2019考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案解析完整版

1、Section Use of EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and othernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.straightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphone

2、s1ofusjustwalkonbatteries,2andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.a phone or a compass, cantfind north,a few tricks totocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowthe3yougetlostwithout4helpyounavigateland.5When you find yourself wellcompletely area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this

3、 particular area? And where is thenearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on6a trail, but not in a7supplies of fresh water.HO you find, you should9, if you head downhill, and follow any10 see signs of people.Ifexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsightsyoumaybe 11 ho

4、wquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecan restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of humanhabitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be ableto 14 gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpaths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find away out.

5、 At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such asfires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuminglostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfortheother features can1. ASome BMost CFew DAll19 weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,and20 you to civilization.2.

6、AputBtakeCrun Dcome3. ASince B If C Though DUntil4. Aformally B relatively C gradually D literally5. A back B next C around D away6. Aonto BoffCacross Dalone7. AunattractiveB uncrowded Cunchanged Dunfamiliar8. A siteBpoint Cway Dplace9. A So B Yet CInstead DBesides10. Aimmediately B intentionally Cu

7、nexpectedly D eventually11. Asurprised Bannoyed Cfrightened Dconfused12. A problem Boption Cview Dresult13. A Above all BIn contrast C On average D For example14. Abridge Bavoid Cspot Dseparate15. A from B through Cbeyond D under16. A posts Blinks Cshades Dbreaks17. A artificial B mysterious C hidde

8、nD limited18. A Finally B Consequently C incidentally D Generally19. A memories B marks C notes20. A restrict B adopt C leadD belongingsD expose1-20參考答案及解析：1. 生活在一個(gè)GPS輕易獲取”?？崭裰蟮恼Z(yǔ)句與前面語(yǔ)義方向一致，再考慮到句中的withoutaphone，可知，此處需要雙重否定表達(dá)肯定，所以，選擇few，符合文意；2.【C】run 固定搭配；此題考查與介詞on的搭配情況；run on battery場(chǎng)）；take on（承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)

9、；具有；流行）；come on（ 快點(diǎn)；開(kāi)始；要求；上演；）；語(yǔ)義搭配不通順，故選擇run on搭配；3. 你在沒(méi)有電話或指南針的情況下迷路，.找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo) 代入后，不符合語(yǔ)義表達(dá)；4.【D】literally詞義辨析題；空格處所在句為“假如你在沒(méi)有電話或指literallyrelatively（相對(duì)地）；gradually（逐漸地）不符合語(yǔ)義表達(dá)；5.詞義辨析題；出題處的語(yǔ)義表達(dá)“我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航.文明”，只有back 與前文的lost（迷路）形成相互呼應(yīng)，故而選擇back；6. 但不是完全.的的水源?”因此，根據(jù)句意表達(dá)，off(遠(yuǎn)離， 離開(kāi)）符合句意

10、；其它選項(xiàng)：onto（在之off；7.【D】unfamiliar 詞義辨析題；根據(jù)出題處的語(yǔ)義表達(dá)，“為當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己.路徑。 更符合要求；其他選項(xiàng)：unattractive (不吸引人的)；uncrowded(不利擠的，寬敞的)；C選項(xiàng)unchanged(未改變的，無(wú)變化的)；不符合語(yǔ)義表達(dá)；8. 【C】way詞義辨析題；根據(jù)出題處的語(yǔ)境表述“你需要回答兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：在way符合要（地方；住所；座位），不符合句意表達(dá)；9.邏輯關(guān)系題；出題句指出“生活在山谷里的人，基本上需要淡水 instead（反而，替代）；besides（此外，而且）；不符合句義要求；10. 你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的蹤跡.”，只有even

11、tually（最后，終于）符合題目要求，語(yǔ)義通順；其它選項(xiàng)：immediately （立即，立刻）；intentionally（故意地，有意地）；unexpectedly（出乎意料地）；不符合語(yǔ)義表達(dá)，故排除；11. 詞義辨析題；出題句提及“如果你之前去過(guò)這個(gè)地方，一定要注意熟悉景象，你或許會(huì).快速識(shí)別出一塊特征明顯的石頭或者樹(shù)木來(lái)喚surprised彩，故不符合；12. 【B】option詞義辨析題；本文第一段中提到“如果你在沒(méi)有電話或指南文明社會(huì)”，此處考查的地方就是前文提及的“另一個(gè).：登到高處尋找有人類居住的標(biāo)志”；只有option（選擇）符合句義及情感色彩要求；13. 【D】Fore

12、xample邏輯關(guān)系題；出題句前后構(gòu)抽象到具體的例證關(guān)系（前l(fā)ookforsigns形成抽象到具體的過(guò)程），故選擇For example；14. 此處需填入的動(dòng)詞和look for 語(yǔ)義相近，故選擇spot（發(fā)現(xiàn)），符合語(yǔ)義表達(dá)；其他選項(xiàng)：bridge（架橋，渡過(guò)）；avoid（避開(kāi)，消除）；separate（分開(kāi)）；不符合語(yǔ)義要求；15. carve與woods為穿過(guò)森林開(kāi)鑿出的公路，故B選項(xiàng)through為正確答案。16. 【D】breaks語(yǔ)義辨析題；本題為語(yǔ)義題，根據(jù)上一句信息，因?yàn)槿藶樵蚨斐傻膅aps in the tree 能找到出去的路，故D選項(xiàng)breaks為正確答案。17.

