人教版九年級(jí)英語第十三單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、人教版九年級(jí)英語第十三單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)Unit13.Weretryingtosavetheearth!一單詞litterbottomfishermancoaluglyadvantagecostwoodenplastictakeawaybinsharkfincruelharmfulbeharmfultoatthetopofchainthefoodchainecosystemindustrylawscientifictakepartinaffordturnoffreusablepayfortakeactiontransportationrecyclenapkinthrowawayputsthtogo

2、odusepull.downupsidegatebottlepresidentinspirationironworkmetalbringbackcreativity二.1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)定義：表示說話時(shí)（瞬間）正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也表示目前或現(xiàn)階段一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。結(jié)構(gòu)：肯定句：主語+am/is/are+V-ing否定句:主語+am/is/are+not+V-ing疑問句：Am/Is/Are+主語+V-ing用法：1）表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的，目前正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Look!Thebigbirdisflyingaway.Heiswatchingamovienow.2）表示目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行，但說話時(shí)可能沒

3、有進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。RightnowIamstudyingChinesebydistancelearning.我現(xiàn)在正通過遠(yuǎn)程教育學(xué)習(xí)漢語。1）2）常帶有表示目前時(shí)刻的時(shí)間副詞，女口：now,rightnow,atthe（very）moment,forthetimebeing,atpresent,thesedays及Look!Listen!.）與always,constantly,forever,allthetime等副詞連用，表示動(dòng)作反復(fù)或習(xí)慣。此時(shí)句子常含有說話者的強(qiáng)烈情感在內(nèi)。表達(dá)較強(qiáng)的“責(zé)備”或“表揚(yáng)”之意Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你總是主意不定。（太煩人了）

4、Heisalwayshelpingothers.他總是幫助別人。（他真是個(gè)好人）對(duì)于come,go,leave,arrive,start,fly,drive等表示位置移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞?？捎眠M(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表將來。HeisleavingonWednesday.Maryisnthereatthemoment.Sheiscominglater.usedtodo見第四單元及use用法被動(dòng)語態(tài)見第五單元注意：接雙賓語的詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)；make/let/havesbdo的被動(dòng)語態(tài)；see/hear/notice/find/observesbdo的被動(dòng)語態(tài)；Itssaid/reported/believed/suppose

5、d/well-known；及無被動(dòng)語態(tài)的三種情況（感官動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞、sell/write等）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：用法：過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果：強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果YesterdayIfinishedmyhomework,thatstosay,Ihavefinishedmyhomeworknow.過去已經(jīng)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)：強(qiáng)調(diào)繼續(xù)Ihavelivedheresince1990.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成have/has+過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的四個(gè)基本句型肯定句Hehasfinishedthework.一般疑問句Hashefinishedthework?否定句Hehasnotfinishedthe

6、work.兩回答Yes,hehas.No,hehasnt.特殊疑問句Whathashedone?在下列情形下用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1九詞語already已經(jīng)肯定句中或句尾Ihavealreadyfoundmypen.=Ihavefoundmypenalready.yet已經(jīng)否定句和疑問句句尾Ihavenotfinishedtheworkyet.Haveyouboughtacomputeryet?ever曾經(jīng)句中Haveyoueverseenpandas?never從不句中IhaveneverbeentoBeijing.just岡lj岡lj句中Ihavejustdonemywork.before以前句尾I

7、haveneverbeentherebefore.sofar到目前為止Sofarhehaslearned200words.howlong多久Howlonghaveyoulivedhere?howmanytimes多少次HowmanytimeshashebeentoBeijing?2兩詞組havegoneto去了某地havebeento去過某地例：HehasgonetoBeijing例：HehasbeentoBeijing.（去了北京，沒回）（去過北京，回了）3兩結(jié)構(gòu)fortwomonthsfor+一段時(shí)間Jimhaslivedherefor2months.sincelastyearsince+

8、過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)LucyhasbeeninBeijingsince3yearssince3yearsagoago.since1990sincehecameheresince+過去時(shí)態(tài)句子HehasbeeninChinasincehecamehere.4如果句子里面沒有時(shí)間狀語，漢語意思能夠加“已經(jīng)”，往往用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。Haveyoulostyourlibrarybook?你已經(jīng)弄丟了從圖書館借的那本書嗎？5現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還常常用于下列句型Theyhaveplantedmanytreesinthelast/pastfewyears.ThisisthebestbookIhaveeverread.Itis

