商務英閱讀(上冊)unit5課件

1、商務英閱讀(上冊)unit5商務英閱讀(上冊)unit5Teaching Objectives了解貿易壁壘及其產(chǎn)生的原因了解關稅壁壘及其征收形式了解非關稅壁壘及其表現(xiàn)形式Teaching Objectives了解貿易壁壘及其產(chǎn)生的Teaching Emphases trade barrierstariff barriersad valorem duty /specific duty/alternative duty/compound duty non-tariff barriers quantitative /non-quantitativeTeaching Emphases trade ba

2、rrieContent Text Fast Reading IFast Reading II Content Text TEXT Dont Fence Me Out!Pre-reading questions1. What are trade barriers? Why do these trade barriers exist?2. What are the two major barriers to free trade?UPPREV.NEXTTEXT Dont Fence Me Out!Pre- The concept of comparative advantage makes a s

3、trong case for free, unrestricted trade among nations. Meanwhile economists believe free trade will be mutually beneficial, yet, many barriers to trade exist today, namely, regulations and measures imposed by authorities that unduly impede trade in goods or services, in export or import. Loss of bus

4、iness opportunities is the most serious impact of a trade barrier, but even their minor effects may require extra time and trouble and cause additional expenses. For example, the United States restricts the number of cars that may be imported each year from other countries and imposes taxes on certa

5、in imported goods; Japan provides subsidies to some companies so they can sell their products at lower prices to other countries; a tax of 15% makes jewelry from Mexico more expensive than jewelry make in the United States. The concept of comparati The benefits of free trade are well known, but why

6、do some people support the use of tariffs or quotas to restrict or stop the international flow of goods and services? We may first focus on how world trade came into being. It is known that some regions are abundant in resources; elsewhere, reserves are scarce or nonexistent. Thus, an exchange of go

7、ods and services came to play an increasingly essential role in meeting the demand for more affluent life. The location of the worlds national resources, also called commodities, determines the patterns of world trade. World resources can be most effectively utilized through full specialization and

8、world trade, which are merely possible when absolutely free trade is permitted. Unfortunately, every country in the world has trade barriers to protect its economy against international market forces, such as to protect homeland industries or new industries, to protect jobs, and to gain income for t

9、he government. The benefits of free tra These barriers to world trade may be divided into tariff barriers and Non-Tariff Barriers ( NTBs). Tariff Barriers A tariff is a tax or duty levied on commodities when they cross national boundaries, normally an import duty, for the purpose of raising their se

10、lling price in the importing nations market to reduce competition against domestic producers. It is the most common method of restricting trade. Tariffs may be barely placed on exports, because they want to encourage exports. A tariff may be one of the following four kinds: ad valorem, specific, alt

11、ernative, or compound. These barriers to world An ad valorem, most commonly used, is figured as a percentage on the value of goods for example, 10, 20 or 25 percent. They may be based, depending on the country, either on the value of the goods landed at the port of destination, or at the port in the

12、 country of origin. A specific duty relates to local currency per unit of goods based on weight, number, length, volume, or other unit of measurementfor example, $ 25 per pound or per yard. An alternative duty is where either an ad valorem duty or a specific one can be prescribed for a product, with

13、 the requirement that the more exertive one shall apply. A compound duty is a combination of an ad valorem duty and a specific one for example, 10 percent of value plus $1 per kilogram. Tariffs have the advantage that they can be selectively levied in terms of products and with differential rates. T

14、herefore, a country may attain rather precise objectives with tariffs while increasing government revenues at the same time. The negative respect of tariffs is that they increase the cost of imports to the customers. An ad valorem, m Non-Tariff Barriers ( NTBs) Contrary to tariff duties which are re

15、latively transparent, non-tariff barriers are often more complex and difficult to sniff and therefore assess than tariffs, because they can be “hidden” in rules and practices that have a perfectly legitimate objective. Furthermore, NTBs can have more trade-restrictive effects than tariffs, which rai

16、se the cost of a given product, and go as far as excluding a good from a market altogether. Known as “green trade barriers”, new non-tariff barriers to trade, such as technical trade barriers and environmental trade barriers, have tended to take the place of traditional trade barriers. The Non-Tarif

17、f Barriers (NTBs), including all forms of discrimination against imports other than tariff barriers, are normally in the form of either quantitative or non-quantitative restrictions. Non-Tariff Barriers ( NT Quantitative Quotas, one type of quantitative barriers, are the most common form. Import quo

18、tas are limitations on the quantity of goods that can be imported into the country during a specified period of time, for example, Korea may export only 15,000 automobiles a year to the United States. There are two basic types of quotas: absolute quotas and tariff-rate quotas. Absolute quotas limit