13、 【A】artificial詞義辨析題及邏輯關(guān)系題；因題干中such as表示舉例關(guān)系，故我們首先根據(jù)例子信息可以判斷文中fires and streetlights可以確定火與街燈的共同特征是人造光源，故本題A選項(xiàng)artificial為正確答案。18. 語(yǔ)義題；文章后面指出假設(shè)你在人類常去的地方迷路，尋找我們?cè)诘孛嫔狭粝碌?，因前文已?jīng)舉例說(shuō)明了幾種情況，如當(dāng)你在一個(gè)并非完全不熟悉的環(huán)境中迷路，可知此處應(yīng)是最后一種假設(shè)情況，故本題A選項(xiàng)finally為正確答案。19. 【B】mark詞義辨析題；根據(jù)常識(shí)，在人類常去的地方，地面上必定有很多標(biāo)志，故尋找我們?cè)诘孛嫔狭粝碌臉?biāo)志，在此處更符合文意，故

14、本題B選項(xiàng)marks為正確答案。20. 【C】lead詞義辨析題；道路上的樹(shù)皮刻痕、輪胎印和其他特征能夠指引你去有人煙的地方，此外，本題處的單詞應(yīng)該與前文中的navigate同義，故本題C選項(xiàng)lead為正確答案。Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswersonthe ANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text 1Financial re

15、gulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual ruleon the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus oftop executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are underinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis “clawback” ruleis to hold bankers accountable for harmful ris

16、k-taking and to restorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened inpublicly traded companies,

17、says the Bank of Englands top economist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopickthe plums out oftheirpuddingtoeat themat rather thanputtingthem aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both t

18、he United States andBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits fromcompanies, can hinder a efforts to invest in long-term researchor to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterlycapitalism”.Inaddition,n

19、ewdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansin financial markers.“There seems to be a predominance of short-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission i

20、n speech thisweek.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most publiccompanies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about ayear,slightlyhelpingreduce “short-termism.” InitslatestsurveyofCEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that“ a substantial ofexecutive pay is now ti

21、ed to performance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“l(fā)ong-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two yearscan sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation d

22、esign can provideincentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the companyand on behalf of all stakeholders. new rule is a reminder tobankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just forthe short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in

23、imposing the new rule isthe_.A. enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governm

24、ents impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economics activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on publiccompanies can be_.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples are used to

25、illustrate_.A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “l(fā)ong-termism”.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as

26、 a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers21-25參考答案及解析：21.【A】enhance bankers sense of 題段落（AccordingtoParagraph1）及相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)（onemotiveinimposingthenewrule），因此，答案來(lái)源句則為第一段的第三句（Themainpurposeofthis “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for har

27、mfulrisk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution這個(gè)么答案基本就很容易提取出來(lái)。選項(xiàng)中的“sense of responsibility”則對(duì)應(yīng)bankerssenseof而其他的選項(xiàng)則與最佳選項(xiàng)無(wú)緣，在定位區(qū)間中沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的對(duì)應(yīng)信息。22.【D】 short-termismineconomicactivities；細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中的定位quotesagiantof classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financialimpatie

28、nce as financial 以最佳選項(xiàng)則為short-termismineconomicactivities，而其他選項(xiàng)在定位信息中未提及； investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderaeffortstoinvestinlong-termresearch or to build up customer loyalty”，從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的褒貶正負(fù)來(lái)看indirect、minimal 和temporary為中性的表述，只有B選項(xiàng)的adverse為明24.【C】the approaches to promoting

29、long-termism ；例證題。根據(jù)題干更大的選票權(quán)。所以，最佳選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為“促進(jìn)長(zhǎng)期主義的方法”，與原文一致；25.【B】Patience as a Corporate title為標(biāo)題題的信息，所以此題考查的是文章的主旨大意；B選項(xiàng)里的patience可以對(duì)應(yīng)到全文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題詞“short-termism”和“l(fā)ong-termism”，corporate本身在文章中出現(xiàn)多次，所以B 選項(xiàng)則為最近標(biāo)題，體現(xiàn)主旨大意；其余選項(xiàng)均不能概括全文，故排除。Text 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-poin

30、taverages) over the past few often considered a product of aconsumer era in higher education, in which students are treated likecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforceapolicyoftenburieddeep in course catalogs called“grade helping raiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichthe

31、yreceived a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade isthe only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(and paying tuition) and improve their gr

32、aduation rates. When thispractice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if theystruggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now mostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,ande

33、ven graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of gradeforgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,

34、OhioStateUniversitys see students achieve more success becausethey retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master thecontent that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfiescolleges own needs as well. For public institutions, state