9、thefirsttimeIhaveplayedthecomputergames.在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，一次性動(dòng)詞不能和一段時(shí)間狀語連用例：Hehasboughtthebookfor3years.（錯(cuò)）因buy這個(gè)一次性動(dòng)詞不能和一段時(shí)間for3years連用，改正的辦法有：Hehasboughtthebook.（去掉一段時(shí)間for3years）Heboughtthebook3yearsago（改為一般過去時(shí)，使句子的意思不變）Its/Ithasbeen3yearssinceheboughtthebook.=3yearshaspassedsinceheboughtthebook.（改為固定句型Itis

10、/Ithasbeensince）Hehashadthebookfor3years.（用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞have代替buy）另外come/arrive/getto/reachfbehereIhavecomeherefor3years.（錯(cuò)）改為：Ihavebeenherefor3years.leave/gofbeawayHehasleftfor3hours.（錯(cuò)）改為：Hehasbeenawayfor3hours.begin/startfbeonThefilmhasbegunfor3minutes.（錯(cuò)）改為：Thefilmhasbeenonfor3minutes.openfbeopen/closef

11、beclosedTheshophasopenedfor3years.（錯(cuò)）改為：Theshophasbeenopenfor3years.diefbedeadHisfatherhasdiedfor3years.（錯(cuò)）改為：Hisfatherhasbeendeadfor3years.finish/endfbeover改為：Theworkhasbeenoverfor3days（錯(cuò)）或Ihavebeenasoldierfor3years.Hehasfinishedtheworkfor3days.（錯(cuò)）joinIhavejoinedthearmyfor3years.改為：Ihavebeeninthear

12、myfor3years.改為：Ihavehadthebikefor3years.改為：Hehashadacoldfor3days.改為：Ihavekeptthebookfor3years.buy/catchhaveIhaveboughtthebikefor3years.（錯(cuò)）Hehascaughtacoldfor3days.（錯(cuò)）borrowkeepIhaveborrowedthebookfor3years.（錯(cuò)）還有其它的歸納如下：breakbebrokengetupbeupmarrybemarriedbecomebelosebelost情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義，表示說話人的情緒

13、、態(tài)度或語氣，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語，只能與其他動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成謂語。常見的有：can(could),may(might),must,need,shall(should),will(would)等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化,后接動(dòng)詞原形。否定式是在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加not。個(gè)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過去式形式,也可用來表達(dá)更加客氣、委婉的語氣。can和could的用法can/could表示“能力；許可；可能性”等。could為can的過去式。如：CanIuseyourbike?can用在疑問句中，表示征求意見、請(qǐng)求許可，答語仍用can;could用在疑問句中，比can更委婉、客氣，是一種禮貌的說法，并不表示過去時(shí)態(tài)，答語用

14、can，而不能用could。如：Couldyoutellmethewaytothezoo?Sorry.Icant.Imnewhere。注意can和could只能用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)兩種時(shí)態(tài)，將來時(shí)中用beableto。另外，cant可表示否定推測。如：ThatbeMrWang.HehasgonetoBeijing。may和might的用法may/might意為“可以”，表示同意、許可或請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可，也可表示祝愿。may的否定形式為maynot。might是may的過去式，有兩種用法：一種表示過去式；一種表示虛擬語氣，使語氣更加委婉、客氣，或表示可能性更小。以may開頭的一般疑問句，其否定回答用m

15、ustnt,而不用maynot。如：Iuseyourpen?我可以用你用的鋼筆嗎？Youmayputonmoreclothes.Mayyoubehappy!MightIborrowsomemoneynow?Hemightbealive.must的用法must意為“必須，一定，準(zhǔn)是”，表示說話人認(rèn)為有必要做某事，或命令、要求別人做某事以及對(duì)事物的推測。否定形式mustnt,表示“不得”，“一定不要”。如：Ifinishmyworktoday。Youmustntdriveafterdrinking。（1）must與haveto的區(qū)別：must表示說話人的主觀意愿；haveto表示客觀需要。如：Im

