考研英語(yǔ)寫作技巧講義全

1、考研英語(yǔ)寫作技巧講義作者：日期：如何準(zhǔn)備考研英語(yǔ)寫作（田育英）英語(yǔ)寫作對(duì)許多考生來說是令人頭痛的難題。究其原因，造成寫作困難的因素很多，根據(jù)我們對(duì)考生的了解,可歸結(jié)為以下兩個(gè)主要方面。第一，在外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)五項(xiàng)能力聽、說、讀、寫、譯的訓(xùn)練方面，學(xué)生從中學(xué)到大學(xué)在聽、說、讀三項(xiàng)能力方面得到的訓(xùn)練比較多，而在寫的能力上得到的培養(yǎng)最少，有時(shí)最基本的寫句訓(xùn)練都是靠做選擇項(xiàng)的形式來完成的，很少有真正動(dòng)手寫的機(jī)會(huì)；因而很多學(xué)生在做語(yǔ)法題或改錯(cuò)時(shí)有敏銳的辨別力，能夠找出很復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，可是一旦自己真正動(dòng)筆寫，卻錯(cuò)誤多得不得了，而且很多都是最簡(jiǎn)單最基本的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。所以，平時(shí)寫的少，練的少，是構(gòu)成寫作困難的主要原因

2、。第二，不少學(xué)生缺乏對(duì)寫作知識(shí)和寫作技巧的了解和學(xué)習(xí)。他們一寫作文，就感到腦子空空，不知如何下筆，寫起來也是想到哪兒，寫到哪兒，有時(shí)還東拼西湊，因而寫作文時(shí)，常常是低水平上的重復(fù)，提高不快。如果能了解和學(xué)習(xí)一些英語(yǔ)寫作知識(shí)，加上適當(dāng)?shù)闹笇?dǎo)和訓(xùn)練，寫作水平會(huì)很快得到提高。全國(guó)碩士生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試大綱對(duì)短文寫作做了明確的規(guī)定?？忌鶕?jù)所給題目、素材、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景或圖表等在40分鐘內(nèi)寫出不少于150詞的短文。要求內(nèi)容切題，表達(dá)清楚，意義連貫，語(yǔ)言比較規(guī)范。根據(jù)大綱的要求，考生要想在短文寫作中取得高分，首先要具備兩方面的英語(yǔ)基本功：一是較強(qiáng)的句子表達(dá)水平，句子要寫正確、表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確到位，要有一定的英

3、語(yǔ)修辭知識(shí)。二要具備英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇寫作知識(shí)，這樣才能適應(yīng)不同類型的命題，主動(dòng)靈活有條理地運(yùn)用自己的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和能力寫好短文。此外，考生還應(yīng)對(duì)作文考題有一定的了解，知己知彼才能穩(wěn)操勝券?？碱}特點(diǎn)：作文選材均為熱門話題并貼近生活作文選題范圍均為當(dāng)今社會(huì)的熱門話題，從電視廣告到希望工程，從父母與子女的關(guān)系到擁有健康的重要性，從世界煙民現(xiàn)狀到近年盛行一時(shí)的“承諾”，環(huán)境保護(hù)，無(wú)不反映了當(dāng)前公眾最為關(guān)注的事。文體多為說明文與議論文說明文和議論文用途較廣，我們平時(shí)接觸的文章、報(bào)紙、信件等等多為這兩種體裁。在工作崗位上所撰寫的材料大多也是說明或議論文。因而考這種體裁的寫作比較符合實(shí)際需要。(3)出題形式趨于多樣化1

4、991年至1996年的作文題一直呈一種模式，直到1997年才被打破。這一變革顯示了國(guó)家教委對(duì)提高考生的實(shí)際運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力的重視，同時(shí)也要求考生要在多寫多練上下功夫，這樣才能在作文考試中奪取高分。提高筆頭表達(dá)能力是關(guān)鍵：我們希望廣大考生要在切實(shí)提高英語(yǔ)寫作水平上下功夫，不能靠扣題、押題或背誦一些短文應(yīng)付考試，其結(jié)果必然與希望的相差甚遠(yuǎn)。背誦是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的一種好方法，但僅靠背誦來提高英語(yǔ)寫作水平是不夠的。寫作水平的提高還是要靠親自動(dòng)筆寫，多寫多練，把學(xué)到的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)運(yùn)用在寫作中去?？忌梢詤⒖家韵路椒ㄟM(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)。1多讀范文多讀范文能使考生了解寫作方法，寫作的常用詞匯，記住其中一些比較好的用法。2多寫作

