招投標(biāo)過程中業(yè)主和投標(biāo)者不對(duì)稱狀況和策略選擇的分析

1、 PAGE 11Analysis of the Asymmetric Situation in the Process of Tendering&Bidding and Strategies Choices for The Owner&The TendererAbstract-The tendering and bidding process is the keystep in formingthe co-operative relationship in projectconstructionAs one of the most important process ofconstructio

2、n, bidding is carried on an asymmetricsituationFrom the view of the Tenderer,the asymmetricinformation can be considered as unreplied or unexpressedcontract systemHowever，from the view of the Owner，itis the measurement taken by the Tenderer correspondingto his bidding documents, but unbeknown to him

3、ThisAsymmetric Situation has great effect of the process ofcooject, and to treat and adjust the situationreasonably will be a keyproblemHerefrom differentviews, we discussed the asymmetric information situationand gave some advice to bothBoth the owner and theTenderer can take some measures to make

4、up for theasymmetrical information so as to guarantee thesmooth undertaking of the business and realize theinterest aims of each partiesKeywordsConstruction BiddingAsymmetricInformationImplied Contract1.IINTRRODUCCTIOONThe tennderringg annd bbidddingg prroceess is thhe kkey steepin forrminng tthe co

5、-opeerattivee reelattionnshiip iin pprojjecttconnstrructtionnDuurinng tthe tennderringg annd bbidddingg，thheOwnner prooposses thee aiim，rrequuireemennt aand thee moode of co-opeerattionn annd eexprressses theem iin tthe forrm ooftennderringg doocummentts aand conntraactssInn reespoonsee toothee deem

6、annds of thee Owwnerr, tthe Tennderrerputts fforwwardd coorreespoondeent aimm annd pprommisee baasedd onn ittsevaaluaatioon oof tthe proojecctThe co-opeerattionn o f tthe twoo paartiies of theeconnstrructtionn iss reefleecteed aand reggulaatedd thhrouughconntraactss annd tthe Ownner andd Teendeererr

7、 exxchaangeeinfformmatiion andd esstabblissh cconttraccts durringg thhetennderringg annd bbidddinggproocesssHHoweeverr,ttheexcchannge of infformmatiion is neiitheer ccompplette nnorsymmmettriccal andd thhe OOwneer cconsstruuctss ann assymmmetrricaaliinfoormaatioonplaatfoorm forr thhe TTenddereerswhi

8、ile thee Teendeererr allso takkes sommecorrressponndinngmmeassurees.2 TTHE ASYYMMEETRIIC SSITUUATllON OFTHEOWNEER AAND THEE TEENDEERERRAThhe iinfoormaatioon pplattforrm oofthee OwwnerrThe Ownner connstrructts tthe infformmatiion plaatfoormarooundd thheconntraactss，inncluudinng sstatted conntraact(or

9、exppresssedd coontrractt /coondiitioons)andd immpliied conntraact(orr unnexppresssedd coontrracttcoondiitioons)The staatedd coontrractt whhichh iss prroviidedd byy thheOwnner is thee doocummentt coonsiisteed oof cconttracct ttermmsandd coondiitioons as thee ruuless annd rreguulattionns iin ttheco-op

10、eerattionn off thhe pprojjectt coonsttrucctioonIIt ssignnifiiesthee maanaggemeent sysstemm annd pprocceduure of thee prrojeectas welllaas tthe wayy off soolviing thee prrobllemss arrisiingdurringg thhe cconsstruuctiionThee sttateed cconttactt issspeeciffiedd inn thhe ttextt annd ttermms oof tthe con

11、nstrructtionnconntraactGeneerallly speeakiing，thee foormaat oof tthiss doocummenttis fixxed andd ittssamplleincluddingg thhe nnotiice to theeTennderrer,Billl oof QQuanntitty，DDrawwingg annd 11ettterss ettc，iis ccircculaatedd inn thhe iinduustrryAAlltheese doccumeentss arrestaatedd cllearrly andd thh

12、e TTenddereer ccan deccidee itts oowntennderringg sttrattegyy annd ppricce aaccoordiing to theeinfformmatiionThee ceertaaintty oof tthe staatedd coontrracttenaablees tthe Tennderrer to unddersstannd aand graasp theeinfformmatiion；theerefforee itt iss off prrimaary impporttancce iindeccidiing thee pr

13、ricee offthee teendeerinngTheimpplieed cconttracct iis tthe parrt wwhicch ddoess nootapppearr inn thhe sstattedconntraact, buutsstilll iis acccepptedd byythee twwo pparttiess anndhhas thee poowerr offbinndinng ttheiirbehhaviiorForr onne tthinng，tthe impplieed cconttracct cconssisttsof thee soociaal,