16、ustdomyhomeworkfirst。Itisraininghardoutside;Istayathome。（2）回答由must引導(dǎo)的疑問句的提問肯定回答：Yes,must.如：MustIgohomenow?Yes,youmust.否定回答：No，neednt./No，dont/doesnthaveto.MustIgohomenow?No,you_.（3）must表示對(duì)事物的推測，意為“想必；一定”，只用于肯定句中；表“推測”時(shí)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞原形，（常為be動(dòng)詞）連用，如：Themanmustbeourteacher。4.need的用法(1)need表示“需要，必須”，主要用于否定句和疑

17、問句中。其否定形式為neednt，表示“沒有必要，不必”；對(duì)由need構(gòu)成的疑問句進(jìn)行回答時(shí)，其肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。如Needwedosomecleaningnow?Yes,youmust.No,youneednt.(2)need還可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：needtodosth“需要做某事。如Ineedtolearnmore.needdoing“某物需要被做=needtobedone。如：Myhairneedscutting.=Myhairneedstobecut.need+名詞或代詞。如：Alllivingthingsneedwater.shall和should

18、的用法shall用于第一人稱的句子中，表示提建議或請(qǐng)求；should用于各種人稱的句子中，強(qiáng)調(diào)義務(wù)或責(zé)任，意為“應(yīng)該”。如：wegooutforawalk?Youshouldstudyhardatschool。shouldhavedone主要有兩個(gè)用法：用于推測過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。如：Heshouldhavearrivedbynow.用于指本該發(fā)生而實(shí)際上未發(fā)生的情況。如：Youshouldhavetoldmesobefore.will和would的用法will用于第二人稱疑問句時(shí)，表示征求意見或提建議；would為will的過去式，可用于多種人稱，表示意愿。如：Willyouhavealit

19、tlesoup?wouldhavedone主要有兩個(gè)用法：表“猜測過去”Iguessthepoetwouldhavebeenabouttwentywhenshewroteherfirstpoem.表“過去本會(huì)發(fā)生，而實(shí)際并未發(fā)生”，沒有責(zé)備之意。IwouldhavewrittenbeforebutIhavebeenill.本來我是會(huì)寫信的，但是由于我生病了。(用來說明某一情況，沒有責(zé)備之意)havetohaveto的陳述句形式肯定式：haveto+動(dòng)詞原形Ihavetotidymyroom.我得整理房間.否定式：dont(doesnt)+haveto+動(dòng)詞原形Youdonthavetogoif

20、youdontwantto.haveto的一般疑問句形式及簡略答語haveto的一般疑問形式必須借助助動(dòng)詞do或does：Doyouhavetolookafteryoursister?Yes,Ido./No,Idont.haveto的特殊疑問句形式WhatdoyouhavetodoonSundays?haveto可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)A、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：IhavetovisitMrWang.B、一般過去時(shí)：Thatnightwehadtowalkhomebecausetherewasnobus.C、一般將來時(shí)：WellhavetoaskZhangMinginstead.D、與may連用：Ithinkhem

21、ayhavetohelphisDadinthegarden.8.oughttooughtto的肯定式應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該Youdontlookwell.Yououghttogotoseethedoctor.oughtto的否定式和疑問式oughtto的否定形式是ought后直接加not構(gòu)成，其否定形式可縮寫為oughtnt。Oneoughtnot(oughtnt)tocrossthestreetagainsttheredlight.oughtto的疑問式是將ought提到句首構(gòu)成。Oughtwetodoitatonce?Yes,yououghtto.“oughtto+have+done”表示過去應(yīng)做某事

22、而實(shí)際未做Yououghttohavetoldmethat(butyoudidnt).這時(shí)oughtto和should可以互換使用。三1.litter/rubbish/garbage/wastegarbage和rubbish含義相同，garbage美國英語，而rubbish英國英語。這兩個(gè)詞詞義較為具體，指必須及時(shí)清除的剩余物，比如廚房里的垃圾，生活垃圾等等。litter指公共場所丟棄的小片/塊垃圾，如紙片、塑料袋、易拉罐、飲料瓶等。waste作名詞用時(shí)可表“廢物”的總稱。另：wastetimeindoingsthatthebottomof在.底部/atthetopof在.頂部Heshoute

23、datthetopofhisvoiceinorderthathemightbeheard.advantage.havethe(an)advantageover(of)優(yōu)于，比占有優(yōu)勢。如：Youhavetheadvantageover(of)meinexperience.你經(jīng)驗(yàn)比我豐富。有時(shí)用動(dòng)詞gain,get等。如：Theygainedanadvantageovertheenemy.他們比敵人占優(yōu)勢。.takeadvantageof=make(full)useof利用(機(jī)會(huì)、時(shí)機(jī)等)oTheytookadvantageofthefineweathertoplaytennis.利用(某人的處

24、境、弱點(diǎn)等)oHealwaystookfulladvantageofthemistakesmadebyhisrivals.欺騙(某人)，捉弄(某人)，占(某人的)便宜。Hehasalwaysbeentakingadvantageofme.tosbsadvantage對(duì)某人有利。Itwillbetoyouradvantagetostudyabroad.四個(gè)花費(fèi)句型beharmfulto=doharmtoSmokingisharmfultothehealth.=Smokingdoesharmtoyourhealth四個(gè)參加辨析affordtodosth擔(dān)負(fù)得起干某事常與can,could,beab

25、leto連用Hetoldmethatthefirmcouldnotaffordtopaysuchlargesalaries.他告訴我公司無法支付如此巨額的工資。turn短語turnin歸還Youmustturninyourequipmentbeforeyouleavethearmy.turnon打開couldyouturnonthelight,please?turnoff關(guān)掉(煤氣，水，電，收音機(jī)，電視機(jī)等)Dontforgettoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.turnup出現(xiàn)，到達(dá)開大音量Hepromisedtocomebuthasntturnedupyet.Ica

26、ntheartheradioverywell;couldyouturnitupabit?turndown關(guān)小扌巨絕CanyouturntheTVdown?Imtryingtogetsomesleep.Hetriedtojointhearmybutwasturneddownbecauseofpoorhealth.turnout(tobe)+adj./n.證明是，結(jié)果是Theexperimentturnedouttobeagreatsuccess.turninto扌把變成，譯成TurnthefollowingsentencesintoChinese,please.turnto翻到，求助于1)Ple

27、aseturntopage10.2)Thechildturnedtohismotherforcomfort.turnover一翻身，翻轉(zhuǎn)Sheturnedoverandwenttosleep.throwaway扔掉,丟棄錯(cuò)過(機(jī)會(huì)、優(yōu)勢或好處)Hethrewawaytheoldsofa.Dontthrowawaythisopportunity.workworkn.工作；（音樂、藝術(shù)）作品；工廠v.工作Hehasmuchworktodo.（U）Themangainedhiswealthbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.（做“作品”講，為可數(shù)名詞，但常用復(fù)數(shù)）Thegl

28、assworksis/arenearthestation.玻璃廠在車站附近。（做“工廠”講，只用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)均可）英語中有些名詞，單復(fù)數(shù)形式意義有差別。manner方式，方法manners禮貌，禮儀arm胳膊arms武器water水waters海水，水域wood木頭woods森林bringback歸還；使想起ThesebooksmustbebroughtbackwithinaweekYourarticlebroughtbacksadmemoriesforme.bringup:撫養(yǎng)長大bringin:引進(jìn)bringforward:提出bringabout:帶來，造成12.inspir

29、ationninspirev激勵(lì)trytodo=tryonesbesttodo努力去做某事。Everystudentshouldtrytostudyhardinordertostudyinauniversity.berelatedto與有關(guān)Iamnotrelatedtohiminanyway.我和他無任何關(guān)系。playapartindoingsth在方面起作用Agooddietplaysalargepartinhelpingpeoplelivelonger.turninto（使）變成Joanisturningintoquiteaskilledmusician.譯成Pleaseturnthisi

30、ntoEnglish.makeadifference（to）表示（對(duì)）產(chǎn)生影響或作用ThenewteacheralwaysencourageslittleTom.Thishasmadeabigdifferencetohim.nolonger意思是“不再”有兩個(gè)短語和nolonger同義，即notanylonger和notanymore，但他們側(cè)重的方面不同。nolonger和notanylonger側(cè)重時(shí)間。e.g.Henolongerliveshere.=Hedoesntlivehereanylonger.TOC o 1-5 h z他不在這兒居住了。（一個(gè)時(shí)間以前他住在這兒，過了這個(gè)時(shí)間，他