19、the quantity of imports to a specified level during a specified period of time. Sometimes these quotas are set globally and thus affect all imports while sometimes they are set only against specified countries. Absolute quotas are generally administered on a first-come first-served basis. For this r

20、eason, many quotas are filled shortly after the opening of the quota period. Once the quota for the period has been filled, no more import licenses are issued. Tariff-rate quotas allow a specified quantity of goods to be imported at a reduced tariff rate during the specified quota period. They may b

21、e imposed unilaterally, and can also be negotiated bilaterally or multilaterally on a so-called voluntary basis. Quantitative There has been, for many years, an agreement among nations against imposing unilateral quotas on goods. Accordingly, governments have negotiated voluntary export restraints (

22、VERs) with other nations. For example, to avoid the import quotas on Japanese automobiles placed by the United States, Japanese car makers set up a VER program, agreeing to limit exports of passenger cars to it annually. Orderly marketing arrangements are VERs constituted by official agreements betw

23、een the governments of exporting and importing countries to limit international competition and safeguard some of the national market for local producers, normally by stipulating the size of the export or import quotas that each nation will have for a particular good. There has been, for many Non-qu

24、antitative It is claimed by many international trade specialist that the most significant NTBs are the non-quantitative type. All the distinct forms may generally be classified under three principal headings: (a) direct government participation in trade, (b) customs and other administrative procedur

25、es, and (c) various standards. Subsidy is the most common form of direct government participation, mainly to protect agriculture as well as industries. Government procurement policies are also trade barriers because of their favor for domestic producers and severe restriction on purchases of importe

26、d goods by government agencies. Those policies may require that products purchased by government agencies have a stipulated minimum local content. Non-quantitative Customs and other administrative procedures cover a great variety of government policies and procedures that either discriminate against

27、 imports or favor exports. Meanwhile, governments have also found ways to set restrictions on services import. Foreign companies may find registration requirements, licensing procedures, qualification requirements and procedures more burdensome for them than for domestic service providers. Both gove

28、rnment and private standards to protect the health and security of a nations citizens are certainly reasonable, but for years exporting firms may have been confronted with many complex and discriminatory standards, including new technical standards, labeling requirements, burdensome testing, etc. Cu

29、stoms and other adm Compared with tariffs, NTBs have several advantages in that they are more flexible and pertinent, more efficient on limiting importing and more concealable. With the development of the world economy and technology, NTBs tend to be more varied and unpredictable. However, markets h

30、ave been going global and everyone knows it. A number of communities such as free trade areas and economic unions have come into being for the elimination of trade barriers. These endeavors can contribute to a more prosperous growth in international trade, which may accordingly raise aggregate econo

31、mic efficiency. Compared with tariffsLanguage points impose-v. to place ( a penalty, tax, etc) officially on sb./ sth. 加(懲罰等)于某人;對某物征(稅)e.g. impose a tax on imports 征收進口稅 impose duties on wines and spirits 征收酒類稅UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points impose-vLanguage points Trade barriers 貿易壁壘，指妨礙商品和服務在國家之間自由交換的

32、人為限制，常見的形式包括關稅、補貼、配額和外匯管制等。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points Trade barrieLanguage points levy- vt. to collect ( a payment, etc) by authority or force 征收,征集(款額等)e.g. levy a fine tax on sb. 向某人征收罰金稅款 levy a ransom on sb. 向某人索取贖金UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points levy- vtLanguage points Ad valorem duty 從價稅, 是指按貨值征收的關

33、稅。ad valorem 是拉丁語，意為 in proportion to the value 。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points Ad valorem dLanguage points specific duty 從量稅，即按商品的數(shù)量或重量征稅。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points specific dutLanguage points alternative duty 選擇稅,是指一種產(chǎn)品既可以征收從價稅又可以征收從量稅，要求按照稅額更多的稅種征收。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points alternative Language poin

34、ts compound duty 復合關稅，即對進口貨物同時征收從量稅和從價稅。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points compound dutLanguage points in terms of-concerning, with regard to 談及,關于,就而言e.g. It was a bad year for films, in terms of both quantity and quality. 今年的電影無論從數(shù)量上還是質量上都說不上好。 Staying up late makes him at his worst in terms of physical s

35、ituation. 熬夜使得他的體力狀況處于低潮。 UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points in terms of Language points assess-v. to estimate the quality of sth. 估定,評定e.g. Its difficult to assess the impact of the Presidents speech. 總統(tǒng)講話的巨大影響很難估計. Id assess your chances as extremely low. 我估計你成功的機會極微. UPPREV.NEXT Language points assess-La

