Unit4MultinationalCorporation市公開(kāi)課金獎(jiǎng)市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、Unit 4 Multinational Corporation（跨國(guó)企業(yè)）第1頁(yè)Outline1、The characteristics of Multinational Corporation2、Reasons for the existence of multinational corporations3、Problems created by multinational corporations in the home country4、Problems Created by Multinational Corporations in the Host Country第2頁(yè)One of

2、 the most significant international economic developments of the post war period is the proliferation of multinational corporations (MNCs). These are firms that own, control, or manage production facilities in several countries. Intra-firm trade：Trade among the parent firm and its foreign affiliates

3、第3頁(yè)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展一個(gè)最主要時(shí)期是戰(zhàn)后跨國(guó)企業(yè)快速增加。這些企業(yè)擁有，控制或管理生產(chǎn)設(shè)施在幾個(gè)國(guó)家。企業(yè)內(nèi)部貿(mào)易：貿(mào)易母企業(yè)及其外國(guó)從屬企業(yè)之間貿(mào)易第4頁(yè)一、跨國(guó)企業(yè)特點(diǎn)（The characteristics of Multinational Corporation）一、跨國(guó)企業(yè)特點(diǎn)（The characteristics of Multinational Corporation）The first characteristic of an MNC is that its affiliates must be responsive to a number of important envir

4、onment forces, including competitors, customers, suppliers, financial institutions and the government.第一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是，一個(gè)跨國(guó)企業(yè)及其子企業(yè)必須能夠響應(yīng)一些主要環(huán)境原因，包含競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，客戶，供給商，金融機(jī)構(gòu)和政府。第5頁(yè)characteristics The second one is that it draws on a common pool of resources, including assets, trademarks, information, patents, informati

5、on and systems, money and credit and human resources. 第6頁(yè)第二個(gè)特征是，它借鑒了一個(gè)共同資源，包含資產(chǎn)，商標(biāo)，信息，專利，信息和體系，貨幣和信貸和人力資源。子企業(yè)都是同一家企業(yè)一部分，所以他們有機(jī)會(huì)取得往往沒(méi)有提供給外人得不到資產(chǎn)。換句話說(shuō)，全部子企業(yè)共享相同資源。第7頁(yè)characteristicsThe third one is that it links together the affiliates and business partners with a common strategic vision .第三個(gè)特征是跨國(guó)企業(yè)子企

6、業(yè)和業(yè)務(wù)合作搭檔，以共同戰(zhàn)略眼光聯(lián)絡(luò)在一起。第8頁(yè)二、跨國(guó)企業(yè)存在原因（Reasons for the existence of multinational corporations） The basic reason for the existence of MNCs is the competitive advantage of a global network of production and distribution. This competitive advantage arises in part from vertical and horizontal integration

7、with foreign affiliates. 跨國(guó)企業(yè)存在基本原因是生產(chǎn)和配送全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)是起源于橫向一體化與縱向一體化。第9頁(yè)vertical integrationBy vertical integration, most MNCs can ensure their supply of foreign raw materials and intermediate products and circumvent the imperfections often found in foreign markets. They can also provide better

8、distribution and service networks. 經(jīng)過(guò)縱向一體化，大多數(shù)跨國(guó)企業(yè)能確保外國(guó)原材料和半成品供給，而且能躲避外國(guó)市場(chǎng)上常見(jiàn)市場(chǎng)不完全。同時(shí)，它也能提供更加好配送和服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。第10頁(yè)horizontal integrationBy horizontal integration through foreign affiliates, MNCs can better protect and exploit their monopoly power, adapt their products to local conditions and tastes, and ens

9、ure consistent product quality.經(jīng)過(guò)水平一體化，跨國(guó)企業(yè)能更加好地保護(hù)和開(kāi)發(fā)他們壟斷力量，確保他們產(chǎn)品能適應(yīng)該地情況和品味，并確保產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性。第11頁(yè)The large output of MNCs allows them to carry division of labor and specialization in production much further than smaller national firms. Product components requiring only unskilled labor can be produced in

10、low-wage nations and shipped elsewhere for assembly. 跨國(guó)企業(yè)大規(guī)模產(chǎn)出使他們比小企業(yè)能夠進(jìn)行分工和專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。產(chǎn)品組件只需要非熟練勞動(dòng)力，能夠在低工資國(guó)家生產(chǎn)，運(yùn)往別處組裝。第12頁(yè)They can also concentrate R&D in one or a few advanced nations best suited for these purposes because of the greater of technical personnel and facilities.他們也能夠把研發(fā)集中在一個(gè)或幾個(gè)先進(jìn)國(guó)家，因?yàn)檫@些國(guó)家

11、擁有更多技術(shù)人員和設(shè)施。第13頁(yè)Finally, foreign affiliates funnel information from around the world to the parent firm, placing it in a better position than national firms to evaluate, anticipate, and take advantage of changes in comparative costs, consumers tastes, and market conditions generally.最終，外國(guó)子企業(yè)聚集來(lái)自世界各地

12、信息傳回給母企業(yè)，使它在評(píng)定，預(yù)測(cè)，利用比較成本改變，消費(fèi)者口味，和市場(chǎng)條件方面比本國(guó)企業(yè)處于更加好位置。第14頁(yè)The large corporation invests abroad when expected profits on additional investments in its industry are higher abroad. That is, it is differences in expected rates of profits domestically and abroad in the particular industry that are of cruc

13、ial importance in a large corporations decision to invest abroad. 第15頁(yè)大企業(yè)之所以進(jìn)行海外投資是因?yàn)榻?jīng)過(guò)海外投資所獲利潤(rùn)預(yù)期比在國(guó)內(nèi)投資高。這就是說(shuō)，在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)外行業(yè)預(yù)期盈利率差異是一家大企業(yè)決定是否向海外投資最主要原因。第16頁(yè)MNCS VS national corporationMNCs are also in a much better position to control or change to their advantage the environment in which they operate than

14、 are purely national firms.For example, in determining where to set up a plant to produce a component, an MNC can and usually does shop around for the low-wage nation that offers the most incentives in the form of tax holiday, subsidies, and other tax and trade benefits.第17頁(yè)跨國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)于掌控和改變環(huán)境比對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)更有優(yōu)勢(shì)

15、。比如，在確定在何處設(shè)置工廠生產(chǎn)零部件時(shí)，一個(gè)跨國(guó)企業(yè)是通常是“貨比三家”（處處物色）低工資國(guó)家，這些國(guó)家提供了最有利條件，免稅，補(bǔ)助，和其它稅收和貿(mào)易利益。第18頁(yè)The sheer size of most MNCs in relation to most host nations also means the MNCs are in a better position than purely national firms to influence the policies of local governments and extract benefits.從規(guī)模上而言，相對(duì)于東道國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)企

16、業(yè)，大多數(shù)跨國(guó)企業(yè)在影響地方政府政策、獲取好處方面處于更有利地位。第19頁(yè)Furthermore, MNCs can buy up promising local firms to avoid future competition and are in a much better position than purely domestic firms to engage in other practices that restrict local trade and increase their profits. MNCs, through greater diversification, a

17、lso face lower risks and generally earn higher profits than purely national firms.第20頁(yè)另外，跨國(guó)企業(yè)能夠買到有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ胤狡髽I(yè)，以防止未來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，并在其它限制貿(mào)易辦法和增加利潤(rùn)方面純粹國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)處于更有利地位。跨國(guó)企業(yè)，經(jīng)過(guò)更大多樣化生產(chǎn)，還比純粹國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)更加好地降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和取得更高利潤(rùn)。第21頁(yè)Finally, by artificially overpricing components shipped to an affiliate in a higher-tax nation and underpricing

18、 products shipped from the affiliate in the high-tax nation, an MNC can minimize its tax bill. This is called transfer pricing and can arise in intra-firm trade as opposed to trade among independent firms or conducted at arms length.第22頁(yè)最終，經(jīng)過(guò)人為地提升零部件價(jià)格，把其運(yùn)到較高稅率國(guó)家，壓低從較高稅收國(guó)家運(yùn)來(lái)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格，跨國(guó)企業(yè)能夠最小化它稅收賬單。這就是所謂

