英語快速閱讀匹配題練習(xí)

1、28/28快速閱讀般配題練習(xí)Task1Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.DefinitionsofObesityHo

2、wdoesonedefinewhenapersonisconsideredtobeobeseandnotjustsomewhatoverweight?Height-weighttablesgiveanapproximateguidelineastowhetheroneissimplyoverweightorhaspassedintotheobesestage.TheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendsusingaformulathattakesintoaccountapersonsheightandweight.TheBodyMassIndex(BMI)iscal

3、culatedbydividingthepersonsweightinkilogramsbythesquareoftheirheightinmeters,andisthusgiveninunitsofkg/m2.ABMIof18.5-24.9isconsideredtobethehealthiest.ABMIofbetween25and29.9isconsideredtobeoverweight,whileaBMIofover30isconsideredtobeobese.However,itisrecognizedthatthisdefinitionislimitedasitdoesnott

4、akeintoaccountsuchvariablesasage,genderandethnicorigin,thelatterbeingimportantasdifferentethnicgroupshaveverydifferentfatdistributions.Anothershortcomingisthatitisnotapplicabletocertainverymuscularpeoplesuchasathletesandbodybuilders,whocanalsohaveartificiallyhighBMIs.AgenciessuchastheNationalCholest

5、erolEducationProgram(NCEP)intheUSAandtheInternationalDiabetesFoundation(IDF)arestartingtodefineobesityinadultssimplyintermsofwaistcircumference.HealthEffectsofObesityOver2000yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrateswrotethatpersonswhoarenaturallyveryfatareapttodieearlierthanthosewhoareslender.Thisobserv

6、ationremainsverytruetoday.Obesityhasamajorimpactonapersonsphysical,socialandemotionalwell-being.Itincreasestheriskofdevelopingdiabetesmellitustype2(matureonsetdiabetes)andalsomakesType2diabetesmoredifficulttocontrol.Thusweightlossimprovesthelevelsofbloodglucoseandbloodfats,andreducesbloodpressure.Th

7、eassociationbetweenobesityandcoronaryheartdiseaseisalsowell-known.CancerFurthermore,in2001medicalresearchersestablishedalinkbetweenbeingoverweightandcertainformsofcancer,andestimatedthatnearly10,000Britonsperyeardevelopcancerasaresultofbeingoverweight.Thisfigurewasmadeupof5,893womenand3,220men,witht

8、hestrongestassociationsbeingwithbreastandcoloncancers.However,itisthoughtthatbeingoverweightmayalsoincreasetheriskofcancerinthereproductiveorgansforwomenandintheprostateglandformen.Thelinkbetweenbreastcancerandnutritionalstatusisthoughttobeduetothesteroidhormonesoestrogenandprogesterone,whichareprod

9、ucedbytheovaries,andgovernawomansmenstrualcycle.Researchershavefoundthatthemoreawomaneats,orthemoresedentaryherlifestyle,thehigheraretheconcentrationsofprogesterone.Thislinkcouldexplainwhywomenfromlessaffluentcountrieshavelowerratesofbreastcancer.Womenfromlessaffluentnationstendtoeatlessfoodandtolea

10、dlifestyleswhichinvolvemoredailymovement.Thislowerstheirprogesteronelevel,resultinginlowerpredispositiontobreastcancer.TheTimesnewspaper,in2002reportedthatobesitywasthemainavoidablecauseofcanceramongnon-smokersintheWesternworld!AgingResearchpublishedbyStThomasHospital,London,UKin2005showedacorrelati

11、onbetweenbodyfatandaging,totheextentthatbeingobeseadded8.8yearstoawomansbiologicalage.Theeffectwasexacerbatedbysmoking,andanon-overweightwomanwhosmokes20cigarettesadayfor20yearsadded7.4yearstotheirbiologicalage.Thecombinationofbeingobeseandasmokeraddedatleasttenyearstoawomansbiologicalage,andalthoug

12、hthestudyonlyinvolvedwomen,theleadresearcherProfessorTimSpectorbelievesthefindingwouldalsoapplytomen.Theagingeffectwasdeterminedbymeasuringthelengthoftelomeres,tinycapsontheendsofchromosomes,whichhelpprotecttheDNAfromtheageingprocess.Indeed,telomereshavebeendubbedthechromosomalclockbecause,asanorgan