35、funds aresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesand student retentionso better grades can, by boosting figures likethose, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely makestudentswho, at the end of the day, are paying the billfeel theyve gotten a bettervaluefort

36、heirtuition dollars,which is another bigconcern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities areresponding to consumers expectations for higher education. Sincestudents and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in thebest interest of a school to turn ou

37、t graduates who are as qualified aspossibleor at least appear to be. On this, students and collegesincentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influenc

38、e of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forg

39、iveness enable collegesto_.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments needs29. Whatdoesthephrase “tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identica

40、l with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by_.A. assessing its feasibilityB. analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effects26-30參考答案及解析：26.【D】The influence of consumer culture；細(xì)節(jié)題。

41、根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞grade inflation 可以定位到首段第一句話，此句話的句子主干：“Gradeinflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in highereducation.” 題干中的be regarded as對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的is 的the cause of（后邊接結(jié)果）與原文中的a product of （前邊接結(jié)果）都D中consumer因此答案選擇D。27.【A】To help freshmen adapt to college gradeforgiveness具體是什么，并沒(méi)有提及它的目的，然后接下看第

42、三段的首句，出現(xiàn)了thislittle-known practice指的就是grade forgiveness。而且題干中的theoriginal purpose對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的在第三段第二句話: “When this practicefirst started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to givethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledin their transition to college-level A中的freshmen是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，

43、help是對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的give them a second chance，adapt to對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的struggled in their transition to，college learning對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的college-level courses。因此答案為A。morefinancialparagraph5、grade forgiveness和colleges可以定位到第五段的第一句，即gradeforgiveness能夠滿足學(xué)生的需求，但是對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)并沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)的答案，所以接著錢(qián)。選項(xiàng)A中的financial support指的就是state funds。因此答案為A。29.【C】to

44、be identical with each other；猜詞題。根據(jù)題干，可以定位到this,students andcolleges incentivesseemto be this指代的內(nèi)容。This指代的是前一出學(xué)生和學(xué)校的目標(biāo)是一致的，選項(xiàng)C中的beidenticalwith表示的是與相同，因此答案為C。30.【B】analyzing the causes behind 通過(guò)什么樣的方式來(lái)檢驗(yàn)gradeforgiveness旨，屬于主旨題。閱讀每段的段落大意句，可以得出文章主要講解的是gradeforgiveness的原因。因此答案為B。Text 3This year marks e

45、xactly two countries since the publication ofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinvention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionsto be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid gr

46、owth of artificial intelligence (AI) raisesfundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? What makes humans humans?”Whatisbeing calledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwould imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheid

47、eaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Justpeople think is still far too complex to be understood,howlet alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford Universityneuroscientist. “We are just in a si

48、tuation where there are no goodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuild a machine to get there.”But that mean crucial ethical issues involving AI athand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-seco

49、nddecisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instantreflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes andears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly assophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginabledriving situation is a difficu

50、lt programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly getinto a lot of ethical notes Tan Kiat How, chief executiveof a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop avoluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and meg

51、a-corporations are beginning to establish their ownguidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India releasedits AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to“design or deploy that wouldcause “overallharm,” ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviol

52、ateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. Sodoes the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable,transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure

53、 that the thinking ofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanityshighestvalues?Onlythenwillthey be useful servants and not s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. i

54、nvolves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. InDavidEaglemansopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce

55、 it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The authors attitude toward Googles pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respe

56、ct.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AIs Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control31-35參考答案及解析：someconcernsraisedbyAItoday； 通過(guò)題干MaryS

57、hellys novel Frankenstein及題文同序原則可定位至文章第一段，在該段尾句,fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised bytechnologies yet to come. 此句中 ethical questions 可同義替換題干中的concern。故C為正選。32.【D】is too limited for us to reproduce it；觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題?？赏ㄟ^(guò)關(guān)鍵詞consciousness 回文定位至原文第2段尾句部分：we are just in asituationwhe

58、retherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there. 可知我們將意識(shí)注入機(jī)器的能力是有限的，因?yàn)闆](méi)有好的理論可以解釋。33.【B】is still beyond our capacity；根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位至文章第3段,AI isnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andto anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a

59、 difficultprogrammingproblem.該句說(shuō)到：當(dāng)下，人工智能的思維還不能達(dá)到人類的精密決人工智能所帶來(lái)的道德問(wèn)題，是在人類的能力范圍之外的。34.【A】affirmation；態(tài)度題 ，根據(jù)題干中的 the authorsattitudewhilethestatement is vague, 與vague相反的即是觀點(diǎn)，所以表示正向情感的詞即是正解。affirmation表示確定。35.【C】Frankenstein, the Novel predicting the Age of 首段通過(guò)引用Mary Shelley的書(shū)引出本文要探討的話題新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問(wèn)題。特別是

60、在最后一段指出AI所涉及的道德問(wèn)題已經(jīng)觸手可及。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，所以答案選CText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when theymake online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that willleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourtsopinionThursdayoverrule