對策略解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個方面著手考慮：作者在開始敘述一個現(xiàn)象， 然后對現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。 這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)

9、的解釋，閱讀時要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因結(jié)果(Cause &Effect) 型。還有一種比較常見的是問題答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問句提出一個問題 ( 相當(dāng)于一個現(xiàn)象) ， 然后給出該問題的答案( 相當(dāng)于解釋) 。 針對文中問題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)， 答題時優(yōu)先考慮正面答題 ( 直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案) ， 然后從中心、 態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)； 如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無法解決， 則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮。考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時，記?。菏紫葟恼w上把握文章中心和作者所持的 態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。解

10、題方法：.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言。.互推法：在議論之后，總會再列舉一些具體的例子來支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論?？忌诶斫庾h論時，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出 抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇、 段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系， 各個信息所暗示和隱含的意義， 作者的隱 含意等對文章進(jìn)行推理判斷?？忌晌淖值谋韺有畔⑼诰虺鑫恼碌纳顚雍x，要能透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。二、解題技巧歷年全國高考英語閱讀理解的題型無非基本都是

11、考查主旨大意、詞義猜測、推理判斷和細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。 其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對較小，廣大考生除了平時必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對解答閱讀理解題來說也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說來： 1.主旨大意型干擾項(xiàng)可能是文中某個具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。干擾項(xiàng) 可能是從文中某些（不完全的）事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯誤結(jié)論。干擾項(xiàng)可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。正確答案 根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實(shí)或以偏概全。主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力

12、。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理 解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。選擇主題”旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語或句子來概括。常見的提問方式有：What is the main / general idea of this text?What is mainly discussed in this passage?What is the text mainly about? TOC o 1-5 h z This text mai

13、nly tells us .This passage mainly deals with .The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as.The topic of this passage is .標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個合適的標(biāo)題。 通常標(biāo)題由一個名詞或名詞短語充當(dāng)，用詞簡短、精練。常見的提問方式有：What would be the best title for the text?Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this

14、text?The best / most suitable title for this text would be .不管是選擇主題還是選擇標(biāo)題，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語篇的主線； 不管是何種體裁的文章， 都是圍繞一個主題來展開的。 在試題設(shè)計(jì)上，3 個干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的理解能力。 它一般包括直接理解題和語意理解題兩種。 直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤， 從閱讀材料中可以找到。 這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。做此類題時可以使用

15、定位法 與 跳讀法 。 定位法 即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子（ 即定位 ） ， 然后進(jìn)行比較和分析（ 尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換 ） ， 從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子（有時可能是幾個句子） 或段落，然后進(jìn)行簡單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。解題原則： 忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。文章中心是論點(diǎn)， 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由； 有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問題常對文中某個詞語、 某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問，所提問題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。提問的特殊疑問詞常有： what, who, which, wher

16、e, how, why 等。在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實(shí)和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問題常有以下幾種命題方式： Which of the following statements is true? Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? The author (or the passage) states that. According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) ?干擾項(xiàng)： 范圍過大、過小；偷換概念；正誤并存，某個分句是正確的。閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理

17、解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾個原則：包含項(xiàng)原則在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對其他三項(xiàng)(或其中某一項(xiàng))的理解，那么我們就說選項(xiàng)A 與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系， 包含項(xiàng) A 往往就是正確答案。 如在花與玫瑰兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案肯定是花，花包含了玫瑰。正反項(xiàng)原則所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、 B 互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、 D 項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A、 B 項(xiàng)當(dāng)中。委婉項(xiàng)原則所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表

18、達(dá)，如： probably,possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有絕對語氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如： must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already 等等。同形項(xiàng)原則命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個大命題范圍， 然后通過語言形式的細(xì)微變化來

19、考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。 同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們： 詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)中有正確答 案的存在。常識項(xiàng)原則議論文中，那些符合一般常識、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。因果項(xiàng)原則閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理題的選項(xiàng)中， 有的選項(xiàng)會推理不到位(止于前因 ) ， 或者推理過頭 (止于后果 ) ， 這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。 因果項(xiàng)原則啟示我們： 假如四個選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關(guān)系， 那么正確答案就是兩個因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。 如果因項(xiàng)可產(chǎn)生幾個結(jié)果， 那么答案就是因；如果果項(xiàng)可以對應(yīng)幾個原因，那么答案就

20、是果。解題方法：原文定位法。查讀法： (1) 帶著問題找答案，把注意力集中在與 who, what, when, where 問題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。細(xì)心 !詞義猜測型閱讀理解的測試中經(jīng)常有猜測詞、短語、 習(xí)語、 句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測題的考查方法呈多樣化， 其中根據(jù)上下文語境推測詞義將會越來越多。 有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需猜測其意義的詞或短語， 后文接著會出現(xiàn)其定義、 解釋或例子， 這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如 but ，however ， otherwise 等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一

21、句的含義來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號( ； ) 也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，有因必有果，有果必有因。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法( 轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生) 進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。 用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。 文章中的代詞it ， that ， he， him 或 them 可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it 和 that 還可以指一件事。(4) 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)

22、系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but ， however ， otherwise 等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，有因必有果，有果必有因。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個同位語，對前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋。利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號和提示詞猜測詞義。分號還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義；破折號表示解釋說明。常見的問題形式有：(1)The word in Line means/can be best replaced by (2)As used in the passa

