21世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語綜合教程 第二冊(cè) Unit 1

1、 頁眉內(nèi)容教 案21 世紀(jì)大學(xué)實(shí)用英語綜合教程 第二冊(cè) Unit 16After studying this unit, the students are expected to1. master the basic language and skills necessary to ask for and giveclarification;2. understand the main ideas of Text A, Text B and Text C, and master theuseful sentence structures and words and expressions fo

2、und in theexercises relevant to the first two texts;3. know how to write a letter of invitation;4. know how to use V+V-ing;5. guess the meaning of unknown words in context.Teaching focus:1. Review the key expressions from the previous lesson.2. Read Text B of this unit, and deepen the understanding

3、of the theme in this unit. -Share reflections on this theme in class.3. Review the new words and phrases of this text. Try to use them in daily life.4. Finish the reading and listening tasks of this unit.nd3 period Grammar Reviewrd4 period Practical Writingth5 period Text Bth6 period Improve Your Re

4、ading Skillsth1 period Text A (Global Reading)st1 Background Information 頁眉內(nèi)容English LanguageThe English language is the most widely spoken language in the world. It is usedas either a primary or secondary language in many countries.During the 1500s, fewer than 2 million people spoke English. All of

5、 them lived inwhat is now Great Britain. Through the centuries, as the result of various historicalevents, English spread throughout the world. Today, about 400 million people speakEnglish as their native language. Most of them live in Australia, Canada, GreatBritain, Ireland, New Zealand, South Afr

6、ica, and the United States.Another 100 million people living chiefly in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and inmany African countries speak English in addition to their own language. Anadditional 200 million people probably know at least some English. (From the 1998World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia)Cha

7、racteristics of EnglishVocabulary. English has a larger vocabulary than any other language. There aremore than 600,000 words in the largest dictionaries of the English language.Some English words have been passed on from generation to generation as farback as scholars can trace. These words, such as

8、 woman, man, sun, hand, love, go,and eat, express basic ideas and feelings. Later, many words were borrowed fromother languages, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Russian,and Spanish. For example, algebra is from Arabic, fashion from French, piano fromItalian, and canyon from

9、Spanish.A number of words, such as doghouse and splashdown, were formed bycombining other words. New words were also created by blending words. Forexample, motor and hotel were blended into motel. Words can be shortened to formnew words, as was done with history to form story. Words called acronyms

10、areformed by using the first letter or letters of several words. The word radar is anacronym for radio detection and ranging.Pronunciation and spelling in English sometimes seem illogical or inconsistent.Many words are spelled similarly though pronounced differently. Examples includecough, though, a

11、nd through. Other words, such as blue, crew, to, too, and shoe, havesimilar pronunciations but are spelled differently. Many of these variations showchanges that occurred during the development of English. The spelling of somewords remained the same through the centuries, though their pronunciation

12、changed.Grammar is the set of principles used to create sentences. These principlesdefine the elements used to assemble sentences and the relationships between theelements. The elements include parts of speech and inflections.Parts of speech are the word categories of the English language. Scholars

13、do notall agree on how to describe the parts of speech. The traditional description listseight classes: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions,and interjections. The most important relationships of the parts of speech includesubject and verb, verb and predicate, and

14、modifier and the word modified.English has fewer inflections than most other European languages. An English nounhas only two inflections, the plural and the possessive. Inflections are used tochange the tense and number of a verb or the case of a pronoun. Inflections can 頁眉內(nèi)容change adjectives to the

15、 comparative or the superlative for example, big, bigger,biggest.American EnglishAmerican English is a variety of the English language spoken in the United States.Although all Americans do not speak the same way, their speech has enough incommon that American English can be recognized as a variety o

16、f English distinctfrom British English, Australian English, and other national varieties. AmericanEnglish has grown up with the country. It began to diverge from British Englishduring its colonial beginnings and acquired regional differences and ethnic flavorduring the settlement of the continent.To

17、day it influences other languages and other varieties of English because it is themedium by which the attractions of American culture its literature, motion pictures,and television programs are transmitted to the world.Characteristics of American EnglishA. PronunciationIn broad terms, Canadian and A

18、merican speakers tend to sound like one another.They also tend to sound different from a large group of English speakers who soundmore British, such as those in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. For example,most Canadians and Americans pronounce an r sound after the vowel in words likebarn,