5、文12月前應(yīng)該每周寫一篇作文并且要把每一篇寫好，不要在一個(gè)水平上反復(fù)重復(fù)，要力爭(zhēng)寫好每一篇，這樣寫幾篇后就會(huì)有收獲。臨近考試，可以按照規(guī)定時(shí)間寫作，此時(shí)寫作的題目要廣泛，各種話題都要寫一些，以增強(qiáng)適應(yīng)性。3寫作時(shí)可以多查字典，不看范文。寫作時(shí)遇到不會(huì)寫的詞句要多查字典，還要看該詞的用法，這樣才能保證正確使用；寫前不要看范文，看了范文會(huì)影響自己的思路，寫完后再參看范文。4注意書寫整齊平時(shí)寫作就要注意書寫整齊，規(guī)范，要在平時(shí)養(yǎng)成良好習(xí)慣，在考場(chǎng)上才能發(fā)揮得好。字跡潦草，卷面不干凈會(huì)影響成績(jī)。考研短文寫作的基本模式（朱泰祺）（一）議論文（1）Itisgenerallybelievedthat.isa

6、hottopicwhichiswidelytalkedaboutbothathomeandabroad.Nowourgovernmentattachesgreatimportancetosolvingthisproblem.Scientistsinthisfieldhaveputforwardanumberofsuggestionstendingtorelieveit.Tobeginwith,weshould.Furthermore,.Itisclearthat.People,however,differintheiropinionsonthismatter.Somepeoplethinkth

7、at.Accordingtothem,allofusshould.Othersarguethat.Intheiropinion,nobodycan.without.Thereisnodoubtthat.Asaconsequence.Inshort,Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat.Itisbecause.Somyconclusionisthat.(107words)(2)Thereisnodenyingthefactthatispopulartopicwhichismuchtalkedaboutnotonlyby,butalsobyItisgenerallythoughtth

8、atThereasonsforareasfollows.Tobeginwith,Secondly,Therefore,weshouldattachgreatsignificancetosolvingtheproblem.Thereare,Ithink,atleasttwopossiblewaystocopewithit.Thefirstwaytotackleitistoappealtotheauthoritiestotakedrasticmeasuresto(do)Theotherpolicythatisworthadoptingistoworkoutnewregulationsto(do)O

9、nlyinthiswaycanwesucceedindealingwiththeprobleminthenearfuture.Toconclude,itseemsobviousSotheprospectwearelookingforwardtowillbebothbrightandencouraging.(127words)(二)圖表作文Asisshowninthetable(orinthepictures),droppedfromin1996.Accordingtothefiguresgiveninthetable,hasgreatlyincreased(ordecreased)inthep

10、astyears(ordecades),reachingin1996.Fromthetablewecanalsoseethattherehasbeenasharpdecline(orrise)inItisclearthatThereareatleasttwogoodreasonsforOntheonehand,LetshaveanexampletoillustratethegreatincreaseinOntheotherhand,isduetothefactthatInaddition,isresponsibleforMaybetherearesomeotherreasonstoshowBu

11、titisgenerallybelievedthattheabovementionedreasonsarecommonlyacceptable.AsfarasIamconcerned,IbelievethatIamsuremyopinionisbothsoundandwell-grounded.(126words幾種典型的作文開頭引述方法Typel引述他人觀點(diǎn)(為提出自己觀點(diǎn)鋪墊)Itiswidely(commonly)accepted(hold)+THATAwidelyaccepted(commonly)holdidea(pointofview,viewpoint,opinion,assum

12、ption)is+THAT/NPA/Thedominant(prevalent,prevailing)idea(see2)isNP/toDOItistakenforgrantedTHAT(or:Weoften/frequentlytakeitforgrantedTHAT)People(Themajority)seemtogetaccustomedtotheidea(see),withoutquestioning,THATPeoplearewillingtoregardNP1asNP2/ADJPeoplearewillingtoDO,whilereluctanttoDOType2提出異議Howe

13、ver(But)，Suchidea(see1-2),ifnotentirelyADJ1,issomewhatADJ2andneedscarefulconsideration.ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable,inappropriate,improper,undesirable,Etc;ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul,etcInfact(Asamatteroffact),(follow2)However,itisnot(quite,necessarily)thecase.This(It)isnot(quite,necessarily)thecasea