36、nguage points absolute quota 絕對配額，是指在一定時期內，對某些商品規(guī)定一個最高的進口數(shù)量或金額，一旦達到這個最高數(shù)額就不準進口。絕對配額又分為兩種形式：其一，采取“全球配額”（global quotas），它適用于來自任何國家或地區(qū)的商品。主管當局按進口商申請先后或按過去某一時期的進口實績，批給一定的額度，直至總配額發(fā)放完畢為止；其二，采取“國別配額”（country quotas），這是在總配額中按國別和地區(qū)分配配額。不同國家和地區(qū)如超過所規(guī)定的配額，就不準進口。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points absolute quoLanguage po

37、ints tariff-rate quota 關稅配額, 是指對同一種商品設定相對高低不同的稅率, 即在一定時期內對預先規(guī)定的配額以內的進口商品征收較低關稅或者減免關稅,對超過配額部分則征收較高進口關稅。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points tariff-rate Language points voluntary export restraints (VERs)自動出口限制，又稱自愿出口限制或自動出口配額制 (Voluntary Export Quotas)，是指出口國家或地區(qū)在進口國的要求或壓力下，自動規(guī)定某一時期內某些商品對該國出口的數(shù)量或金額的限制，在限定的配額內自行控

38、制出口，超過配額即禁止出口，屬于非關稅壁壘的一種措施?！白詣映隹谙拗啤痹谛问缴媳憩F(xiàn)為自愿性，但在實質上卻具有強制的性質。進口國往往以商品大量進口使其有關工業(yè)受到嚴重損害，造成“市場混亂”為由，要求出口國實行有秩序的增長，自動限制商品出口。因此，“自動出口限制”往往是出口國在面臨進口國采取報復性貿易措施的威脅時所作出的 一種選擇。UPPREV.NEXT Language points voluntary Language points safeguard-v. to protect or guard sb./ sth. 保護或保衛(wèi)某人或某事物e.g. We have found a way of

39、 safeguarding our money. 我們已有了保護錢財?shù)霓k法. The Bill of Rights safeguards our individual liberties. 權力法案保護我們的個人自由。 UPPREV.NEXT Language points safeguardLanguage points stipulate-v. to state (sth.) clearly and firmly as a requirement 講明,規(guī)定(某要求)e.g. It was stipulated that the goods should be delivered with

40、in three days. 按規(guī)定貨物須在三日內送交. The Constitution stipulates that women shall have equal rights with men in voting and being elected. 憲法規(guī)定婦女和男子一樣，有同等的選舉權和被選舉權。 UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points stipulate-Language points subsidy 貿易補貼，是指國家政府或者公共機構采取直接或間接的方式向本國出口企業(yè)提供現(xiàn)金補貼、或者財政優(yōu)惠政策，以降低企業(yè)出口的成本從而提高競爭力。貿易補貼可以是直接的,也可以是

41、間接的。直接貿易補貼簡單來說就是負稅，其后果與稅收正相反。間接貿易補貼則一般采取放寬信貸、廉價使用能源或免費使用基礎設施等方式。補貼量可以與貿易量保持某一固定比例關系，稱為從量補貼；也可以與貿易值保持某一固定比例關系，稱為從價補貼。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points subsidy 貿易Language points come into being-be born or come into existence 出現(xiàn)(存在,產(chǎn)生,形成,成立)e.g. A new rule will soon come into being. 一個新規(guī)則很快就要出臺了。 A car comes

42、into being through a series of complex operations. 汽車經(jīng)過一連串的復雜作業(yè)程序而制成。 UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points come into beLanguage points economic efficiency 經(jīng)濟效率 ，也即資源配置效率，是指在經(jīng)濟資源稀缺的條件下，如何充分利用資源，使資源得到最有效合理的安排，以最少的資源投入取得最大的經(jīng)濟效益，因此也可一般地稱為資源的利用效率。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points economic effI. Answer the following quest

43、ions based on the text.1.What is a tariff? And what can it do? A tariff is a tax or duty levied on commodities when they cross national boundaries, normally an import duty, for the purpose of raising their selling price in the importing nations market to reduce competition against domestic producers

44、. It is the most common method of restricting trade. ReferenceI. Answer the following questiI. Answer the following questions based on the text.2.What are the ways that a tariff can be calculated? Give brief explanation to each of them. Ad valorem, specific, alternative, or compound. An ad valorem,

45、is figured as a percentage on the value of goods. They may be based, depending on the country, either on the value of the goods landed at the port of destination, or at the port in the country of origin. A specific duty relates to local currency per unit of goods based on weight, number, length, vol