14、 Ecconoomicc,1eggal andd teechnnicaalbacckgrrounnds of thee sttateedconntraact, thhereeforresservvinggas itss prrecoondiitioon；fforanootheer, thee immpliied conntraactis alsso tthe reaasonnablle iinfeerennce draawn froom tthestaatedd coontrractt unnderr ceertaain socciall，ecconoomicc，leegallandd tee

15、chnnoloogiccalbacckgrrounndsTheerefforee，thheimpplieed cconttracct iis mmadee upp off twwo ppartts：tthecommmonn impliied conntraact andd thhe iinfeerreed cconttracctThe commmonn immpliied conntraact maiinlyy reeferrs ttothee reelevvantt laaws andd reegullatiionss isssueed bby tthegovvernnmennt, thee

16、 coonveentiionss esstabblisshedd byy ussagee innthiis ppartticuularr inndusstryythhe ttechhnollogiicall reegullatiionsswhiich hass thhe llegaal poowerr annd tthe bassic priinciipleesaccceptted in thee reealmms ooftecchnoologgy aand ecoonommyAAlthhouggh tthe parrt mmenttionned aboove is nott sttateed

17、cleearlly aand dettailledlly iin tthe artticlles ofthee coontrractt, iitstiill connstiituttes thee ruule andd reegullatiionss inn thheproocesss off proojecctconnstrructtionnThhereeforre iit ccan nottbe vioolatted sinnce botth pparttiess arre ccleaar aabouut iitsexiisteenceeThe infferrred conntraact

18、is bassed on thee reeasoonabbleannd jjustt innferrencce oof tthe staatedd coontrractt annd tthe commmon impplieed cconttracct, theerefforee shhoulld bbeabiidedd byy duurinng tthe impplemmenttatiion of thee prrojeectBessidees，iin sspeccifiic pprojjectt ennvirronmmentt，thhe iinfeerreedconntraact cann

19、seervee ass thhe bbasiis aand staandaard of theetwoo paartiiesCommparred witth tthe commmonn immpliiedconntraact, thheiinfeerreed cconttracct iis mmoree coompllicaateddbeccausse “it is thee baasiss annd sstanndarrd bbaseed oonsennsibble inffereencee”TThis posses a cchalllennge to theeproofesssioonal

20、l prrofiicieencyy off thhe ppersson whoo innferrsandd thhe ppersson whoo juudgeesOOnlyy whhen thee twwoparrtiees hhavee siimillar proofesssioonall prrofiicieencyy anndbacckgrrounnd aand unddersstannd tthe priinciiplees iin tthesimmilaar wway，cann thhey comme tto ssimiilarr cooncllusiionssDue to thee

21、 exxisttencce oof tthe impplieed cconttracct，ttheTennderrer cann noot oobtaain thee saame infformmatiion as theeOwnner doees；ttherrefoore thee innforrmattionn pllatfformm offthee Ownner is asyymmeetriicall frrom thee viiewppoinnt off thheTennderrerThee Owwnerr taakess thhe iinittiattivee poosittionn

22、 atttheefirrst staage of thee trradee ass weell as in thee prroceess ofinnforrmattionn exxchaangeeBThhe iinfoormaatioon pplattforrm oofthee TeendeererrIn oordeer tto oobtaain thee coontrractt off thhe pprojjectt anndtheen tthe proofitt off coonsttrucctioon, thee Teendeererr wiillofffer corrressponnd

23、inng iinfoormaatioon tto mmeett thhedemmandds oof tthe OwwnerrThhe iinfoormaatioon iis bbaseed oonitss owwn eestiimattionn off thhe pprojjectt ennvirronmmentt,connstrructtionn reequiiremmentt annd pproffit exppecttatiion，theerefforee foormiing thee innforrmattionn pllatfformm off thheTennderrerThee

24、innforrmattionn offferred by thee Teendeererr issthee reespoonsee too thhe aactiive infformmatiion of thee Owwnerr,so thee Teendeererr taakess a commparratiivelly ppasssiveepossitiion on thee fiirstt sttagee offthee trradiing proocesss3.TTHE ACTTIVEE ANND PPASSSIVEE POOSITTIONNSOfTTHE TWOO PAARTIIES

25、The acttivee annd ppasssivee poosittionns fformmed on theefirrst staage of thee biiddiing andd teendeerinng prroceess willlchaangee allongg wiith thee chhangges of theeasyymmeetriicallnesss oof tthe infformmatiion excchanngebettweeen tthe twoo paartiies durringg thhe bbusiinesss pproccesssA, ttheact

26、tivee anndpasssivve pposiitioons ofthee OwwnerrThe acttivee poosittionn offthee Owwnerr derrivees ffromm ittsmassterry oofthee orrigiinall iinfoormaatioon offthhe pprojjectt annditss riightt off isssuiinginfformmatiionSecconddlyitss acctivvepossitiion alsso lliess inn itts rrighhts of evaaluaatinng

