大英語語法虛擬語氣

1、虛擬語氣 1. I wish that 可省略 ,下同 I knew the answer to the question. 我期望知道這個答案； 不知道 事實上是 2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真期望沒有失去機會； 其實已失去 3. You wished she would arrive the next day.would + arrive 你期望她其次天會到； 事實上她仍沒到 Subjunctive Mood 作為特地表達假設(shè)意義和其他非事實意義的動詞形式,僅是古英語 遺留下來的殘余；它僅有兩個形式,即 Be 型虛擬 - be 型虛擬式和

2、 were 型虛擬式； be 型虛擬式是以動詞原形表示的,不管主語是什么人稱,動詞一律用原形,如動詞為被動 態(tài),就助動詞 be 也用原形；其主要用法如下： 1 用于表命令,準(zhǔn)備,建議,堅持等詞語之后的 that 分句中 這一用法又分三種情形： a 用在 decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require, suggest,vote 等動詞之后的 that 分句中 .（賓語從句） 在 expect, believe, think, suspect 等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句中,我們

3、經(jīng)常用 “should動詞原形 或完成形式 ”,表示驚奇,懷疑,不滿等； He ordered that all the books be sent at once.He ordered that all the books be sent at once. we propose that somebody neutral take the chair.She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday. b 用在 advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,i

4、mportant,impossible,nece ssary,obligatory,proper 等形容詞之后的 that 分句中；（主語從句） It is essential that all the facts be examined first. It was appropriate that thisi tax be abolished. I thousht it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness. c 用在 decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,reso

5、lution 等名詞之后的 that 分 句中； The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston. We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. Their decision was that the school remain closed. 在這一用法中 be型虛擬式能與 “should+不定式 ”交替使用,也能與 to- 不定式交替使用； He ordered that the books be sent at once . = He orde

6、red that the books should be sent at onc. = He ordered that the books to be sent at once. 2）用于由 if,though 等引導(dǎo)的分句中 . 第 1 頁,共 9 頁be 型虛擬式能用于由 if,though,whatever,lest,so long as lest, for fear that, in case so that, in order that 等引導(dǎo)的分句中表估量,讓步,防范等含義； If he be found guilty,Jonh shall have the right of ap

7、peal. Though everyone desert you, I will not. Quitly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away. 上述用法現(xiàn)在只限于書面體,在非正式語體中通常用動詞陳述式或者用 should/may+ 不 定式； Whatever hisdefense maybe,we can 3）用于某些公式化語句中 t tolerate this disloyalty.be 型虛擬式用于某些公式化語句中可表期望,詛咒,禁止等意義； Long live the Peoples Republic of China.Go

8、d bless you. God damn you. So be it. 但愿如此吧 Were 型虛擬 - Were 型虛擬語氣只有一種形式, 即無論主語是什么人稱, 動詞一律用 were ,如 I were , you were ,假如動詞為進行體或被動態(tài), 其助動詞也一律用 were ,如 I were going ,you were going , I were sent , you were sent 1） 用于某些狀語從句 如 if , if only, as if , as though, though 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語和讓步狀語從句,表示非真是 的條件或讓步； If I were

9、you, I should wait till next week. If only I were not so nervous. He behaves as though he were better than us. 2） 用于某些名詞性從句 如 wish, would rather, suppose,imagine 之后的 that 分句中,表示一種臆想的 通常是 不行能發(fā)生的事 I wish it were spring all the year round. I d rather I were not at the site of the accident. Suppose the

10、earth were flat. 上述 were 型虛擬式在第一三人稱單數(shù)主語之后可為 was 所取代； If it was to rain,the game would be put off. If only I was not so nervous. 但是,在 if I were you 這一分句中,通常不用 was ；另外在某些倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)中只用 were , 不用 was ； Were I to do it = （ if I were to do it ）, I should rely on you. 仍有在 as it were（作 so to speak 解,即“如同 ”好比 ”）結(jié)

11、構(gòu)中也只用 were ,不用 was He is my best friend , my second felf ,as it were . 假設(shè)意義表示法綜述 1） 用動詞的過去時形式表示假設(shè)意義 a It is high ,about time that It is time that we went 或 should go to bed. 第 2 頁,共 9 頁It s about time that we put an end to this controversy. b I would rather / would sooner / would as soon / would jus

12、t as soon that you / he c / they I d sooner she left the heavy end of t he work to someone else. if only If only I knew what you wanted. If only he had arrived in time,he would not have been punished. d as if, as though 現(xiàn)在好像是春天似的； It seems as if it were spring. She appeared as if she had known nothi

