定語(yǔ)從句 課件-高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)梳理專題13

1、13 定語(yǔ)從句 The attributive clause1. 定義在復(fù)合句中，用于修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞who（賓格whom，所有格whose），that，which和關(guān)系副詞where，when，why等。例句：This is the teacher who often tells jokes. 這就是那個(gè)常講笑話的老師。 2. 種類A. 限定性定語(yǔ)從句限定性定語(yǔ)從句又稱為限制性定語(yǔ)從句，它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的部分，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意義。Do you know the

2、girl who just came in? 你認(rèn)識(shí)剛才進(jìn)來(lái)的那個(gè)女孩嗎？B. 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句非限定性定語(yǔ)從句又稱為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，它只是對(duì)先行詞作附加補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company. 那位老婦人一個(gè)人住，有一只貓作伴。兩者的區(qū)別限定性定語(yǔ)從句非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切（刪掉后影響整個(gè)意思的表達(dá)）與先行詞關(guān)系不密切（是一種補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，刪掉后不影響整個(gè)意思的表達(dá)）不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)一般使用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)可用關(guān)系代詞that不可用關(guān)系代詞that關(guān)系代詞可以省略（that

3、，who，which在從句中擔(dān)任賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略）關(guān)系代詞不可以省略關(guān)系代詞可以替代（whom作賓語(yǔ)可用who或that替代）關(guān)系代詞不能替代讀時(shí)不停頓讀時(shí)停頓，用降調(diào)只可以修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分?？梢孕揎椫骶浠蛑骶涞囊徊糠郑藭r(shí)一定有逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，只能由which或as引導(dǎo)。3. 關(guān)系代詞的用法在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞起著連接主句與從句、指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關(guān)系代詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關(guān)系代詞在從句中作何種成分。先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)在從句中作賓語(yǔ)在從句中作定語(yǔ)指代人who/thatwhom/who/thatwhose指代物which/thatwhic

4、h/thatwhose/of which（1）關(guān)系代詞who/whom/whose基本用法： who的先行詞必須是人，在從句中可以擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)，如：Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas. 約翰尼是一個(gè)經(jīng)常會(huì)有新奇想法的人。who在從句中也可以擔(dān)任賓語(yǔ), 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)和whom互相替代。但who前面不能有介詞，如果帶介詞則必須用賓格whom，即“介詞+whom”。The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Deep.=The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Dee

5、p.剛剛和你談話的人是德普先生。b. 只用who而不用that的情況在定語(yǔ)從句中who和that指代人時(shí)可以通用，但在下列情況下只能用who，而不能用that。（1）先行詞是one，ones和anyone時(shí)，宜用who。Anyone who laughs last laughs best. 笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。（2）先行詞是those時(shí)，宜用who。No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.對(duì)于那些在地震中

6、為營(yíng)救生還者而辛苦工作的人，任何言語(yǔ)都無(wú)法表達(dá)我們的感激之情。（3）當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，宜用who。I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province.昨天我在街上遇到一個(gè)在云南西部長(zhǎng)大的女孩。（4）一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞是that，另一個(gè)宜用who。The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.昨晚你遇見(jiàn)的那個(gè)男孩是個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)非常努力的組長(zhǎng)。（5）在the

7、re be開(kāi)頭的句子中，宜用who。There is a young man who wants to see your father. 有個(gè)年輕人想要見(jiàn)你父親。c. Whose的用法關(guān)系代詞whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? 你認(rèn)識(shí)彼得嗎？他的父親恰巧正在你們公司工作。當(dāng)whose指代物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于of which。The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces s

8、outh.=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句既可以是限定性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。Xian, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls.西安是少數(shù)幾座有城墻的城市之一，它的城墻保持得和以前一樣好。（2）關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法兩者都可用于指代物，但使用場(chǎng)合存在差別。1. 在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中指代物時(shí)，which和that一般可以通用The

9、 new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.2. 限定性定語(yǔ)從句中只用that而不用which的情況A. 主句已有疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?旅館前面的小汽車中哪輛屬于你？Who is the man that is sitting by the lake? 坐在湖邊的男人是誰(shuí)？B. 先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)He talked about the schools and teachers

10、that he had visited. 他談到了他訪問(wèn)過(guò)的學(xué)校和老師。C. 先行詞為all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代詞時(shí)Its easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.做修理很容易。你所需要的全部東西是一把錘子和一些釘子。D. 先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)This is the best way that has been used against pollution.這是用來(lái)防止污染的最好的辦法。E

11、. 先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)This is the third time that they have met.這是他們第三次見(jiàn)面。F. 先行詞有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等詞修飾時(shí)This is the very room that I slept in that evening.這正是我那天晚上睡過(guò)的房間。G. 有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個(gè)宜用thatEdison built up a factory which produced things that had never been

12、seen before.3.只用which而不用that的情況A. 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)只用which而不用thatThe fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.（which指代fish）Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.（which指代整個(gè)主句）The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad.

