歷年托?？荚囬喿x真題匯總

1、精選文檔0308托福試題閱讀（55minutes）Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganisms

2、originatedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseenin

3、putrefyingmaterials.Hedidthisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.Aftertheguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolid

4、structuresranginginsizefrom0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductivestructuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputre

5、fyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthat.精選文檔thesebodiesareconstantly(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyallthelivingorgani

6、smscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryforspontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway(25)byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmate

7、rialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask.Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)Pasteursinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c)Theeffectso

8、fpasteurizationonfood.(d)Pasteursargumentnstagaithetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtby3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganisms

9、areseenonsomefood?(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(a)benefitfrom(b)appearsimilarto.精選文檔(c)jointogetherwith(d)growfrom5,Thepur

10、poseofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthef

11、ibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere(

12、a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether9.Theword“it”inline22refersto(a)anutrientsolution(b)aglassflask(c)boiling(d)spontaneousgeneration10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelieved

13、thatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?(a)Asealedcontainer(b)Freshair.精選文檔(c)Heat(d)Thepresenceofnutrients11.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacrit

14、icismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassocietyheros.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevoluti

15、on,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymaker

16、s,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentatalllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicenterprise.Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrast

17、ructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.ThenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesandlaunchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagricultural.

18、精選文檔products.Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophershadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecomemorescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspape

19、rsthatsprangupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersrespond

20、edlesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescitiesandindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrive

21、dbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.12.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer13.Theword“depended”inl

22、ine3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.TheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asan.精選文檔exampleof(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianm

23、ovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment15.Thephrase“subscribedto”incloslinest8inismeaningto(a)contributedto(b)agreedwith(c)thoughtabout(d)expandedon16.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinparagraph1?(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJeffersonviewsofagricultureandfarmers.(

24、b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenationseconomy.17.Accordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT(a)buildroads(b)importnewplantvarieties(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops(d)d

25、eveloppoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts18.AllofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmersmeetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth(c)plantingnewcrops(d)becomingmorescientific19.Theword“stunning”inline24isclose

26、stinmeaningto(a)predictable(b)impressive.精選文檔(c)famous(d)gradual20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.(c)Thegrowingse

27、ttlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.Question21-29ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,therealmssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioninginto“hum

28、idAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenth

29、e.精選文檔two.AridAmericasoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothatwateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Int

30、he1970s,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.GlaciationalsoenhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymel

31、twaterandfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshasallbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthehyp

32、othetical.Nonetheless,thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenaturalvegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthedrierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.TheforestsofNorthAmericatenttomakeabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-leaf

33、forestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossestheborderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostlyconsistsofshort-grassprairiesorstepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.精選文檔21Wh

34、ataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?ThewidevarietyofclimatesSoiltypesandvegetationpatternsImprovedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagricultureThechangeinprecipitationpatterns22Theword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningtodistinguisheliminateprotectcreate23Theword“partitioning”inline2isclo

35、sestinmeaningtodivisionmodificationopeningcirculating24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwithahighsaltcontentanincreaseinfarminglargeamountsofrainglacialmeltwater25Theword“enhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningtoimpliedincreasedindicatedinformed26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNor

36、thAmerica?ItredistributedthesoiltypesItaddedsalttothesoilItmadethesoilmoreneutralincontentItaddedmineralstothesoil27Thephrase“regionalizationthisscheme”inline19referstothemovementsofglacialdeposits.精選文檔patternsofnaturalvegetationhumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentdistinctionbetweenhumidAm

37、ericaandaridAmerica28Theword“transition”inline23isclosestinmeaningtoelevationchangeadvantagecondition29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresenceofdesertsMostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalv

38、egetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumansTheaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigationGlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValleyQuestions30-40Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedifanobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25second),thehu

39、maneyewillnotreactintimetoseetheobject.Aphotographicemulsion-thatis,alight-sensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,paper,orglass-will,however,recordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswellastocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.

40、Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontainingmagnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthebagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemporaryobserverreportedthat“thisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsetha

41、tengulftheroomin.精選文檔densesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandoddposes.”Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofametal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,wereintroducedonlyinthe1920arliest.Inthetype,themetalwassep

42、aratedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Theflashwasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignitedspontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,whichheatedthewirebypassingasmallcurrentthroughit.Othercombinations,suchasthepairingofoxygendifluoridewithzirconium,

43、havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenoutto(20)heattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemissionofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthelightfromtheirstill-glowingneighbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemeta

44、lwillburnforalongertime.30Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?ThehistoryofthephotoflashTheoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolightThetechnologyofmodernphotographyThedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash31Accordingtothepassage,1/25secondistheminimumamountoftimerequiredfortherecordingofanimageonfilmgenerationofartific

45、iallightcreationofaphotographicemulsionhumaneyetoreacttolight32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashisthatit.精選文檔canproducerepeatedburstsoflightintensitiescolorsinphotographsisshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyessupplementsexistinglighting33Theword“ignited”inline9isclosestningmeatosetonfire

46、cutintoopenedshaken34Whichofthefollowingphrasesisdefinedinparagraph1?(A)”appreciableperiod”(line1)(B)”photographicemulsion”(line3)”high-speedmovement”(line5)”oddposes”(line11)35Theword“evolution”inline12isclosestinmeaningtopublicityadoptiondevelopmentmanufacture36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflash

47、bulbswastoproducethesparkthatinitiatedtheflashmagnifythelightproducedbytheflashprotectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflashkeepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash37Theword“it”inline18referstooxygenbatterywirecurrent38Theword“momentarily”inline20isclosestiningmeantoeffortlesslybrieflyelectronically.精

48、選文檔gradually39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributestorapidcoolingbrightilluminationelectricalconductivityintenseheat40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburnlongerbyusingthickerwiremoreoxygenthinnerglasscontinuouselectricityQuestions41-50Thest

49、ylisticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe1870sThe.Impressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportrayfragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedontheplayoflightoverobjects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,(5)stress

50、ingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlightinallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnotwanttoobservetheworldfromindoors.Theyabandonedthestudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressionsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingind

51、oorstocompletetheworkformmemory.(10)SomeoftheImpressionistspaintingmethodswereaffectedbytechnologicaladvances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopenairwasmadepossibleinpartbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeasyandquickaccesstothe.精選文檔countrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemical

52、dyesandoilsthatledtocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbutfromangryartloverswhofeltthreatenedbythenewpainting.Theterm“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,whenagroupofartistswhohadbeenworkingtogetherorganizedanexhibitionofthei

53、rpaintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.Reactionfromthepublicandpresswasimmediate,andderisive.Amongthe165paintingsexhibitedwasonecalled(20)Impression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,Monetspaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,waterysceneseemedmessy,slapdash,andanaffrontt

54、ogoodtaste.BorrowingMonetstitle,artcriticsextendedtheterm“Impressionismto”theentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunity,despiteindividualdifferences.Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa“church”,asthepainterRenoirputit.MonetwasfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyoftheothersmovedontonewstyles.41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Theimpac