19、car, and farther, while speakers from the British English group do not. Also,some British English speakers drop h sounds at the beginning of words, so that he andhis are pronounced as if they were spelled ee and is. The English spoken in Australia,New Zealand, and South Africa sounds more like Briti

20、sh English than AmericanEnglish does because these varieties have had less time to diverge from BritishEnglish. The process of separate development began later in these countries than inNorth America.In some cases there are differences between American English and BritishEnglish in the rhythm of wor

21、ds. British speakers seem to leave out a syllable in wordslike secretary, as if it were spelled secretry, while Americans keep all the syllables.The opposite is true of other words, such as specialty, which Americans pronouncewith three syllables (spe-cial-ty) while British speakers pronounce it wit

22、h fivesyllables (spe-ci-al-i-ty). Vowels and consonants may also have differentpronunciations. British speakers pronounce zebra to rhyme with Debra, whileAmerican speakers make zebra rhyme with Libra. Canadian and British speakerspronounce the word schedule as if it began with an sh sound, while Ame

23、ricanspronounce it as if it began with an sk sound.B. WordsThe most frequently used words are shared by speakers of different varieties ofEnglish. These words include the most common nouns, the most common verbs, andmost function words (such as pronouns, articles, and prepositions). The differentvar

24、ieties of English do, however, use different words for many words that are slightlyless common for example, British crisps for American potato chips, Australianbillabong for American pond, and Canadian chesterfield for American sofa. It is evenmore common for the same word to exist with different me

25、anings in different varieties 頁眉內(nèi)容of English. Corn is a general term in Britain, for which Americans use grain, whilecorn in American English is a specific kind of grain. The word pond in British Englishusually refers to an artificial body of water, whereas ponds also occur naturally inNorth America

26、. British English chemist is the same as American English drugstore,and in Canada people go to the druggist. Many of the words most easily recognized asAmerican in origin are associated with aspects of American popular culture, such asgangster or cowboy.C. SpellingAmerican English spelling differs f

27、rom British English spelling largely becauseof one man, American lexicographer Noah Webster. In addition to his well-known AnAmerican Dictionary of the English Language (1828), Webster published TheAmerican Spelling Book (1783, with many subsequent editions), which became oneof the most widely used

28、schoolbooks in American history. Websters books sought tostandardize spelling in the United States by promoting the use of an Americanlanguage that intentionally differed from British English. The development of aspecifically American variety of English mirrored the newcountrys separate politicaldev

29、elopment. Websters most successful changes were spellings with or instead of our(honor, labor for the British honour, labour); with er instead of re (center, theater forthe British centre, theatre); with an s instead of a c (defense, license for the Britishdefence, licence); with a final ck instead

30、of que (check, mask for the British cheque,masque); and without a final k (traffic, public, now also used in British English, forthe older traffick, publick). Later spelling reform created a few other differences, suchas program for British programme. Canadian spelling varies between the British and

31、American forms, more British in eastern Canada and more American in westernCanada.2. Group DiscussionHave you ever had an experience in which you are misunderstood or have failedto understand others? Misunderstandings can result from the spoken form or writtenform of the language that you use.2nd pe

32、riod Text A (Detailed Reading)Words and Expressions & Difficult Sentences1) misunderstanding: n. (an example of) wrong understanding 誤解，誤會(huì)e.g. Her poor French often leads to misunderstandings when she visits France.misunderstand: vt. understand wrongly 誤解e.g. Im sorry, I misunderstood you.It seems t

33、hat you have misunderstood what I said at the meeting.2) get on: board (a bus, a train, etc.)登上（公共汽車、火車等）e.g. When I got on the bus, I found all the seats were occupied.They felt worried when they realized that they had got on the wrong train.3) head for: go towards 向走去；朝行進(jìn)e.g. The ship was heading

34、for Britain.He headed for the bus stop.4) he could ride to New York without paying.介詞 without 解釋為“不、未”，其后跟動(dòng)詞時(shí)，須用 V-ing形式。 頁眉內(nèi)容e.g. Tom was talking to his girlfriend without looking at her.He understood the meaning of the word without looking it up in a dictionary.5) The message was passed from perso

