城市規(guī)劃設計外文文獻翻譯

1、城市規(guī)劃設計外文文獻翻譯 (含：英文原文及中文譯文) 文獻出處： Jackson L E. The relationship of urban design to human health and conditionJ. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2003, 64(4):191-200.英文原文 The relationship between urban design and human health conditionsLaura JacksonAbstractThe population of the United States of America is

2、currently experiencing increased illness from dispersed and synergistic causes. Many of the acute insults of the past have receded due to centralized health care and regulatory action. However, chronic ailments including asthma and allergies, animal-transmitted diseases, obesity, diabetes, heart dis

3、ease, and depression are on the rise. These diverse illnesses join with forest fragmentation, stream degradation, wetlands destruction, and the concomitant loss of native species to suggest detrimental contributions from the built environment. This paper surveys the state of the science on the impac

4、ts of urban design on human health and well-being. Drawing primarily on recent peer-reviewed literature in a broad array of health, planning, and environmental fields, it outlines the influence of design at three spatial scales on aspects of physical and mental health, and social and cultural vibran

5、cy. Selected ecological effects are also discussed to illustrate shared associations with urbanization. While causal chains are generally complex and not always completely understood, sufficient evidence exists to reveal urban design as a powerful tool for improving human condition. Solutions are di

6、scussed at the personal and professional level, emphasizing cross-disciplinary collaboration in urban planning and design, and the participation of residents in shaping their living environment. At the parcel scale, greenery and access to it visually and physically are the principal keys to health.

7、These elements must be incorporated into relatively high-density neighborhood designs that include public buildings, open space, mixed land use, and pedestrian walkways to increase physical exercise and enhance civic life. Finally, neighborhoods must be embedded in existing urban infrastructure to p

8、rovide larger cultural and business opportunities and reduce reliance on the automobile. Further research is recommended to strengthen the associations between design and health. Increased communication on this subject is also necessary between design and health practitioners and their clients and c

9、olleagues. Keywords: Ecological design; Public health; Social capital1 IntroductionModern society has gradually realized that people and culture are components of the natural environment, and that human health conditions are closely related to the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is useful to

10、explore methods and style corrections of human settlements and landscapes for their potential effects on human and environmental health. The site of garden ecology and landscape architecture, in particular, has produced rich literature on the environmental consequences of urban land use. By comparis

11、on, research and discussion are highly limited in the issues related to human effects. National health professionals advocate that healthy individuals are better than dedicated medical institutions relying on medical machinery. The advancement of human civilization and the step-by-step expansion of

12、the natural world, the ecologically defined health needs continue to be modified due to countless different lifestyles and more and more freelancers. It is those architectures, landscaping and urban design that are buried in the huge array of personal choices. The built environment of post-industria

13、l culture does not investigate resources to improve the health of people and the environment. This paper examines the greatest possibilities of urban design for the human condition and includes the actual physical and mental peace, environmental quality, and the overall quality of peoples lives. It

14、proves that the state of science connects urban design with the health of humans, and allows architects, designers, and citizens to improve their living environment. Now that the academic world has recognized and understood this gradually broad and surprising theory, we have achieved milestone achie

15、vements. Sources of data include literature and conferences conducted from the publics health, origin of the drugs origin, literature review, psychology, environmental studies, health studies, natural resource management, transportation and urban design, and various sources from the news media. Advo

16、cate papers on the Internet, and multimedia. The results of the survey are outlined in a section of three spatial class organizations that meet the human settlements: buildings and open spaces, neighborhood relations, and town areas. When the design issues of the city are not always singled out into

17、 one or the other of these three categories, they provide a useful way of organizing the data, and show personal and professional control over a tilt.2 Buildings and groundsIn addition to the building materials themselves, most doctors and social science research concentrate on the visual and practi

18、cal pathways in the outdoors. From a literary perspective, the healthiest architecture is to allow residents to live in natural and abundant light, and at the same time have a good ventilation environment. The view of the greenery and the end are close to the outdoor green space. Green architecture

19、seems to explain and satisfy peoples requirements for the environment and convenience of their own lives in the most accurate way without polluting the environment. Lindheim, Syme, Evans, and Wells jointly concluded that young children living on higher floors of high-rise buildings have lower physic

20、al flexibility and more activity problems and respiratory problems than ordinary children. There are more. The diseases on the nerves and the society are isolated in single-parent families. Consider the main factors that adversely affect the health of those who are restricted from going outdoors. Li

21、ndheim and Syme emphasize that mothers under 5 years of age, and these children, are the most easily affected groups in the life of such high-rise buildings, when young and old people may find it better. In much of todays research it is seen that maintaining the patency of the outside world with dom

22、estic settings for natural experience involves few opportunities for the captured population. When the designer proposes to use a wider study, it appears that all the buildings that are more importantly designed as the urban residents of the individual project incorporate greenery and methods to vis