14、ndneedstobefurtherconsidered/discussed.(or:furtherconsideration/discussion)Type3論述的展開：說明原因和理由，層進(jìn)，舉例，轉(zhuǎn)折Thereasonliesinseveralaspects,Thereasonwhyclause+1,underlinedThereareseveralremarkablereasons.層進(jìn)inaddition,besides,furthermore,whatsmore,ontheotherhand,meanwhile,foronethingforanother;Finally,abovea

15、ll,inshort.舉例forexample,forinstance,such(generalterm)as(specificterms),atypical(striking)exampleisthat,acaseinpoint轉(zhuǎn)折however,but,nevertheless，onthecontrary條件if,providedthat,unless,aslongas,etcType4就而言；關(guān)于asfarasis/areconcerned:Asfarascurrentsituationisconcernedasto:theproblemastoNP有關(guān)的問題Type5問題Althoug

16、hmuchefforthasbeenmade,thesituationisfarfromsatisfactory(or:theproblemremainsunsolved,littleimprovementhasbeenachieved)Thereisatendency,asrecentstudy(investigation)haspointedout(shown,revealed,indicated),+THATThereisgrowingconcernabout+NPItwillinevitably(islikelyto)resultin(leadto)unwanted(serious)c

17、onsequence(orNP)Unfortunately,Wewillnotbeabletoaffordtheriskofoverlookingtheseriousnessofthematter.Theprocess,onceinitiated,ismostlikelyirreversible.Weareconstantly(frequently)facedwithNPTYPE6重要與必要；(應(yīng))注意與重視1NP1isofgreatimportance(necessity,value)inNP2(or:NPisofenormoussignificance)2Theimportance(nec

18、essity)ofNP(todosth.)liesin(thefact)thatNP1plays,asisknown,anirreplaceablyimportantroleinNP2TheirreplaceablyimportantroleNP1playsinNP2issignificant(obvous)NP1isanindispensablepartofNP2Itisimportant(necessary)toDO(or:THAT)Specialattentionshouldbepayto(or:Weshouldpayspecialattentionto)Whatweshouldtake

19、intoconsiderationis+NPType7行動(dòng)1(immediate,emergent,effective)Measuresarebeingtaken(hasbeentaken,shouldbetaken)toDOWehavemademucheffort,thereisstillmoreweneedtomake(cf.Wehavelearntalot,thereismuchmoreweneedtolearn.)Type8二擇其一Ifitwereleftformetodecidewhether(wh-clause),Iwould,withouthesitation,choose+to

20、DO(or:Iwouldprefertheformer/thelatter)ToDO/NPisamatterofpresent.Itisdifficulttomakeachoiceforonecanhardlygainmostwithoutlosingany.Thedifficultyliesinthefactthattheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbothcasesareequallyobvious.Infact,wemaywellpreserveadelicatebalanceorcompromisebetweenthetwothangotoextreme.I

21、tisnotsensibletoexcludeoneofthechoicescompletely(oftwoconflictingideas,concepts)Thoughconflictingtooneanother,theyaresocloselyassociatedthatunderstandingonewillbeimpossiblewithoutdiscussingtheother.ThebenefitsofNParevariedWhiledisadvantagesareunavoidable,itistheadvantagesthatprevail.朱泰祺的考研短文寫作常用句型和練

22、習(xí)“引言”段落中的常用句型：-isaverypopulartopicwhichismuchtalkedaboutnotonlyby*butalsoby家庭人口多好還是家庭人口少好是一個(gè)非常通俗的主題，不僅是城里人，而且農(nóng)民都經(jīng)常談?wù)撨@個(gè)問題。Weatheralargefamilyisagoodthingornotisaverypopulartopicthatisoftentalkedaboutnotonlybycityresidentsbutbyfarmersaswell.Thereisnodenyingthefactthat無(wú)可否認(rèn)，空氣污染是一個(gè)極其嚴(yán)重的問題：城市當(dāng)局應(yīng)該采取有力措施來解

23、決它。Thereisnodenyingthefactthatairpollutionisanextremelyseriousproblem:thecityauthoritiesshouldtakestrongmeasurestodealwithit.Asisknowntoall,眾所周知，假冒偽劣商品損害了消費(fèi)者的利益。Asisknowntoall,fakeandinferiorcommoditiesharmtheinterestsofconsumers.(=doalotofharmtotheinterestsofconsumers)Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingt

24、heimportanceof現(xiàn)在越來越多的人認(rèn)識(shí)到法制教育的重要性。為了維護(hù)社會(huì)治安，我們每人都應(yīng)該接受法制教育。Todayanincreasingnumberofpeoplehaverealizedthatlaweducationisofgreatimportance.Inordertokeeplawandorder,veryoneofusissupposedtoget(=receive)alaweducation.FromwhatIhavementionedabovewecanseeclearlythat從上面我所提到的，我們可以清楚地看到，電視暴力對(duì)青少年的影響是極其深遠(yuǎn)的。Fromwh