27、tthebidddinng iinfoormaatioon aand deccidiing thee suucceessffulTennderrerBut thee diisaddvanntagge lliess inn thhat itss innforrmattionnplaatfoorm reemaiins staandsstilll，aand inssteaad oof bbeinngressponnsivve iinfoormaatioon, thee innforrmattionn iss onnly theeoriiginnalAt thee saame timmewwhenn

28、faacedd wiith a llarggenummberr off Teendeererrs，tthe Ownnercann noot cchoooseacttiveely；inssteaad iit ccan onlly aacceept onee off thheTennderrerss paassiivelly aaccoordiing to thee fiixedd ruulessAttthiis ttimee，thhe iimpoortaant dettaills rreleevannt tto tthe inttereestof thee prrojeect, suuch as

29、 thee prriciing strrateegy andd thheproojecct sstraateggy oof tthe Tennderrer cann noot bbe mmadee suuredurringg thhe ttendderiing andd biiddiing proocesssFFromm thhisasppectt, tthe Ownner is unndouubteedlyy thhe ppasssiveeaccceptter of in thee innforrmattionnexcchanngeBesiidess，thhe iimplliedd coon

30、trractt foormeed iin tthetennderringg annd bbidddingg prroceess seeems to be esppeciialllydissadvvanttageeouss too thhe TTenddereersbeccausse iit wwilllinccreaase theeir rissk aas wwelll ass thhe ddispputeesTTherrefoorethee Teendeererrs wwilll raaisee thhe ppricce iin tthe teendeerinngproocesss sso

31、aas tto mmakee upp foor tthe pottenttiall looss，whiichin turrn wwilll inncreeasee thhe llateentlosssof thee OwwnerrThe Ownner is thee paartyy whho ddraffts andd siignss thheconntraact：theerefforee alll kkindds oof immpliied conntraact willlnott prroteect itts iinteeresstWWhatt issmorreTThepriinciipl

32、ee offrreveerseeintterpprettatiion” inn seettllingg thheconntraact dissputte iis eevenn moore dissadvvanttageeouss too thheOwnnerB. Thee acctivve aand passsivve pposiitioons of theeTennderrerNow lett uss loook at thee poosittionns oof tthe TennderrerDurringg thhe bbidddingg prroceess，wheen cconffron

33、ntedd wiiththee hiigh-aboove infformmatiion plaatfoorm of thee Owwnerr,thee Teendeererr taakess a passsivve pposiitioonBBut theeTennderrer hass thhe ffreeedomm off chhoicce aand it cannchooosee diiffeerennt OOwneers andd diiffeerennt pprojjecttsTThisshellps thee Teendeererr too wiin aan aactiive pos

34、sitiion in terrmsof evaaluaatinng tthe exppectted proofitt annd ccomppariing theeproojecct iinfoormaatioonAt tthe samme ttimee，whhen connfroonteed wwithh alll kkinddsof resstriictiionss annd iinfoormaatioon bbarrrierrs mmadee byy thheOwnner，thee Teendeererr caan aactiivelly cchooose thee sttrattegyy

35、to deaal wwithhItt caanmmakee upp foor tthe losss oofinfformmatiion andd evven connstrructt ann innforrmattionnbarrrieer rrespponssiveely；in terrms of theese，thee Teendeererrcan beecomme tthe commparratiivelly aactiive sidde iin ttheinfformmatiion exxchaangee招投標(biāo)過過程中業(yè)業(yè)主和投投標(biāo)者不不對(duì)稱狀狀況和策策略選擇擇的分析析摘要：招招投標(biāo)過

36、過程是形成建設(shè)設(shè)項(xiàng)目中合作關(guān)關(guān)系的關(guān)關(guān)鍵.作為工工程建設(shè)設(shè)最重要要的過程程，招投投標(biāo)在一一個(gè)非對(duì)對(duì)稱狀態(tài)態(tài)下進(jìn)行行。在投投標(biāo)者看看來，不不對(duì)稱信信息可以以被視為為沒被答答復(fù)或沒沒有表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)出來的的合同體體系.然而，從業(yè)主主角度來來看，它它是投標(biāo)標(biāo)者根據(jù)據(jù)業(yè)主招招標(biāo)文件件所采取取的措施施，只不不過他不不知道。這個(gè)不不對(duì)稱形形態(tài)對(duì)工工程建設(shè)設(shè)項(xiàng)目過過程有重重大影響響，并且且合理的的應(yīng)對(duì)和和適應(yīng)這這一狀況況將會(huì)是是一個(gè)關(guān)關(guān)鍵問題題?，F(xiàn)在在我們從從不同的的角度討討論非對(duì)對(duì)稱信息息狀況并并且給雙雙方一些些建議。業(yè)主和和投標(biāo)人人都可以以采取措措施來彌彌補(bǔ)非對(duì)對(duì)稱信息息，為了了保證順順利的實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)交易易并實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)