35、n to person.這口信通過一個(gè)又一個(gè)的乘客傳下去。注意本句中 from to這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞前沒有冠詞。e.g. She went from house to house asking if anyone had seen the child.They work hard from morning to night.6) by the time: 到時(shí)候e.g. The phone was ringing but by the time she got indoors, it had stopped.7) not but:這一結(jié)構(gòu)常常用來連接兩個(gè)單詞、詞組或句子，表示“并非而是”的意思

36、。e.g. The animal you saw in this area was not a rabbit, but a wild cat.These youngsters are motivated not by a desire for success, but by fear of failure.8) pull over: drive a vehicle to the roadside把車開到路邊e.g. The policeman asked the driver to pull over.9) get off: leave (a bus, a train, a plane, et

37、c.) 下（公共汽車、火車、飛機(jī)等）e.g. Tom was seen to get off the bus near the railway station.When I got off the train at the city on the coast, I could smell the sea.Second Period10) takeoff: n. the beginning of flight, when a plane, spacecraft, etc. rises from theground（飛機(jī)的）起飛；（航空器的）升空e.g. The plane crashed fiv

38、e minutes after takeoff.11) He thought he heard his flight announced.他以為聽到廣播中宣布了他的航班。句中 announced 是賓語補(bǔ)足語。12) uncommon: a. rare or unusual 罕 見 的 ； 不 平 常 的 ； 異 乎 尋 常 的e.g. 20 years ago, supermarkets were uncommon in Cmon/: a. found or happening often and in many places; usual 常見的；普通的；通常的Jones is a ver

39、y common name in Britain.13) wonder: v. express a wish to know sth., silently or in words 對(duì)感到疑惑；想知道e.g. I was wondering if you are free for lunch.I wondered what his words meant.14) in the world: used for emphasis after words that ask questions, as who,why, what, etc. (用于疑問詞 who, why, what 等后以加強(qiáng)語氣)究

40、竟，到底e.g. What in the world is he doing?Where in the world were you when I was in need of your help?15) be on time: be not late 準(zhǔn)時(shí)e.g. The London train was on time, but I didnt see my Chinese friend.Dont worry, shell be on time.16) You were 15 minutes late.你遲到了 15 分鐘。 頁眉內(nèi)容英語中表示時(shí)間、距離時(shí)，常將具體的數(shù)字放在形容詞 lat

41、e, long 等前面。e.g. The bus was ten minutes early.The bridge is 140 feet long.During the storm, there were waves of up to 30 meters high off the coast.17)instead of: in place of 代替；而不是e.g. Can I have tea instead of coffee?Lets play cards instead of watching television.If you want to have your meal at s

42、even oclock instead of five oclock, you can.18) feel like: have the feeling of being; have a wish for, want 有的感覺；想要e.g. When my best friend left me alone in the street, I felt like a hurt animal.Do you feel like another drink?19) all right: good enough, satisfactory but not very good; in good health

43、 or spirits;well 令人滿意的；不錯(cuò)的；健康良好的；健康的e.g. “Whats the food like in this restaurant?” “Its all right.”Kate looks really unhappy.Youdbetter make sure shes all right.Are you feeling all right now?3rd period Grammar Review動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式由動(dòng)詞原形+ -ing 構(gòu)成。它可以在句中作主語、表語、定語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語,但不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成謂語。Making hist

44、ory in my family is yet anotherimportant thing I hope to gain from my collegeeducation.在我的家庭中創(chuàng)造歷史是我希望從大學(xué)教育中得到的又一樣重要的東西。Taking a look back has motivated me to reachfarther.回顧過去激勵(lì)著我走得更遠(yuǎn)。2.作動(dòng)詞、介詞和短語動(dòng)詞的 He thought that if he hid in the restroom, hecould ride to New York without paying.他想如果他躲在洗手間里，便可以不付錢

45、就乘車去紐約。He took up singing recently.他最近對(duì)唱歌發(fā)生了興趣。It is fitting that January 4, Louiss birthday, isconsidered Braille Day, in honor of the blind.把路易的生日 1 月 4 日定為向盲人表示敬意的布拉耶日是非常恰當(dāng)?shù)摹y job is training new workers.我的工作是培訓(xùn)新工人。4. 作賓語補(bǔ)語I noticed the young porter of a sleeping carwhispering to the conductor a