25、atIhavementionedabove,wecanseeclearlythatviolenceonTVhas(a)greatinfluenceonyoungadultsbehaviour.(或teenagersbehavior或youngstersbehavior)“正文”段落中常用的句型：1Therearesomegoodreasonsfor（分析原因）twopossible人民生活狀況的改善原因有兩點(diǎn)。首先，我們一直在貫徹執(zhí)行改革開放政策。其次，國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)正在迅速發(fā)展，而且出生率已經(jīng)得到控制。Therearetworeasonsfortheimprovementinpeopleslivi

26、ngconditions.Inthefirstplace,wehavebeencarryingoutthereformandopening-uppolicy.Secondly,therehasbeenarapidexpansionofournationaleconomy.Furthermore,thebirthratehasbeenputundercontrol.Mysuggestionstodealwiththeproblemareasfollows.Inthefirstplace,Secondly,Finallysolvetacklerelieve（提出建議）我對(duì)解決這個(gè)問題的建議如下。首

27、先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保護(hù)區(qū)。其次，有些瀕臨滅絕的珍稀野生動(dòng)物應(yīng)該收捕、人工喂養(yǎng)并繁殖。最后，對(duì)于捕獵珍稀野生動(dòng)物的人必須嚴(yán)懲。Mysuggestionstodealwiththeproblemareasfollows.Tobeginwith,itisurgenttocreatenaturereserves.Secondly,certainrarewildanimalsthataregoingtobeextinctshouldbecollected,fedandreproducedartificially.Finally,thosewhohunterthemmustbepunishedsev

28、erely.Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisquestion.SomepeoplebelievethatOthersProblem.Matter.arguethatStillothersassertthat（論述不同看法）人們對(duì)失敗持有不同的態(tài)度。面對(duì)失敗，有人能夠經(jīng)得起考驗(yàn)，從失敗中汲取教訓(xùn)，并努力去完成他們下定決心要做的事情。然而，另一些人卻喪失信心并退卻了。Peopledifferintheirattitudestowardsfailure.Facedwithit,someofthemcanstanduptoit.Drawusefull

29、essonsfromitandtryhardtofulfillwhattheyaredeterminedtodo.Others,however,loseheartandgivein.4.Itisimportant（necessary,urgent,difficult,easy,expensive,desirable,advisable,convenient,comfortable）forsb.todosth.（發(fā)表意見）人們希望建立更多的醫(yī)院、購(gòu)物中心、娛樂中心、電影院和其他公用設(shè)施來滿足人民日益增長(zhǎng)的需求。Itisdesirabletobuildmorehospitals,shoppingc

30、enters,recreationcenters,cinemasandotherpublicfacilitiestomeetthegrowingneedsofpeople.5.Asapopularsayinggoes“Everythinghastwosides.”（分析利弊）常言道：“事物總是一分為二的”。如今人們從科技發(fā)明中得到越來越多的好處。另一方面，科技進(jìn)步也給我們帶來了許多麻煩?，F(xiàn)在許多國(guó)家的人民飽嘗公害之苦。Asapopularsayinggoes,“Everythinghastwosides.”Nowpeople(thepublic)arebenefitingmoreandmore

31、fromscientificandtechnologicalinventions.Ontheotherhand,theprogressofscienceandtechnologyisbringingusalotoftrouble.Peopleinmanycountriesaresufferingfrompublichazards.Forexample,(舉例闡述)Forinstance,Letstakeforexample.就拿汽車為例。汽車不僅污染城市空氣，而且使城市擁擠不堪。此外，汽車造成許多交通事故。汽車所產(chǎn)生的噪音使居住在街道兩旁的居民日夜不得安寧。Lesstakecarsforexa

32、mple.Theynotonlypollutetheairincities,butmakethemcrowed.Furthermore,theycausealotoftrafficaccidents.(,theyareresponsibleforalotoftrafficaccidents.)Thenoisemadebycarsdisturbstheresidentslivingonbothsidesofstreetsalldayandnight.7.11isgenerallybelievedthataccepted(引證觀點(diǎn))thoughtheld普遍認(rèn)為，在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升，還不如說是由于醫(yī)療保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。Itisgenerallybelieved(=thought)thatthechiefreasonfortheincreaseinpopulationindevelopedcountri