23、ually and physically access it. Most researchers advocate using a good environment to improve peoples health and social welfare rather than choosing between landscaping and human health. They generally report the beneficial effects of green plants. However, when people choose to use lawns for paving

24、 at homes, schools, commercial parks, and vacant lots in plazas and improper use of some tall trees, this leads to a result that people cannot imagine - dryness and ecological resources of water sources. The rapid reduction, the spread of toxic gases, and the increasingly harsh living environment of

25、 wildlife. Ecologists and cancer survivors Sandra reported that lawn care insecticides can increase the incidence of cancer in wildlife and humans, long-term exposure to outdoor family members than the long-term cycle of indoor members in the family long. Lyman found that the total launches from the

26、 lawnmower had already exceeded the amount of pollutants that caused fresh air to come from the car. These and other negative survey results have led many people to claim that tall plants are planted on the land rather than on the lawn. The wise choice is to let the plants on this land absorb rainwa

27、ter and filter the citys surface water, provide food and shelter for small wild plants, and enjoy visually for residents of the city. If the design of buildings and open spaces is competing to attract peoples attention (Nassauer, 1997), natural planting can certainly succeed in surpassing artificial

28、 turf for health benefits.3 NeighborhoodsOur social relations consist of one by one neighborhood relationship. According to Putnam, one of the earliest uses this term in Jane Jacobs book Death and Life in American Cities. Jacobs (1961) stated that the optimization of this neighborhood relationship w

29、ill result in a lower crime rate in the nearby residential areas. The children will be better taught and have a good environment for growth. People will be more willing to express their Joy because of their physical and mental comfort. Kuo et al. (1998) demonstrated that green space is a way to incr

30、ease informal contact. Once again studying low-income residents, the researchers found that the emergence of trees and grasses in other public housing units was formed in conjunction with strong social relationships among neighbors. This demonstration of accessible green space is important to human

31、well-being at nearby scales and individual packages. Within the neighborhood of the neighborhood in a single structure, Lyle (1994), a resident of a Berlin apartment complex, showed a social binding report because of a sewer waste treatment plant compared to other apartment dwellers. This is an exam

32、ple of the fratricides of the design society that also provide environmental benefits.3.1 High densities and mixed useAdvocates of traditional and new traditional urban design advocate high residential density, mixed land use and gridded street models to maximize not only social contact but also phy

33、sical exercise and open space (eg Kunstler, 1996). However, many of these claims have not been confirmed by formal studies. Studies by Berman (1996) and Cervero (1996) found that high density and mixed use increased pedestrian and bicycle activities. Obviously, this gives participants a health benef

34、it, while at the same time retaining open space through concentrated development. In addition, the mixed use achieved shared parking between drivers during the day and night, resulting in a smaller paved area, but the evidence is unclear. The benefits of these design functions in driving non-motoriz

35、ed vehicles are appropriate in car travel. Questions about cars and impervious surfaces will be discussed in detail in the next section.On the negative side, Berman pointed out that the style of street housing sacrifices privacy. On the seaside in Florida, the original new tradition of development,

36、residents have allowed shrubs to cover windows and porches to block views from the streets. He also provided the results of a survey that showed that people like to design the loop and the end of the road as a grid, although grid residents report the highest sense of community, neighborhood friendly

37、, and shopping and school convenience. However, the grid was rated lowest near the park, and the highest mortality rate was when visiting with outside neighbors. Both Berman and Serveiro believe that the social and environmental goals of the new traditional design are more likely to be satisfied by

38、filling and redeveloping the existing urban areas rather than forcing a mixed use in another isolated new community. Some studies existed against the demands of the critics of typical inner city and new traditional designs. Lindheim and Syme (1983) cited a number of studies and pointed out that ther

39、e is little evidence that high-density housing (outside of prisons) can cause mental or physical illness.Adams (1992) reported that both congestion and population heterogeneity are often the result of high urban density and the consequences of new traditional design goals. In contrast, Putnam (2000)

40、 found that the integrated cultural environment increased participation in the political process, which is an indicator of social capital. However, Lindheim and Syme did notice that national enclaves promote family relationships and neighbor reciprocity, which is another form of valuable social capi

41、tal. Steingraber (2002) focused on the topics of neighboring industries such as car repair shops and dry cleaners. These measures encourage people to carry out pedestrian activities in residential areas and increase the local economic vitality. However, Steingraber warns them of toxic emissions. Som

42、e may think that such small enterprises are not suitable for mixed land use design, or should be completely eliminated and replaced by new technologies.3.2 Pattern, landmarks, public buildingsThe design of residential areas involves human health and well-being. There are many reasons for its impact,

43、 including the establishment of public buildings and the establishment of landmarks. Kaplan and Kaplan have written about the importance of directional orientation of environmental structures a long time ago (eg, Kaplan et al., 1998). Visual landmarks and logical design ideas assist people in reachi

44、ng their destination. Spiritually, these design elements provide a sense of comfort and comfort. Kaplan et al. (1998) and Berleant (1992) also discussed the importance of intellectual secrets and exploration of humans. In order to explore unfamiliar settings, it is necessary that people feel safe. S

45、miths (1977) report that the mental health patient who appeared in the East Landmark was organized in conjunction with reduced habitual criminal activity. Reducing habitual criminal activity is also observed before the patient has access to public buildings such as libraries, churches and community

46、centers. Appropriateness of these cities is seen as noise from city and port of traffic, When it is sense of feeling in society. Therefore, they are designed around the benefit of their psychology, the human scale, and the emergence of public buildings is an important component of the sg.3.3 Conduci

47、ve walkwaysResidents of the city (Federal Center for Disease Control, 1998) and low-income women generally have little physical activity in their spare time. Therefore, Jackson and Kochtitzky advocated providing opportunities for people to exercise in the vicinity and this idea can be achieved when

48、people walk. In everyday life, it is like going shopping and going to work. Andersen (1999) stated that these lifestyles and life activities are equally effective when you are doing aerobic exercise to lose weight. The views of all walks of life of this method are that it is beneficial to the design

49、 of the neighborhood living area.The proportion of urban residents (CDC, 1998) and general low-income women (Brownson et al., 2001) who participated in leisure time exercise was lower. Therefore, Jackson and Kochtitzky advocated providing neighborhood opportunities to complete routine activities suc

50、h as routine shopping and work. Andersen et al. (1999) reported that these lifestyle activities are as effective as organized aerobic exercise in weight loss. The key to this strategy is to facilitate neighborhood design.中文譯文城市設計和人類健康條件的關系勞拉杰克森摘要美利堅合眾國的人口目前由于分散和協(xié)同的原因正在經(jīng)歷疾病增加。由于集中的醫(yī)療保健和監(jiān)管行動，許多過去的急性侮辱

51、已經(jīng)消退。然而，慢性疾病包括哮喘和過敏，動物傳播疾病，肥胖，糖尿病，心臟病和抑郁癥正在上升。這些不同的疾病伴隨著森林破碎化，水流退化，濕地破壞以及伴隨而來的本地物種喪失，表明建筑環(huán)境的不利貢獻。本文調(diào)查了城市設計對人類健康和幸福影響的科學狀況。主要從最近同行評審的文獻中廣泛介紹健康，規(guī)劃和環(huán)境領域，概述了三個空間尺度上的設計對身體和心理健康以及社會和文化活力的影響。還討論了選定的生態(tài)效應，以說明與城市化的共同關聯(lián)。雖然因果鏈通常很復雜，并不總是完全理解，但充分的證據(jù)表明城市設計是改善人類狀況的有力工具。解決方案在個人和專業(yè)層面進行討論，強調(diào)城市規(guī)劃和設計方面的跨學科合作，以及居民參與塑造他們的

52、生活環(huán)境。在包裹的范圍內(nèi)，綠化和視覺和身體上的訪問是健康的主要關鍵。這些要素必須納入相對高密度的鄰里設計中，包括公共建筑，開放空間，混合土地利用和人行道，以增加體育鍛煉并增加公民生活。最后，社區(qū)必須嵌入現(xiàn)有的城市基礎設施中，以提供更大的文化和商業(yè)機會，并減少對汽車的依賴。建議進一步研究加強設計與健康之間的關聯(lián)。設計和健康從業(yè)者及其客戶和同事之間就這個問題進行交流也是必要的。關鍵詞：生態(tài)設計;公共衛(wèi)生;社會資本1 引言現(xiàn)代的社會逐漸認識到人和文化是組成自然環(huán)境的組成部分,而且人類的健康條件和周圍的環(huán)境情況有著密切的關系的。因此,為他們的潛在性在人和環(huán)境的健康方面的不利效果探究人類的居民點和風景的

53、方法和式樣修正是有用的。園林生態(tài)和風景建筑學的場地,尤其是,已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生在城市用地使用的環(huán)境結(jié)果上的富有文學。 藉著比擬，研究和討論高度地在人類的效果相關的議題上被限制。 全民健康的專業(yè)人員主張健康的個人勝過送進專門的治療機構(gòu)依靠醫(yī)療機械。人類文明的進步和對自然領域的一步步地擴張，生態(tài)學上所定義的健康需要不斷地修改，由于數(shù)不盡的不同的生活方式和越來越多的自由職業(yè)者。在個人的選擇巨大的排列中埋入是那所影響的那些建筑學，景觀美化和都市的設計。后工業(yè)文化的被建造的環(huán)境為改良人和環(huán)境的健康表現(xiàn)巨大的不調(diào)查資源。 這篇論文研究城市設計對人類的情況有益的最大可能性和包含實際的身體和心智的安寧,環(huán)境質(zhì)量和人們生

54、活的總的質(zhì)量。它證明科學的狀態(tài)把城市設計和人類的健康情況相連, 和讓建筑師，設計者和市民改良生活環(huán)境的方法?，F(xiàn)在的學界認識和理解到這個逐漸廣泛和讓人驚訝的理論時我們就取得了里程碑式的成就。 數(shù)據(jù)來源包括了從公眾的健康，藥的源產(chǎn)地來的 同期檢討的文學和會議進行,心理學，環(huán)境學，健康學，自然資源管理，交通運輸和城市設計和來自新聞媒體的各種資料, 擁護在英特網(wǎng)上的文獻和多媒體。 調(diào)查結(jié)果在三個符合人類的居民點的一個空間的階級組織的區(qū)段中被概述: 建筑物和空地，鄰里關系，和城鎮(zhèn)區(qū)域。當城市的設計議題沒有總是單獨地說劃入這三類的一種或另外一種之內(nèi)的時候,他們提供組織數(shù)據(jù)的有用方法, 而且表現(xiàn)個人的和專業(yè)

55、的控制一個傾斜度。2 建筑和空地 除了建筑材料本身,多數(shù)的醫(yī)生和社會科學研究在這一個尺度把重心集中在到了戶外的視覺和實際的通路。由文學看來,最有益健康的建筑學是讓居民居住在天然和充足的光照下，同時又有很好的通風環(huán)境。綠葉的視野和結(jié)束對戶外的綠地接近。 綠色建筑學似乎在最精確的解釋了和滿足了人們對環(huán)境的要求和自身生活上的方便程度卻又不污染環(huán)境。 Lindheim、Syme、Evans、Wells共同研究得出一個結(jié)論：居住在高樓大廈較高層上的小孩子們有著比平常小孩較低的身體靈活性和更多的活動上的問題和呼吸疾病，有更多的神經(jīng)上的疾病和社會孤立在單親家庭。深思那些受到限制不能到戶外的活動的不利的健康效

56、果的主要因素。 Lindheim 和 Syme 強調(diào)在5歲以下的孩子母親們，和這些孩子,是最容易被影響的人群在這種高層建筑的生活中，當年輕人和老年人可能找它較好的時候。在現(xiàn)今的許多研究看，和戶外的保持通暢在國內(nèi)的設定外面為自然經(jīng)驗用很少的機會包括被俘的人口。當設計人員建議用比較寬的書房時候, 它出現(xiàn)所有的更重要被設計，作為個別項目的都市居民的建筑物合并綠葉和方法視覺上而且身體上地存取它。 大多數(shù)的研究員主張用好的環(huán)境去改良人們的健康和社會福利而不是說在景觀美化和人類健康中二選一。 他們一般都會報導綠色植物的有益效果。 然而，當人們在家、學校、商業(yè)區(qū)空地、廣場的空地上都選擇用草坪去鋪，而不適當?shù)?/p>

57、使用一些高大的喬木，從而導致了一個人們難以想象的后果水源的干枯、生態(tài)資源的急劇減少、有毒氣體的擴散、野生動植物生存環(huán)境的越來越惡劣。生態(tài)學者和癌癥生還者桑德拉報導說草坪的照料殺蟲劑能增加野生動植物和人類的癌癥的發(fā)病率,長期數(shù)暴露在室外的家庭成員的發(fā)病周期比長期在戶內(nèi)的成員的周期長。 Lyman發(fā)現(xiàn)來自剪草機的總發(fā)射已經(jīng)超越引起新鮮的空氣形成的一些污染物質(zhì)的來自轎車。 這些和其他的否定調(diào)查結(jié)果已經(jīng)引起很多人主張在曠地上種高大的植物而不是鋪上草坪。聰明地選擇,是讓這片土地上的植物吸收雨水而且過濾城市的表面流水，提供食物而且給小的野生植物庇護，而且為前往城市的居民視覺上的享受。 如果建筑和空地的設計是為吸引人們的眼球而競爭的話 (Nassauer,1997), 自然的種植在有益健康肯定能成功地勝過人工的草坪。 3 鄰里關系 我們的社會關系是由一個個的鄰里關系組成的。 依照 Putnam ，期中一個最早使用這個術(shù)語在簡.雅各布的書“美國城市的死亡和生命”。雅各布 (1961) 說,這種鄰里關系達到最佳化就會使得附近居住區(qū)的犯罪率降低，小孩子們受到更好的教導有很好的成長環(huán)境，人們也會更樂于表達他們的喜悅因為他們身體和精神上的舒適。Kuo et al.(1998) 證明綠地是能夠增加非正