23、ge, the phrase suggests (3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence is/refers to /means(4)The word is closest in meaning to 常用應(yīng)對方法：同義法： 常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞 and 或 or ，它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測詞義。反義法： 如 hot and cold, give and receive 等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定。總之，互為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。釋義法： 對文章

24、中的生詞用定語( 從句 ) 、表語， 甚至用逗號、破折號等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號引出并加以解釋說明。此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。做題要領(lǐng)從文中找線索或信息詞；根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。要特別注意熟詞新意！推理判斷型做題要領(lǐng)： 既要求學(xué)生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見的命題方式有：The passage implies （ 暗示）that.（2）We can conclude （ 得出結(jié)論）from the passage that.（

25、3）Which of the following can be inferred （推論）？（4）What is the tone （語氣）of the author?（5）What is the purpose （ 目的）of this passage?（6）The passage is intended to.Where would this passage most probably appear?檢測訓(xùn)練，. *題組一（2017年高考真題）Passage1（2017 天津卷，D）I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our liv

26、es waiting.But where arewe doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let s take a look at three types of waits .The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubtthe most annoying of all. Take filling up the

27、 kitchen sink（洗碗池）as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it s full. During these waits, the brain slips away fromthe body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind

28、 of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmerI have my doubts

29、 thatthree minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience.Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This typeof wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unl

30、ike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily meanthat it will happen.Turning one s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on sou

31、p mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn t come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you restanding at the sink waiting for it to fill

32、while cooking noodle soup that you llhave to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don t be desperate.You re probably just as busy as the next guy.While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to .keep ourselves busyget absent-mindedgrow anxiousstay focusedWhat is the difference between the

33、Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?The Forced Wait requires some self-control.The Forced Wait makes people passive.The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain.What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.It doesn t alw

34、ays bring the desired result.It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.It doesn t give people faith and hope.What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?Take it seriously.Don t rely on others.Do something else.Don t lose heart.The author supports his view by .exploring various c

35、auses of waits describing detailed processes of waits analyzing different categories of waits revealing frustrating consequences of waits Passage2（2017 浙江卷，B ）Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According toa new survey（ 調(diào)查 ） by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kid

36、s aged 10 to 18 goto bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early.Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said theyfelt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your a

37、ge. Babies need a lot of rest:most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For mostschool-age children, ten hours is ideal（ 理 想 的 ）. But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35%of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half

38、of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV. More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities（ 機(jī) 會 ） to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone, says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says thes

39、e activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calmdown and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levelsof body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to f

40、all asleep before 11 pm.Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 amto 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased

41、 with the results.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?A. American kids sleeping habits.B.Teenagers;sleep-related diseases.C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness.D. Learning problems andlack of sleep.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A. 7 hours.B. 8 hours.C. 10 ho

42、urs.D. 18 hours.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?They are affected by certain body chemicals.They tend to do things that excite them.Th ey follow their parents examples.They don t need to go to school early.題組二（2016年高考真題）Passage 1（2016 浙江，A） Did you hear what happened to Adam

43、 Last Friday? Lindsey whispers to Tori.With her eyes shining, Tori brags, You bet I did, Sean told metwo days ago.Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is （a） not nice and （b） not even true. Still, Lindsey

44、and Tori aren t very different from most studentshere atLinton High School, including me. Manyof our conversations are gossip（閑話）.I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.An importan

45、t negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic- breakups, trouble athome, even dropping out - that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Pr

46、obably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharingthe latestrumor（ 傳

47、言 ） can make a person feel importantbecause he or she knows something thatothers don t. Similarly, hearing the latestrumor can make a person feel like par tof the in group. In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority（優(yōu)越感 ）.Gossip also can hav

48、e a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rulesabout how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what

49、 Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do s and don ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feelthe urge to spre

50、ad the latest news, thing about why you want to gossip and what effects your juicy story might have.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to .introduce a topicpresent an argumentdescribe the charactersclarify his writing purposeAn important negative effect of gossip is that

51、it .breaks up relationshipsembarrasses the listenerspreads information aroundcauses unpleasant experiencesIn the author s opinion, many people like to gossip because it .A. gives them a feeling of pleasurehelps them to make more friendsmakes them better at telling storiesenables them to meet importa

52、nt peopleProfessor David Wilson thinks that gossip vide students with written ruleshelp people watch their own behaviorsforce schools to improve student handbooksattract the police s attention to group behaviorsWhat advice does the author give in the passage?Never become a gossiper.Stay away

53、from gossipers.Don t let gossip turn into lies.Think twice before you gossip.Passage 2 （2016新課標(biāo)全國卷 III , D）Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good newsis no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morningpapers. But now that information is

54、being spread and monitored（監(jiān)控）in differentways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people s e -mails andonline posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.The if it bleeds rule works for mass media, says Jonah Berger, a sch

55、olar at the University of Pennsylvania. They want your eyeballs and don t care howyou re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication- e-mails, Web p

56、osts andreviews, face-to-face conversations found that it tended to be more positive than negative（消極的），but that didn t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibilit

57、y, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The NewYork Times website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the most e-mailed list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much morelikely to make the

58、list than non-science articles. He found that science amazedTimes readers and made them want to s hare this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or thatinspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left themmerely s

59、ad. They needed to be aroused（激發(fā)）one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, Contagious: Why Things Catch On. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?A. News rep

60、orts.B. Research papers.C. Private e-mails.D. Daily conversations.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?They re socially inactive.They re good at telling stories.They re inconsiderate of others.They re careful with their words.Which tended to be the most e- mailed according to Dr. Berger