13、ismages,theybecomeprogressivelyshorter,andcanbeusedtodeterminetheageoftheorganism.Beyondacertainpoint,thetelomerebecomessoshortthatitisnolongerabletopreventtheDNAofthechromosomefromfallingapart.Itisbelievedthatexcessbodyfat,andthechemicalspresentintobaccosmokereleasefreeradicalswhichtriggerinflammat

14、ion.Inflammationcausestheproductionofwhitebloodcellswhichincreasestherateoferosionoftelomeres.DementiaRecentresearch(2005)conductedintheUSAshowsthatobesityinmiddleageislinkedtoanincreasedriskofdementia,withobesepeopleintheir40sbeing74%morelikelytodevelopdementiacomparedtothoseofnormalweight.Forthose

15、whoaremerelyoverweight,thelifetimeriskofdementiariskwas35%higher.ScientistsfromtheAgingResearchCentreattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedenhavebeenabletotakeinformationsuchasage,numberofyearsineducation,gender,bodymassindex,bloodpressurelevel,physicalactivityandgeneticfactors,assigningeachariskscore.Theyt

16、henusedthisinformationtodeviseapredictivetestfordementia.Thistestwillenablepeopleatrisk,forthefirsttime,tobeabletoaffectlifestylechangeswhichwillreducetheirriskofcontractingdementia.OtherProblemsTheworld-wideupsurgeinobesity,particularlyinchildren,isofmajoreconomicconcern,liabletodraineconomies.Offu

17、rtherconcernisthatresearchconductedinAustraliaandpublishedin2006,showsthatuptoonethirdofbreechpregnancieswereundetectedbythetraditionalpalpationexamination,thedangerbeinggreatestforthosewomenwhoareoverweightorobeseagrowingproportionofmothers.Thismeansthatsuchwomenarenotgettingthetreatmentrequiredtot

18、urnthebabyaroundintimeforthebirth,andinmanycasesrequireanemergencyCaesareansection.Thisisatruehealth-carecrisis,farbiggerthanSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome(SARS)andultimately,evenbiggerthanAIDS.Youcanjudgewhetheroneissimplyoverweightorhaspassedintotheobesestageaccordingtotheheight-weighttable.Usingt

19、heBodyMassIndextodefineapersonsweightidealislimited,becauseitdoesnottakesintoaccountmanyvariablessuchasage,genderandethnicorigin.Apersonsemotionalwell-beingwouldbeaffectedbyobesity.Obesityhassomethingtodowithcancerintheprostateglandforman.5.Womenfromlessaffluentnationstendtohavemuchlessbreastcancer.

20、Anon-overweightwomanwhosmokes20cigarettesadayfor20yearsadded7.4yearstoherbiologicalage.Theexcessbodyfat,likethechemicalspresentintobaccosmoke,canleadtoinflammation.Obesepeopleinmiddleagerunanincreasedriskofdementia.Thepredictivetestfordementiawillhelppeopletoaffectlifestylechangesthatwillreducetheir

21、riskofcontractingdementia.Theworld-wideupsurgeinobesity,particularlyinchildren,willpossiblydraineconomies.Task2Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderive

22、d.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Paper-MorethanMeetstheEyeA)Wearesurroundedbysomuchpaperandcardthatitiseasytoforgetjusthowcomplexitis.Therearemanyvarietiesandgradesofpapermaterials,andwhilstitisfairlyeasytospotthevarieties,itisfarmoredifficulttospotthegrades.Itne

23、edstobeunderstoodthatmostpaperandcardismanufacturedforaspecificpurpose,sothatwhilstthecorn-flakepacketmaylooksmart,itisclearlynotsomethingdestinedforthearchives.Itismadetolookgood,butonlyneedsalimitedlifespan.Itisalsomuchcheapertomanufacturethanhighgradecard.Papercanbemadefromanalmostendlessvarietyo

24、fcellulose-basedmaterialwhichwillincludemanywoods,cottonsandgrassesorwhichpapyrusisanexampleandfromwherewegetthewordpaper.Manyoftheseareveryspecialized,butthepreponderanceofpapermakinghasbeenfromsoftwoodandcottonorrags,withthebulkbeingwood-based.PaperfromWoodInordertomakewoodintopaperitneedstobebrok