19、轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)，這也帶來(lái)了企業(yè)內(nèi)部貿(mào)易，與之相正確是與獨(dú)立企業(yè)之間貿(mào)易。第23頁(yè)That is by vertical and horizontal integration with foreign affiliates, by taking advantage of economies of scale, and by being in a better position than purely national firms to control the environment in which they operate, MNCs have grown to become the most pr

20、ominent form of private international economic organizations in existence today.第24頁(yè)這是經(jīng)過(guò)與外國(guó)子企業(yè)縱向和橫向一體化，利用規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，并比純粹國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)在控制其運(yùn)行環(huán)境處于更有利地位，跨國(guó)企業(yè)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為最突出私人國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式。第25頁(yè)三、跨國(guó)企業(yè)在母國(guó)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題Problems created by multinational corporations in the home countryThe most controversial of the alleged harmful effects of MN

21、Cs on the home nation is the loss of domestic jobs resulting from foreign direct investments. 最有爭(zhēng)議指稱跨國(guó)企業(yè)在母國(guó)最有害影響是因?yàn)閷?duì)外直接投資造成國(guó)內(nèi)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)降低。第26頁(yè)A related problem is the export of advanced technology to be combined with other cheaper foreign factors to maximize corporate profits. It is claimed that this may

22、undermine the technological superiority and future of the home nation.一個(gè)相關(guān)問(wèn)題是先進(jìn)技術(shù)結(jié)合其它更廉價(jià)外國(guó)原因出口能夠使得企業(yè)利潤(rùn)最大化。據(jù)稱，這可能會(huì)破壞技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)和母國(guó)未來(lái)。第27頁(yè)Another possible harmful effect of MNCs on the home country can result from transfer pricing and similar practices, and from shifting their operations to lower-tax nations

23、, MNCs reduce tax revenues and erode the tax base of the home country.另一個(gè)可能對(duì)跨國(guó)企業(yè)母國(guó)有害影響做法是來(lái)自轉(zhuǎn)移定價(jià)和類似做法，它們業(yè)務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移到低稅國(guó)，跨國(guó)企業(yè)降低稅收，侵蝕了母國(guó)稅基。第28頁(yè)Finally, because of their access to international capital markets, MNCs can circumvent domestic monetary policies and make government control over the economy in the h

24、ome nation more difficult. 最終，因?yàn)槠溥M(jìn)入國(guó)際資本市場(chǎng)，跨國(guó)企業(yè)能夠繞過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)貨幣政策，使政府控制國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)愈加困難。第29頁(yè)四、Problems Created by Multinational Corporations in the Host Country（跨國(guó)企業(yè)在東道國(guó)產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題）Host countries have even more serious complaints against MNCs. First and foremost is the allegation that MNCs dominate their economies. 東道國(guó)對(duì)跨國(guó)企

25、業(yè)有更多嚴(yán)重埋怨。首先而且是最主要是跨國(guó)企業(yè)支配了它們經(jīng)濟(jì)。第30頁(yè)Foreign domination is felt in many different ways in host countries, including 1) the unwillingness of a local affiliate of an MNC to export to a nation deemed unfriendly to the home nation or the requirement to comply with a home-nation law prohibiting such exports

26、; 2) the borrowing of funds abroad to circumvent tight domestic credit conditions and the lending of funds abroad when interest rates are low at home；第31頁(yè)3) the effect on national tastes of large-scale advertising for such products as Coca-Cola, jeans, and so on.外國(guó)統(tǒng)治是以許多不一樣方式在東道國(guó)表達(dá)，包含1）不愿當(dāng)?shù)乜鐕?guó)企業(yè)子企業(yè)對(duì)被

27、母國(guó)視為不友好國(guó)家出口或者要求遵照母國(guó)法律禁止這類出口；2）向國(guó)外借貸資金以躲避國(guó)內(nèi)信貸緊縮情況，當(dāng)國(guó)內(nèi)利率低時(shí)候向外貸款；3）經(jīng)過(guò)大型廣告對(duì)國(guó)家品味影響，比如，可口可樂(lè)，牛仔褲，等等。第32頁(yè)Another alleged harmful effect of MNCs on the host country is the siphoning off of R & D funds to the home nation. This is especially true and serious for developing nations, it also keeps the host country tech