46、ume, or other unit of measurement. An alternative duty is where either an ad valorem duty or a specific one can be prescribed for a product, with the requirement that the more exertive one shall apply. A compound duty is a combination of an ad valorem duty and a specific one.ReferenceI. Answer the f

47、ollowing questiI. Answer the following questions based on the text.3.What are the differences between tariff barriers and NTBs ? Contrary to tariff duties which are relatively transparent, non-tariff barriers are often more complex and difficult to sniff and therefore assess than tariffs. Furthermor

48、e, NTBs can have more trade-restrictive effects than tariffs.ReferenceI. Answer the following questiI. Answer the following questions based on the text.4.What are the types mentioned in the passage concerning quantitative restrictions?Quotas and voluntary export restraints (VERs). ReferenceI. Answer

49、 the following questiI. Answer the following questions based on the text. 5. How many types of non-quantitative restrictions are generally classified into? What are they? All the distinct forms may generally be classified under three principal headings: (a) direct government participation in trade,

50、(b) customs and other administrative procedures, and (c) various standards. ReferenceI. Answer the following questiII. Read the following terms and match each with its proper definition.1.trade barrier2. comparative advantage 3. subsidy4. quota 5. NTB6. voluntary export restraints 7. ad valorem duty

51、8. specific duty9. tariff10. tariff-rate quotasa. a grant paid by a government to an enterprise that benefits the publicb. tax figured as a percentage on the value of goodsc. artificial restraint on the free exchange of goods and services between countries, usually in the form of tariffs, subsidies,

52、 quotas or exchange controlsd. duty or tax levied on a specific commodity when it crosses national boundariese. a proportional share, as of goods, assigned to a group or to each member of a group; a limitation on importsf. situation that exists when a country can produce a good or service at much lo

53、wer cost than any other countryg. a restriction set by a government on the quantity of goods that can be exported out of a country during a specified period of timeh. non-Tariff Barrieri. quotas permitting a stipulated amount of goods to enter the nation duty-free or at a low rate, while charging a

54、much higher duty for subsequent importations when the amount is reachedj. tax relating to local currency per unit of goods based on physical measurementsII. Read the following terms a 1. c 2. f 3. a 4. e 5. h 6. g 7.b 8. j 9. d 10.i 1. c 2. f 3. a 4. eIII. Translate the following passage into Chines

55、e A tariff may be one of the following four kinds: ad valorem, specific, alternative, or compound. An ad valorem, most commonly used, is figured as a percentage on the value of goods for example, 10,20 or 25 percent. They may be base , depending on the country, either on the value of the goods lande

56、d at the port of destination, or at the port in the country of origin. A specific duty relates to local currency per unit of goods based on weight, number, length, volume, or other unit of measurementfor example, $ 25 per pound or per yard. An alternative duty is where either an ad valorem duty or a

57、 specific one can be prescribed for a product, with the requirement that the more exertive one shall apply. A compound duty is a combination of an ad valorem duty and a specific one for example, 10 percent of value plus $1 per kilogram.III. Translate the following p 關稅會以下列四種形式出現(xiàn)：從價稅，從量稅，選擇稅或復合關稅。最常使

58、用的一種是從價稅，是以商品價格的百分比計算例如10%，20%或25%。根據(jù)不同國家，它們不是以到達目的港的商品價格為依據(jù)，就是以原產(chǎn)國港口的貨物價格為依據(jù)。從量稅是根據(jù)商品的重量，數(shù)量，長度，體積或其他單位來征稅例如，每磅或每碼25美元。選擇稅，是一種產(chǎn)品被規(guī)定既可以征收從價稅又可以征收從量稅，要求按照稅額更多的稅種征收。復合關稅，即對進口貨物同時征收從量稅和從價稅例如，征收商品價格的10%外加每千克1美元。Reference 關稅會以下列四種形式出現(xiàn)：從價稅，從量稅，選擇稅或復IV. Please put the following sentences into English.1. 工會要

59、求政府對外國小汽車施加貿易壁壘。 The union has asked the government to impose trade barrier on foreign cars.ReferenceIV. Please put the following IV. Please put the following sentences into English.2. 貿易壁壘通常包括關稅壁壘和非關稅壁壘。 Trade barriers usually consist of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.ReferenceIV. Please p

60、ut the following sIV. Please put the following sentences into English.3. 關稅下滑遍及全球，已由1940年的平均40%降至1990年的7%。 Tariffs have declined worldwide from an average of 40% in 1940 to 7% in 1990.ReferenceIV. Please put the following sIV. Please put the following sentences into English.4.世貿組織一直致力于消除貿易壁壘。 The WT