25、endownintofinestrands.Firstlybypowerfulmachineryandthenboiledwithstrongalkaliessuchascausticsoda,untilafinepulpofcellulosefibersisproduced.Itisfromthispulpthatthefinalproductismade,relyingonthebondingtogetherofthecelluloseintolayers.That,inaverysmallnutshell,istheessenceofpapermakingfromwood.However

26、,therealityisrathermorecomplicated.Inordertogiveusourwhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladdbleachandothermaterialssuchaschinaclayandadditionalchemicals.Afurtherproblemwithwoodisthatitcontainsamaterialthatisnotcellulose.Somethingcalledlignin.Thisisessentialforthetreesinceitholdsthecellulosefibrestogether

27、,butifitisincorporatedintothemanufacturedpaperitpresentsarchivistswithaproblem.Lignineventuallybreaksdownandreleasesacidproductsintothepaper.Thiswillweakenthebondbetweenthecellulosefibersandthepaperwillbecomebrittleandlookratherbrownandcareworn.Wehaveallseenthisinoldnewspapersandcheappaperbackbooks.

28、Ithasbeenestimatedthatmostpaperbackbookswillhavealifeofnotgreaterthanfiftyyears.Notwhatweneedforourarchives.Sincethelignincanberemovedfromthepaperpulpduringmanufacture,theobviousquestioniswhyisitleftinthepaper?Theanswerliesinthefactthatligninmakesupaconsiderablepartofthetree.Byleavingthelignininthep

29、ulpapapermakercanincreasehispaperyieldfromatreetosome95%.Removingitmeansayieldofonly35%.Itisclearlyuneconomictoremovetheligninformanypaperandcardapplications.Italsomeans,ofcourse,thatlignin-freepaperisgoingtobemoreexpensive,butthatisneverthelesswhatthearchivistmustlookforinhissupplies.Thereisnopoint

30、whatsoeverincarefullyplacingourvaluableartifactsinpaperorcardthatisgoingtohastentheirdemise.Acidisparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials,causingthemtofadeandissomecasessimplyvanish!So,howdowetellapieceofsuitablepaperorcardfromonethatisunsuitable?Youcannotdoitbysimplylooking,andratherdisappointin

31、gly,youcannotalwaysrelyonthelabel.Acid-freemightbetrueinasmuchasatestonthepapermayindicatethatitisaneutralmaterialatthistime.Butlignincantakeyearsbeforeitstartstheinevitableprocessofbreakingdown,andintherightconditionsitwillspeedupenormously.Addedtothis,asIhaveindicatedearlier,papermayalsocontainoth

32、ermaterialsaddedduringmanufacturesuchasbleach,chinaclay,chemicalwhitenersandsize.Thislookslikeableakpicture,anditwouldbebutforthefactthattherearesupplierswhowillguaranteethematerialthattheysell.Ifyouwanttobeabsolutelysurethatyouarestoringin,orprintingon,thecorrectmaterialthenthisisprobablytheonlyway

33、.Incidentally,acidscanmigratefrommaterialtomaterial.Liningoldshoeboxeswithgoodqualityacid-freepaperwilldolittletoguardthecontents.Theacidwillgetthereintheend.PaperfromRagPaperisalsocommonlymadefromcottonandragwaste.Thishastheadvantageofbeinglignin-free,butbecausethereismuchlesscottonandragthantrees,

34、italsotendstobemuchmoreexpensivethanwoodpulppaper.Youwillstillneedtopurchasefromareliablesourcethough,sinceevenragpaperandcardcancontainundesirableadditives.Areliablesourceforqualityragpapersisarecognizedartstockiest.Manywatercolorartistsinsistonusingonlyfinequalityragpaperandboard.Themainlessontole

35、arnfromthisinformationisthatyoucannotrelyonpurchasingarchivalmaterialsfromthehighstreet.Theonlysafesolutionistopurchasefromspecialistsuppliers.Itmaycostrathermore,butintheendyouwillknowthatyourimportantandvaluabledataandimageshavethebesthomepossible.Thecorn-flakepacketischeaperthanhighgradecard.Ther

36、earealotofmaterialswhichcanbeusedformakingpaper,butthesuperiorityonesaresoftwood,cottonandrags.Duringthewholemanufacturingprocess,thefinalproductismadefromapulpofcellulosefibres.Inordertomakewhitepaperandcard,themakerswilladdbleach.Liguinisessentialforthetreebutitwillmakepapereasytobreak.Manypaperpr