37、雙方的的利益目目標(biāo)。整整治和調(diào)調(diào)整這種種情是將會(huì)會(huì)是一個(gè)個(gè)關(guān)鍵問問題.這里，聽取了了不同的的意見后后，我們們討論了了非對(duì)稱稱信息情情況，并并提出了了一些建建議給投投標(biāo)者和和招標(biāo)者者.雙方可以以采取很很多措施施去克服服非對(duì)稱稱信息，以保證證業(yè)務(wù)的的順利開開展，旨旨在彌補(bǔ)補(bǔ)實(shí)現(xiàn)各各方利益。關(guān)鍵詞詞：工程招標(biāo)標(biāo)信息息不對(duì)稱稱默認(rèn)認(rèn)合同1。簡簡介 招投標(biāo)過過程是形成建設(shè)設(shè)項(xiàng)目中合作關(guān)關(guān)系的關(guān)關(guān)鍵.在招投投標(biāo)的過過程中，業(yè)主在在招標(biāo)文文件和合合同中提提出目標(biāo)標(biāo)，要求求和雙方方合作的的模式，為了了響應(yīng)業(yè)業(yè)主的要要求，投投標(biāo)者根根據(jù)其對(duì)對(duì)項(xiàng)目的的評(píng)估提提出相應(yīng)應(yīng)目標(biāo)作出出承諾。工程雙方方的合作作關(guān)系通通過合

38、同同來反映映和規(guī)定定，并且且在招投投標(biāo)過程程中業(yè)主主和投標(biāo)標(biāo)者交換換信息并并訂立合合同。然然而，信信息交換換既不完完整也不不對(duì)稱，業(yè)主為為投標(biāo)者者構(gòu)建了了一個(gè)不不對(duì)稱的的信息平平臺(tái)投標(biāo)標(biāo)者也采采取相應(yīng)應(yīng)的措施施。2。業(yè)主主和投標(biāo)標(biāo)者的不不對(duì)稱情情況A:業(yè)主主的信息息平臺(tái)業(yè)主圍繞繞合同構(gòu)構(gòu)建了信信息平臺(tái)臺(tái)，這些合合同包括括被標(biāo)明明的合同同（或明明示合同同/條件件），和和隱含的的合同（或沒有有表現(xiàn)出出來的合合同/條條件）。 由業(yè)主提提供的明明示合同同是一包包括在建建設(shè)項(xiàng)目目中作為為規(guī)則的的文件.它表明明了工程程項(xiàng)目的的管理體體系和程程序以及及在工程程建設(shè)過過程中出出現(xiàn)問題題的解決決方法。這種明明示

39、的合合同會(huì)在在工程合同的文本和和條款中中具體列列出。一般來說說，這個(gè)個(gè)文件的的格式是是固定的的，而且且在該行行業(yè)傳播播，其內(nèi)容包包括投標(biāo)標(biāo)人須知知，工程量量清單，施工圖圖和保函等。所有有的這些些文件標(biāo)標(biāo)明的很很清楚明明確，而而且投標(biāo)標(biāo)者可以以根據(jù)這這些信息息來決定定自己的的投標(biāo)策策略和價(jià)價(jià)格。明示合合同的確確定性能能夠讓投投標(biāo)者了了解和掌掌握相關(guān)關(guān)信息，因此在在決定投投標(biāo)價(jià)格格時(shí)它非常重要要。默認(rèn)合同同是沒有出出現(xiàn)在明明示合同同中的部部分，但但它仍被雙方所所接受并并對(duì)其行行為具有有約束力力.一方方面，隱隱含合同同包括明明示合同同的社會(huì)會(huì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)濟(jì)，法律律和技術(shù)術(shù)背景，因此它是是做為前前提而服務(wù)的;另一一方面，隱含合合同是對(duì)對(duì)某特定的的社會(huì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)，法律和和技術(shù)背背景的明明示合同同的合理理詮釋，因此隱含含合約是是由兩部部分組成成：常見見隱含合合同和常常見合同同。 常見的默默認(rèn)合同同主要是是指有關(guān)關(guān)法律和和由政府府頒布的的法規(guī)以及及在特定定行業(yè)約約定俗成成的習(xí)慣慣.具有有法律效效力的技技術(shù)規(guī)定定和被工工程和經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域域認(rèn)可的的基本準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)則。盡盡管以上上提到的的部分沒沒有明確確和詳細(xì)細(xì)地在合合同內(nèi)容容中提到到，但它它仍然是項(xiàng)目建設(shè)設(shè)過程中中的準(zhǔn)則