13、ng about it. 她看上去對此一無所知； as if, as though 結(jié)構(gòu)中假如不表示假設(shè)意義,就不必用過去時時態(tài)； It looks as if it is going to rain.e I wishthat I wish I remembered the address. I wish 與 I hope 都表示“期望”但 I hope you are ready. I hope 并不表示假設(shè)意義其后很少用過去時時態(tài)； 用情態(tài)助動詞過去時時態(tài)表示假設(shè)意義 最常見于條件句和含蓄條件句 a） 用于條件句 （如 if 省略要用到裝） If she were younger, she

14、 would do it. 去 If：Were she younger, she would do it. If he had tried it, he could have done it. 去 If：Had he tried it, he could have done it. Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 把動詞 were 移到主語 she 的前面 把 had 移到主語 he 的前面 假如虛擬條件句中有 were, had 或 should 時,把它們放在 if 的位置上；但是假如條件 句中沒有 were, had 或 should 不能用倒裝；如

15、： Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do. 要是明天下雨的話,我們怎么辦呢？ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice. 要是我是你的話,我就向他請教 了； 在“開放式條件句” open conditional clause 和讓步狀語從句中如 should 是被 省略了的；在這種情形下,假如 if 省略,動詞 be 與主語的位置要倒裝；如： If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to app

16、eal. 任何人犯罪, 法院有權(quán)起訴； Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. 不管她對與錯, 我都會支持她 Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. 留意：有時虛擬條件句并沒來 if 從句表示出來,而是用介詞短語 otherwise, or, without, but

17、for ,上下文或其它方式來表示； We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without y ou help, I wouldn t have achieved so much. But for your help, I would not have succeeded. 有時虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個： 第 3 頁,共 9 頁I could help you. 只有主句） If I had time. 只有從句） b） 用于含蓄條件句 非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不

18、表示出來, 只暗含在短語或上下文中, 這種句子叫做儲蓄 條件句；常見的有 but,for ,without 等引導(dǎo)的短語,以及 or, or else, otherwise, but 等分句； But for your help we couldn t have succeeded in the experiment. 假如沒有你的幫忙,我們的試驗室是不會成功的； We could have done better under more favourable conditions. 在更有利的條件下,我們能夠做得更好些； What would I have done without you.

19、如沒有你,我會怎么辦呢？ 條件暗含在分詞短語 without you 中 I would appreciate a little of your time. 感謝你給我一點時間吧； 可能暗含 if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time 在不少情形下,虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說法,很難找出其暗含的條件；如： You wouldn t know. 你不會知道； I would like to come. 我愿意來； c 用于其他語境 以 whatever, whoever, no matter what 這類代詞或詞組引起的從句 這時 ,

20、 謂語多用 may 加動詞原形構(gòu)成 : Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man. Come what may, we will go ahead. 不管發(fā)生什么情形 , 我們都要干下去 . 混合條件句 - 主從句時間不一樣情形下的虛擬語氣 If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be quite all right now. 假如你昨天吃了藥的話,現(xiàn)在就已經(jīng)痊愈了； 表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反； 其他例子 從句表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè),主句就 That she should fo

21、rget me so quickly was rather a shock. 竟然 Would that the flood might never come again. （但愿） =If only the the flood might never come again. To think that he would marry such a nastty woman. 竟然 s about time . 1, It s already six o clock now. Don t you think it Awe are going home Bwe go home C we went

22、home D we can go home 第 4 頁,共 9 頁2, If only the committee the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible. Aapprove Bwill approve Ccan approve Dwould approve 3, It s necessary the dictionary immediately. A that he will return B that he returned Cthat he return Dthat he has to return 4,

23、She must have had an accident, or he then. A would have been here B had to be here Cshould be here Dwould be here 5, I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional. Aoffended Bhad offended Cshould have offended Dmight have offended 6, Our idea is that the match . A would put off B ought

24、 to put off Cbe put off Dcould put off 7, One of the requirements for a fire is that the material to its burning temperature. A is beated B will be heated Cbe heated Dwould be heated 8, That tree looked as if it for a long time. A hasn t watered B didn t water C hadn t been watered Dw asn t watered

25、9, The business of each day, selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. A it being B be it Cwas it Dit was 10, Jean wishes that he that house last spring. Abought Bhad bought Cbuys 第 5 頁,共 9 頁Dwere to buy 11, I wish I longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. Acould have

26、slept Bslept Cmight have slept Dhave slept 12, I d just as soon you those important papers with you. A dose not take B not to take Chad not taked Ddid not take 13, I dratheryouamkeany comment on the issue for the time being.A don t B wouldn t Cdidn t Dshouldn t to fund the project. 14, It is vital t

27、hat enough money A be collected B must be collected Cis collected Dcan be collected 15, It is recommended that the project until all the preparations have been made. A is not started B will not be started Cis not to be started Dnot be started 16, The manager of the hotel requests that their guests a

28、feter 10:30 p.m. A couldn t play loud music B don t play loud music Cshouldn t play loud music Dnot to play loud music 17,right now, she would get there on Sunday. AWould she leave BIf she leaves CWere she to leave DIf she had left 18,for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. ANot being B

29、Had it not been CWithout being DNot having been 19, We didn t know his telephone number, otherwise we him. A would have telephoned B must have telephoned 第 6 頁,共 9 頁C would telephone D had telephoned 20, A safety analysis the target as a potential dandger Unfortunately, it was never done. A would id

30、entify B will identify C would have identified Dwill have identified 21, If I hadn t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you now. A couldn t have smiled B wouldn t be smiling C didn t smile D won t smile 22,for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so

31、 thriving as it is. A Had it not been B Were it not C Be it not D Should it not be 23, If he knew this, it be by accident. A would have to B didn t to C won t havtoeD woud have had to 24；If the whole operation beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A was not planned Bhas no

32、t been planned Chad not been planned Dwere not planned 25, Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often. Ahas to get Bwere to get Chad got Dcould have got 解析： 1,答案選 C；在 it s about time that 句型中,.定語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)用過去時來表示虛

33、擬 語氣；所以 C 項是正確的； 2,答案選 D ；if only 表示一種愿望,謂語用 “ would+動詞原形 ”表示對將來事實的愿望,所 以 D 是正確的； 3,答案選 C；在由 it is necessary 等引導(dǎo)的主語從句要使用虛擬語氣,虛擬語氣的謂語動 詞用 “should+動詞原形 ”或動詞原形； 4,答案選 A ；由 or 引出的是與事實相反的假設(shè)條件,因此空缺處應(yīng)填入表示虛擬語氣的 謂語動詞； 前一個分句中表示的是過去的時間, 所以后一分句要用 would have done 的形式； 第 7 頁,共 9 頁所以 A 是正確的； 5,答案選 B ；此題中 but 分句中的

34、it was 說明事情發(fā)生在過去,因此條件句應(yīng)用過去完成 時,表示與過去事實相反,所以 B 是正確的； 6 答案選 C；依據(jù)虛擬語氣的語法要求 ,that 從句中的動詞用動詞原形或 “ should+動詞原形 ” 的形式；所以 C 為正確選項； 7,答案選 C； requirement 后接一表語從句,從句的謂語用 “ should 動 + 詞原形 ”的形式來成虛擬語氣,四個選項中只有 C 符合；句意：產(chǎn)生火的必要條件之一是物質(zhì)被加熱到它的 構(gòu) 燃點； 8,答案選 C；as if 引導(dǎo)一個表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的句子；主句的謂語動詞是一 般過去時,所以 as if 后虛擬語氣的謂語動詞要

35、用過去完成時,所以 C 是正確的； 9,答案選 B ； be it selling goods or shipping them 是表示讓步意義的虛擬倒裝句,它是由 whether it mightbe selling goods or shipping them 之前得來的；其它幾項均不符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)；句意： 錯； 這個句子省略 whether 后再將 be 移至主語 無論是售貨仍是運貨,每天的業(yè)務(wù)都很不 10,選 B ；主句的謂語動詞是 wish 時,其賓語從句用虛擬語氣,表示與事實相反或不大可 能實現(xiàn)的愿望；從今題的時間狀語 過去完成時表示,所以選 B； last spring 可知,表示

36、的是過去的愿望；因此從句應(yīng)用于 11,選 A ；從句中時間 this morning 可知,此題表示對過去發(fā)生的事情表示遺憾,賓語從句 的謂語須用過去完成時或 could have done 形式來表示虛擬語氣,所以 A 項為正確答案； 12,選 D ；would just as soon 的賓語從句的謂語動詞用過去時來表示虛擬語氣,符合語法規(guī) 就的只有 D 項； 13,選 C；for the time being意為 ”目前 ”,表示現(xiàn)在的時間,因些 能實現(xiàn)的愿望,要求從句使用過去時來表示虛擬語氣,其否定形式為 would rather 表示現(xiàn)在不行 “didn動t+詞原形 ”；以 C 為正確答案 所 14,選 A ；此題中 vital 后的主語從句用 “ should 動 + 詞原形 ”的虛擬語氣形式, 省略了 should, 來構(gòu)成從句的謂語,符合語法規(guī)章,為正確答案； 15,選 D；動詞 recommend表示 “建議 ”,其后的賓語從句須用 語 氣形式, should 可以省略；所以 C 為正確答案； “ should 動 + 詞原形