37、oducerswillpreserveligninduringmanufacture,becauseleavingtheligninwillmakemorepaperfromatree.Acidisparticularlyharmfultophotographicmaterials.8.Iftheligninisremovedfromthepaper,thepaperwillbemoreexpensive.Althoughfreeoflignin,papermadefromcottonandragwastecanalsocostmoremoneythanwoodpulppaperbecause

38、thereismuchlesscottonandragthantrees.WhatwecanlearnfromPaperfromRagisthatyouhadbetterbuyarchivalTask3Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaych

39、ooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnimalsontheMoveA）Itlookedlikeascenefrom“Jaws”butwithoutthedramaticmusic.Ahugesharkwasslowlyswimmingthroughthewater，itstailswingingbackandforthlikethependulumofaclock.Suddenlysensitivenerveendinginthesharksskinpickedupvibrationsofastrugglin

40、gfish.Thesharkwasimmediatelytransformedintoadeadly，efficientmachineofdeath.Withmusclestaut，thesharkknifedthroughthewateratarapidspeed.Inaflashthesharkcaughtitsvictim，alargefish，initspowerfuljaws.Then，jerkingitsheadbackandforth，thesharktorehugechunksoffleshfromitsvictimandswallowedthem.Soontheactionw

41、asover.MovingtoSurviveB）Inpursuingitsprey，thesharkdemonstratedinadramaticwaytheimportantroleofmovement，orlocomotion，inanimals.Liketheshark，mostanimalsusemovementtofindfood.Theyalsouselocomotiontoescapeenemies，findamate，andexplorenewterritories.Themethodsoflocomotionincludecrawling，hopping，slithering

42、，flying，swimming，orwalking.Humanshavetheaddedadvantageofusingtheirvariousinventionstomoveaboutinjustaboutanykindofenvironment.Automobiles，rockets，andsubmarinestransporthumansfromdeepoceanstoasfarawayasthemoon.However，forotheranimalsmovementcameaboutnaturallythroughmillionsofyearsofevolution.Oneofthe

43、mostsuccessfulexamplesofanimallocomotionisthatoftheshark.Itsabilitytoquicklyzeroinonitspreyhasalwaysimpressedscientists.ButittookadetailedstudybyDukeUniversitymarinebiologistsS.A.Wainwright，F(xiàn).Vosburgh，andJ.H.Hebranktofindouthowthesharksdidit.IntheirstudythescientistsobservedsharksswimminginatankatMa

44、rinelandinSaintAugustine，F(xiàn)la.Moviesweretakenofthesharksmovementsandanalyzed.Studieswerealsomadeofsharkskinandmuscle.SkinIstheKeyC）Thebiologistsdiscoveredthattheskinofthesharkisthekeytotheanimalhighefficiencyinswimmingthroughthewater.Theskincontainsmanyfibersthatcrisscrossliketheinsideofabeltedradial

45、tire.Thefibersarecalledcollagenfibers.Thesefiberscaneitherstoreorreleaselargeamountsofenergydependingonwhetherthefibersarerelaxedortaut.Whenthefibersarestretched，energyisstoredinthemthewayenergyisstoredinthestringofabowwhenpulledtight.Whentheenergyisreleased，thefibersbecomerelaxed.D）TheDukeUniversit

46、ybiologistshavefoundthatthegreateststretchingoccurswherethesharkbendsitsbodywhileswimming.Duringthebodysbackandforthmotion，fibersalongtheoutsidepartofthebendingbodystretchgreatly.Muchpotentialenergyisstoredinthefibers.Thisenergyisreleasedwhenthesharksbodysnapsbacktheotherway.Asenergyisalternatelysto

47、redandreleasedonbothsidesoftheanimalsbody，thetailwhipsstronglybackandforth.Thiswhip-likeactionpropelstheanimalthroughthewaterlikealivingbullet.SourceofEnergyE）Whatcausesthefiberstostoresomuchenergy?InfindingtheanswertheDukeUniversityscientistslearnedthatthesharksimilaritytoabeltedradialtiredoesntsto

48、pwiththeskin.Justasaradialtireisinflatedbypressure，so，too，istheareajustunderthesharkscollagen“radials”Instead.ofairpressure，however，thepressureinthesharkmaybeduetotheforceofthebloodpressingonthecollagenfibers.F）Whenthesharkswimsslowly，thepressureonthefibersisrelativelylow.Thefibersaremorerelaxed，and