46、nd noddingtoward me.我注意到一個(gè)年輕的臥車行李搬運(yùn)員正在跟 頁眉內(nèi)容5. 作定語。動(dòng)詞-ing 形式單 Ive tried every way to comfort the crying girl.獨(dú)作定語時(shí)一般放在被修飾 我已經(jīng)想盡了各種辦法來安慰那個(gè)哭哭啼啼詞之前，動(dòng)詞-ing 短語作定語 的女孩。Every day people speaking English ask oneanother questions like these: “Did you sayseventy or seventeen?”每天講英語的人會(huì)相互問這樣的問題：“你是說七十還是十七呢？”。4

47、th period Practical WritingLetters of Invitation State the occasion, date, time, and place. Include addresses and a map ifnecessary. Mention if refreshments will be served. List any charges that mayapply. Include a telephone number for RSVPs. If there is a dress code, statethe preferred dress in the

48、 lower left-hand corner of the card. If you need a response, include a self-addressed, stamped reply card orenvelope with your invitation. Express that you are looking forward to seeing the person. Do not use abbreviations and do not use contractions (dont; well) except forname titles, such as Mr.,

49、Mrs., etc. If dinner will be served, state two separate times: the time people can startarriving and the time dinner will be served. For smaller, less formal events that include local guests or guests from nearbyareas, you may only need to provide a few weeks notice. 頁眉內(nèi)容 If you are inviting someone

50、 to speak at a conference, your invitation shouldinclude the following information:* Name of the conference and the sponsoring organization;* Date, time, place of the conference and speech;* Type of audience;* Type of speech, topic, and how long the speech should be;* Any accommodations that will be

51、 made, including lodging, meals, andtransportation;* Name of the contact person along with phone numbers and addresses where thatperson can be contacted; and* Finally, articulate your pleasure at having the person speak at the meeting orconference.Useful Expressions:1. How to start your letter: You

52、are invited to attend our companys annual open house. We invite you to join us in thanking David Shaw for his 25 years ofleadership. It would be a great pleasure to meet you on _ (date) at/in the _(place). _ (company) invites you to an exclusive showing of its latestcomputing and telecommunications

53、products. Would you be interested in sharing your experience with the members of ourassociation at their monthly dinner meeting?2. How to offer details about your arrangements: We are giving a luncheon at _ (place) at _ (time) on _ (date) tointroduce . The company will host a celebration in honor of

54、 Davids retirement at LegalTech, on June 27, from 4:00 to 7:00 p.m. Refreshments will be served from p.m. to p.m. The presentation will take place at (place) at (time) on (date).3. How to end your letter: We are sure you will find the presentation interesting. We hope you will be able to attend. We

55、are all looking forward to hearing your views. We are looking forward to seeing you. Just call our office at 98-8899 and we will be glad to reserve a place for you. Please let me know as soon as possible.DeYaroMu ar.reSgmoiitnhg, to hold a graduation party at your house on Sunday, June 27. Theparty

56、will start after your graduation ceremony, at about 4:00 p.m. Write an invitationWe take great pleasure in inviting you to attend a reception given inletter to your friends.honor of Mr. David Brown, on the occasion of his retirement from McMillanInvestment Company. The reception will be held at the

57、Grand Hall, onWednesday, May 12, 2004. Our department will be presenting Mr. David1. How many groups of interesting English words has the writer talked about in theBrown with a gift at that time.We are looking forward to seeing you.Yours sincerely, 頁眉內(nèi)容text? 1. How many groups of interesting English

58、 words has the writer talked about inthe text?2. What kind of words are those that are talked about in the first group?3. What is the main difference in the pronunciation of the words given in the secondgroup?4. Can you give some words that are spelled the same and pronounced the same buthave differ

59、ent meanings? Give at least two pairs of such words.5. How many ways are there to pronounce “ough” in English? What are they?6. Why does the writer say that words such as “eggplant,” “grapefruit,” etc. make nosense at all?7. What does the writer think of the difference between British English and Am

60、ericanEnglish?8. Who is the next to last paragraph spoken to and where is it spoken?9. What is the confusion that the foreign exchange student may have when he hearsthe words upon his arrival at his new home in New York City?Language Points1) mystery: n. sth. which cannot be explained or understood神