31、就離開了。）notanymore=nomore側(cè)重側(cè)重程度和數(shù)量Youcandrinknomore.=Youcantdrinkanymore.你不能再喝了。（喝酒的量到了一定程度，不能再繼續(xù)下去了。）notonlybutalso“不僅而且”;其中的also有時(shí)可以省略。若連接兩個(gè)成分作主語，其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致。Notonlyyoubutalsohehastoleave.不只是你，他也得離開。notonly放在句首，后接句子時(shí)要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Notonlydidmyauntteachatschool,but（also）shewrotearticlesfornewspapers.Then

32、umberof的數(shù)量，謂語用原形anumberof.大量的，謂語用單三當(dāng)表示數(shù)值的高或低時(shí)，number要用high或low修飾。Inthatcountry,thenumberofchildrengoingtoschoolishigherincitiesthanintownsandvillage.在那個(gè)國家，城市兒童入學(xué)人數(shù)比鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)及農(nóng)村要高。常與number搭配的動(dòng)詞有g(shù)row,fall等。Thenumberoffamiliesthatowncarshasbeengrowingquicklyrecently.近來擁有轎車的家庭數(shù)量增長很快。putsth.togooduse好好利用build/m

33、ake.outof用建造/制造Hebuiltamodelshipoutofwood.他用木頭造了個(gè)模型船。Thetopofthehouseisanoldboatturnedupsidedown.turnedupsidedown意為“被翻轉(zhuǎn)過來的；被顛倒過來的”，做后置定語修飾boat。bemadeof和bemadefrombeknownfor因而著名beknownas作為而著名beknownto對(duì)于某人來說是著名的bringsb/sthbacktolife使復(fù)活，給以活力；27.Rethink,Reuse,Recycle!re-是最常用的前綴之一re-表示以下三方面的意義：1）表示“回”或“向

34、后”的意思。return（回來）recall（回憶，召回）retract（縮回，取回）2）表示“再”、“重新”、“重復(fù)”的意思。rethink（再思考）reuse（再運(yùn)用）restart（重新開始）recycle（再利用）3）表示“相反”、“反對(duì)”的意思。rebel（反叛，謀反）reverse（反轉(zhuǎn)，顛倒）resist（反抗，抵抗）Sheisamostunusualwoman.un-前綴，第一，表示否定意義。第二，表示“反動(dòng)作”。即“相反的動(dòng)作”。uncomfortable不舒服的unending無盡的unfortunate不幸的unusual不平常的unkind不仁慈的unbind解開，釋放

35、uncover揭開的蓋子unearth由地下掘出unbutton解開鈕扣-ive是形容詞后綴一般表示有的create+-ive=creativerecent+-ly=recently形容詞加ly變副詞Amyisaninspiration（n.靈感）tousall.后綴-tion附在動(dòng)詞后面構(gòu)成名詞1）當(dāng)單詞最后是t,d,te,de時(shí)，變名詞加tion或者ation,ition；2）當(dāng)單詞最后是元音字母時(shí)，變名詞加sion等。cutdown砍倒，減少ThelittleboycutdowntheyoungtreewithanaxeThedoctortoldmetocutdownsmokingand

36、drinking.cutup切碎cutoff切斷，停止especiallybefullofnoise/air/o.Causetheproblemwritetosbupwaytodosthcleanupusedtodotoomuch/toomany/muchtooclosedownplayapartincutdowninsteadof+doingSolvetheproblemsmakeadifferencearoundhere=nearhereleadtoideafordoingsthtakethe+交通工具h(yuǎn)elp/work起作用remembertodo/doinghearof/about/frombeharmfultothefoodchainthewhole+n=all+nbeindanger=beendangeredfallbyover90percent（increaseby是增加了多少increaseto是增加至多少）inthelast20yearsbeginwithsthaddupstoptodo/doingtakeactionpulldownset它過去是那么干凈。我們鎮(zhèn)