49、thesharkisabletobenditsbodyatsharpangles.Theanimalswimsthiswaywhenlookingaroundforfoodorjustswimming.However，whenthesharkdetectsanimportantfoodsource，somefantasticinvoluntarychangestakeplace.Thepressureinsidetheanimalmayincreaseby10times.Thispressurechangegreatlystretchesthefibers，enablingmuchenergy

50、tobestored.Thisenergyisthentransferredtothetail，andthesharkisoff.Therestofthestoryispredictable.DolphinHasSpeedRecordG）Anotherfastmarineanimalisthedolphin.Thisseagoingmammalhasbeenclockedatspeedsof32kilometers（20miles）anhour.Biologistsstudyingthedolphinhavediscoveredthat，liketheshark，theanimalseffic

51、ientlocomotioncanbetracedtoitsskin.Adolphinsskinismadeupinsuchawaythatitoffersverylittleresistancetothewaterflowingoverit.Normallywhenafishorotherobjectmovesslowlythroughthewater，thewaterflowssmoothlypastthebody.Thissmoothflowisknownaslaminarflow.However，atfasterspeedsthewaterbecomesmoreturbulentalo

52、ngthemovingfish.Thisturbulencemusesfrictionandslowsthefishdown.H）Inadolphintheskinissoflexiblethatitbendsandyieldstothewavinessofthewater.Thewaves，ineffect，becometuckedintotheskinsfolds.Thisallowstherestofthewatertomovesmoothlybyinalaminarflow.Whereotheranimalswouldbeslowedbyturbulentwateratrapidspe

53、eds，thedolphincanracethroughthewateratrecordbreakingspeeds.OtherAnimalsLessEfficientI）Notallanimalsmoveasefficientlyassharksanddolphins.Perhapsthegreatestloserinlocomotionefficiencyistheslug.Theslug，whichlookslikeasnailwithoutashell，laysdownaslimytrailoverwhichitcrawls.Itusessomuchenergyproducingthe

54、slimymucusandcrawlingoveritthatamousetravelingthesamedistanceusesonlyonetwelfthasmuchenergy.Scientistssaythatbecauseoftheslugsinefficientuseofenergy，itslifestylemustberestricted.Thatis，theanimalsareforcedtoconfinethemselvestosmallareasforobtainingfoodandfindingproperlivingconditions.Havehumanseverbe

55、enfacedwiththiskindofproblem?1.Accordingtothepassage，asharkcanusemovementtofindfood，toavoidbeingchasedbyitsenemies，andtofindanewplacetolive.2.Examplesofautomobiles，rocketsandsubmarinesareusedtoshowthathumaninventionsenableustotravelinalmostanykindofenvironment.3.Theskinisthekeytothesharksswiftlocomo

56、tioninwater.4.AccordingtotheDukeUniversityscientists，whenbendingitsbodyinswimming，thesharkstretchitscollagenfiberstothegreatestextent.5.Becauseitisalsoinflatedbypressure，theareajustunderthesharkscollagenfiberssimilartoabeltedradialtire.6.Alaminarflowisformedwhenafishswimsslowlythroughthewater.7.Cons

57、umingtheequalamountofenergyasaslugdoes，amousecantravel12timesaslongasaslug.8.Asharkfindsitspreybyfeelingthevibrationsofastrugglingprey.9.Accordingtothepassage，collagenfiberscanbecomparedtothestringofabowforbothofthemstoreenergywhenstretched.10.Whenthesharkdetectsanimportantfoodsource，somefantasticin

58、voluntarychangestakeplace.Task4Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.EducationS

59、tudyFindsU.S.FallingBehindATeachersintheUnitedStatesearnlessrelativetonationalincomethantheircounterpartsinmanyindustrializedcountries，yettheyspendfarmorehoursinfrontoftheclassroom，accordingtoamajornewinternationalstudy.BThesalarydifferentialsarepartofapatternofrelativelylowpublicinvestmentineducati

60、onintheUnitedStatescomparedwithothermembernationsoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment，agroupinParisthatcompiledthereport.TotalgovernmentspendingoneducationalinstitutionsintheUnitedStatesslippedto4.8percentofgrossdomesticproductin1998，fallingundertheinternationalaverage5percentforthe