13、 這家工廠每年生產(chǎn)50萬(wàn)雙鞋，大都銷往國(guó)外。（which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等詞修飾。）B. 在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)只用which而不用thatThis is the hotel in which you will stay.如果把介詞in后移，那么關(guān)系代詞既可以用which，也可以用that，還可以省略。This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in. 這就是你將要住的旅館。C. 有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用whichLet me

14、 show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.讓我給你看看我從新開(kāi)放的圖書(shū)館借來(lái)的小說(shuō)?！究偨Y(jié)】which可用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，代替物、整個(gè)句子或主句中的一部分, 也可用于介詞之后，構(gòu)成“介詞+which”, 而that 不能用于上述兩種情況。4. 關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞一樣，具有各種作用：在定語(yǔ)從句中代替先行詞、在從句中作狀語(yǔ)、把兩個(gè)句子連接成為一個(gè)帶有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句等。具體選用什么關(guān)系副詞，主要取決于關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么類型的狀語(yǔ)。 先行詞關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞在從句中充

15、當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞种傅攸c(diǎn)where地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)指時(shí)間when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)指原因why原因狀語(yǔ)（1）關(guān)系副詞where由where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞主要是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如building，city，room等，where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。The hotel where we stayed was very clean. 我們呆過(guò)的那家旅館很干凈。拆分：【W(wǎng)e stayed at the hotel.】 + 【The hotel was very clean.】Where指代了at the hotel, 作從句中的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。補(bǔ)充：可以用關(guān)系代詞來(lái)表述The hotel where we stayed

16、was very clean.=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.=The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.（2）關(guān)系副詞when 由when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞主要是表示時(shí)間的名詞，如time，day，date等，when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Ill never forget the time when we first met.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們第一次相遇時(shí)的情景。拆分：【Ill never forget the time.】+【W(wǎng)e first met during th

17、e time.】（when在從句中代替during the time，作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）補(bǔ)充：可以用關(guān)系代詞表述Ill never forget the time when we first met. =Ill never forget the time during which we first met.小試牛刀：The date _ he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.他加入南非國(guó)民議會(huì)青年同盟的日期是8月5日?！咀⒁狻繌恼Z(yǔ)法來(lái)講，這個(gè)句子中的定語(yǔ)從句只能用when引導(dǎo)，但在口語(yǔ)中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。（when/that

18、）（3）關(guān)系副詞why由why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，經(jīng)常會(huì)用在先行詞reason的后面，why在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard. 我獲得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。補(bǔ)充：可以用關(guān)系代詞表述：The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.=The reason for which I got a job was that I worked hard.=The reason （that）I got a job was that I worked hard.注意：一般

19、來(lái)講，在定語(yǔ)從句中，只要先行詞是the reason，它的關(guān)系副詞就是why；和when一樣，在口語(yǔ)中，關(guān)系副詞why常被that代替，也可以省略。Quiz:1. 區(qū)分帶reason的定語(yǔ)從句與表語(yǔ)從句I know the reason why she studies so well. The reason is that he is always careless in his work. 2. 關(guān)系詞的選擇This is the college _ I visited. This is the college _ I studied three years ago.Ill never fo

20、rget the day _ we spent together.Ill never forget the day _ I got married.定語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句（that/which）where/at which/(that)(that/which)when/on which/(that)5. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的省略A. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都不可以省略。B. 以下情況，關(guān)系詞可以省略：1. Sorry, I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want. (限從里，關(guān)系代詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略)2. This

21、is the government building (which/that) my father works in.(限從里，關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略)3. Theres nothing (that) I can do about it.(There be句型之后的定從，關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)都可省略)4. He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.(限從中，若在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中，某些表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因的名詞后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。例如，先行詞the time，every time，each time，the mom

22、ent等后面的關(guān)系副詞when可以省略；先行詞the reason后面的關(guān)系副詞why也可以省略。)6. as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 as引導(dǎo)的限定性定語(yǔ)從句 a. such.as.和the same.as.的用法 such.as.意為“像一樣的，像之類”；the same.as.意為“和同樣的”。在這兩個(gè)句型中，as是關(guān)系代詞，such和same作定語(yǔ)，修飾主句里的某個(gè)名詞（或代詞），這個(gè)名詞（或代詞）是由as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，as在從句中可擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在從句中作

23、主語(yǔ)）我們找到了像他們廠里用的那種材料。We have found the same materials as are used in their factory.我們找到了和他們廠里用的那種材料一樣的材料（同種類材料）?！緟^(qū)分】We have found the same materials that are used in their factory.我們找到了他們廠里用的那種材料（同一批材料）。b. such as.的用法 such as.中的such為代詞，意思為“這樣的人或物”，as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，修飾先行詞such。This book is not such (n. 這樣的書(shū)) a

24、s I expect.這不是一本我所盼望的書(shū)。補(bǔ)充：such as還可以表示“諸如，例如，像那樣的”的意思，此時(shí)其后跟名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)等，如：They bought a lot of fruit, such as apples, oranges, etc. as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句as可以像which一樣引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，用來(lái)代表整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，它的先行詞可以是名詞，也可以是不定式短語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。此外，有些as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句已成為固定用法，如：例句：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 正如我們所知，吸

25、煙有害健康。as we know 正如我們所知 as is well known 眾所周知 as is reported 正如報(bào)道的那樣as was expected 正如預(yù)料的那樣 as is often the case 像通常那樣 as has been said before 如上所述【比較】as和which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別as和which都可以代替整個(gè)句子，當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句至于主句之后時(shí)，as和which可以互換使用。He didnt tell me any news, as/which upset me. 他沒(méi)有告訴我任何消息，這使我很不安。which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，代

26、表整個(gè)主句時(shí)不能放在主句之前。as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，代表整個(gè)主句時(shí)可放在主句之前或之后，有時(shí)也可放在主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間。As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.=Talks between the two countries, as is reported in the newspapers, are making progress.正如報(bào)道的那樣，這兩個(gè)國(guó)家之間的會(huì)談?wù)谶M(jìn)展中。6. 定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 1.根據(jù)that在從句中是否作成分來(lái)判定that在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任句子成分，而在同位語(yǔ)從句中不作成分。The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告訴我的消息不是真的。（that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明是哪一個(gè)news，that在從句中擔(dān)任told的賓語(yǔ)。）The news that the leader will come here is not true. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)將要來(lái)這兒的消息不是真的。（that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明news的具體內(nèi)容，that在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分。）2.根據(jù)意思來(lái)判斷在