時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)簡(jiǎn)化

1、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1 八種基本時(shí)態(tài)：1 .一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 2 .一般過(guò)去時(shí)3 .現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 4 .過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)5 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 6 .過(guò)去完成時(shí) 7 .一般將來(lái)時(shí) 8 .過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)1 .主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 2 .被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)2 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) do/does 一般過(guò)去時(shí) did 一般將來(lái)時(shí) shall / will + do 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) would / should + do 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am / is / are + doing 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was / were + doing 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have / has + done 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had + done 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) have been doing 將來(lái)進(jìn)行

2、時(shí) will be doing 將來(lái)完成時(shí) will have done3 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、表示目前或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)或特征.、表示客觀存在及普遍真理。、表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常和習(xí)慣性發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與 sometimes,often,usually,always,every等時(shí)間裝于連用。、在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。、一些表示方向位移的動(dòng)詞，可用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示按時(shí)刻表安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。這樣的動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：arrive ,be , begin , come , close , end , go , leave, open , return , sail , start , stop等。例如： Th

3、e train leaves at 10:05 a.m. 這列火車上午十點(diǎn)另五分開(kāi)。 The plane from Hainan arrives at 6 p.m. 從海南來(lái)的飛機(jī)下午六點(diǎn)到。4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1. 某些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體與 always, often, forever, constantly 連用時(shí)，表示贊揚(yáng)、埋怨、生氣和批評(píng)。 He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示贊許）他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。 She is often doing well at school. （表示滿意）她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)挺不錯(cuò)的。2. 表示

4、來(lái)、去、開(kāi)始、終結(jié)、離開(kāi)、到達(dá)等意義的瞬間動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午飯 ) , return, dine ( 進(jìn)餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如： Im dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我將和朋友在外面吃飯。 An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美國(guó)教

5、授要來(lái)作報(bào)告。5感知或感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞：hear, see, seem, smell, sound, look, feel等。表示心理或情感的動(dòng)詞：like, love, hate, prefer, wish等。表示狀態(tài)存在的動(dòng)詞：be, exist, remain, stay, 等。表示占有或存屬關(guān)系動(dòng)詞：have, own, belong, contain等。表示思考、理解等心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞：believe, doubt, forget, know, remember, understand等。下列幾類動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)6 一般將來(lái)時(shí)1）shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形(事先沒(méi)有考慮過(guò)，說(shuō)話

6、時(shí)臨時(shí)想到的）I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天沒(méi)空。2) be( am / is / are ) + going +to do sth例如： A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在倫敦度假。 B) It is going to rain soon .馬上要下雨了。3) be( am / is / are ) + to do sthA)按計(jì)劃沒(méi)有意外一定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間一般不會(huì)很遠(yuǎn)； B)要求或命令他人做某事。例如：A) The new bridge is to o

7、pen to traffic in three days. 新橋三天后通車。 B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移動(dòng)通訊工具都不得帶入考場(chǎng)。4)be about to do 表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 例如： I was about to leave when an unexpected visitor came.7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)問(wèn)題: A. 凡是“完成時(shí)態(tài)”都表示，不知道也不管動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間, 所以在使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里，不可以帶

8、有表示具體過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如：yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等；但常和有些副詞連用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , notyet , always等等。 B. 在以when提問(wèn)的特殊疑問(wèn)中不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。另外，ago不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里，因?yàn)樗硎緩默F(xiàn)在算起的以前某個(gè)時(shí)間，屬于表示具體過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。但是可以用before來(lái)表示以前的意義，因?yàn)樗槐硎疽郧?，而不知什么時(shí)候的以前。 C. 如果是不表示連續(xù)性

9、的動(dòng)詞用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子，不可以和以for表示的一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。在這種情況下，應(yīng)該用It has been since的句式來(lái)表達(dá)。如： He has joined the army for five years. （錯(cuò)誤） It has been five years since he joined the army. （正確）8現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用于下列句子結(jié)構(gòu)：1.It is/has been +some time+since-clause2.That/This/It is the first time that3.That/This/It is the only4.That/Thi

10、s/It is the best/finest/most interesting,etce.g: This is the first time that I have heard her sing. This is the only party that I have ever really enjoyed in my life. Its one of the most interesting books that I have ever read.9現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示，發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)動(dòng)作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在剛剛完成，或許還要繼續(xù)延續(xù)；這種時(shí)態(tài)側(cè)重于這個(gè)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，或者說(shuō)不間斷性。當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be時(shí)

11、，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)就可以表示現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 例如： Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整個(gè)上午我一直在等你。 It has been raining for three days. 雨連續(xù)下了三天。10將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示的是到將來(lái)的某點(diǎn)時(shí)間為止將已經(jīng)完成了某個(gè)動(dòng)作。We will have learned three chapters by the end of this term.I will have prepared the meal when my mother come back.11將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的是在將來(lái)

12、的某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，將正在做某事。We will be taking an English exam this time tomorrow afternoon.I will be waiting for you at the school gate at five oclock tomorrow morning.12典型例題1.Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. a. would be b. has been c. had been d.

13、 would have been7.My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _ by then. a. would leave b. will have left c. has left d .had left21.On his next birthday he _ married for ten years. a. has been b. will be c. will have been d. would have been 13典型例題5

14、.While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely. a. replaced b. have replaced c. replace d. will replace15.In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night, and asked to report what they _. a. have just bee

15、n dreaming b. are just dreamingc. had just been dreaming d. had just dreamed25.When it rained, a football match _ in the sports ground. a. was being held b. was held c. had been held d. was holding 14 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng)態(tài)和被動(dòng)態(tài) 15主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義：1.feel.look.smell,taste,sound等系動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞時(shí)2.cut,read,sell,wear,write,wash,

16、cook,shut,dry,drink等表示某種 性質(zhì)時(shí)且?guī)в袪钫Z(yǔ)修飾時(shí) e.g:The book sells very well. These cups clean easily. The stone weighs two tons. The jacket washes easily.3.want,require,need,worth后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 e.g:These flowers want/require/need watering. These books are worth reading.4.在“be+adj.+to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng) 代被動(dòng)。 e.g:This apple isnt fit to eat. He isnt easy to get along with.16被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義：be seated,be hidden,be lost,be drunk,be dressed,be devoted be, determined