2019高考全國卷英語語法復(fù)習(xí)-名詞、冠詞和主謂一致

1、Revision of English grammar 2017 Nouns, Articles and Agreement between subject and verb(名詞、冠詞和主謂一致)1、不可數(shù)名詞；2、可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)；3、名詞所有格； 考什么？名詞專有名詞名詞普通名詞個體名詞集體名詞物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞1.既可作c又可作u2.物質(zhì)名詞的量化3.抽象名詞的具體化4.常見的不可數(shù)名詞一、不可數(shù)名詞 Would you like some more _ (orange), sir? No, thanks. I have had much. orange1). a ro

2、om make room for 2). a chicken have some chicken 3). an unforgettable experience a teacher full of experience much1.有些名詞既可數(shù)又不可數(shù)，但意義不同 Give me two coffees. 2.物質(zhì)名詞的量化煮咖啡給我兩杯咖啡。make coffeeAlso, when I miss my family, its _ great comfort to have a substitute family to be with.3.抽象名詞具體化 Tom is a success

3、at maths, but a failure in English.It is a pleasure to meet you.What a shame they couldnt come.Your letter was a complete surprise.It is an honor to be invited here today.She was a beauty in her day.acomfortin poor health It is hard work. We loaded our baggage into the car. There is good news for yo

4、u.What beautiful furniture it is!It is great fun to play games with you.The firm supplies kitchen equipment.His task was to collect information.Can you give me some advice?Im glad you have made such a great progress that you can write your e-mail in good Chinese.(改錯)4.常見的不可數(shù)名詞 progress二、可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)1.名詞變

5、復(fù)數(shù)的幾種規(guī)則2.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞3.名詞修飾名詞的規(guī)則4.常用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的固定結(jié)構(gòu)1). ch讀成k stomachstomach_2). 以 “o” 結(jié)尾的名詞3). 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞roof _ chief _belief _ proof _ hero_ tomato_ potato_4). 不規(guī)則變化foot _ tooth _ goose _ ox _ child _ mouse _1.名詞變復(fù)數(shù)引人關(guān)注的幾種規(guī)則:注意:handkerchiefesesesroofschiefsbeliefsproofsfeetteethgeeseoxenchildrenmicesEvery

6、possible means _ (use) to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. has been used注意: news; politics, physics, mathematics; plastics etc.2.單復(fù)同形的名詞means sheep deer Chinese Japanese aircraft species series works(工廠)注意: 有些名詞需要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式作定語The _ (自行車商店) is just around the corner and you wont

7、 miss it. bicycle shopa clothes shop a sales manager three women teachers電話號碼鞋店街燈安全帶 a telephone number a shoe shopstreet lights seat belts 3.名詞作定語as followsmake friends withmake preparations forto make matters/things worsePlease give/send my best wishes/regards/greetings to your parents. It is good

8、/bad manners to do sth.I would like to express my thanks for your help. directions (instructions) Please give my _ (祝賀) when you see her. congratulations4.一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中須用名詞復(fù)數(shù)三、名詞的所有格1. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ (四個小時的) walk. 2. The _ (girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked the

9、m to take them off before they got into _ (Tom) car. a four hoursTomsgirls三、名詞的所有格1. the workers club Teachers Day3. at Mr. Greens at the tailors at the barbers at the doctors at the teachers 2. Womens Day Childrens Day 譯一譯：a ten minutes drivea four days holidaytwo weeks time todays newspaperChinas

10、industrythe teachers reading room 開車十分鐘的路程四天的假期兩周的時間今天的報紙中國的工業(yè)教師閱覽室練一練：大綱詞匯適當擴充詞典釋義Drop by drop the ocean is filled; stone by stone the wall is built.學(xué) 法 指 導(dǎo)涓滴之水匯成海;一石一石筑成墻。冠詞1、定冠詞的用法2、不定冠詞的用法3、零冠詞的用法4、固定搭配5、短語中有無冠詞在意義上的區(qū)別考什么？一、定冠詞How to use “the” in general? 基本用法：特指上文提到過，再次提起上文未提到，談話雙方都知道有些被短語或從句修飾

11、的特定人或物練一練： (改錯) As you know, Im still buried in books at school you are so familiar with . the2. But after the test, both of us were called to the teachers office. The teacher was angry because we had same answers in the text. the1) 樂器的名詞前 play the violin/ piano/ guitar 2) 在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前,表示全家人或夫妻倆 The Tur

12、ners are watching TV.必須使用定冠詞的幾種情況：3) 表世紀或年代 in the 19th century，in the 1890s漢語拼音的樂器名詞前不用冠詞但表示某人多大年齡時用 in ones fifties4) 用于發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 Bell is said to have invented the telephone.6) “越越”結(jié)構(gòu)中The more you learn, the more you know. 7) 與表示計算單位的名詞連用含“每”的意思 They are paid by the hour/day/month/year.(by time, b

13、y weight, by size)5) 表示兩者中“較、更、最”的一個Who is the elder of the twins？Apples are sold by weight and eggs by the dozen.8) 用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前表示一類人或事物。The rose is my favorite flower.9) 指世界上獨一無二的事物。但是當這些名詞前有修飾成分時，可以用不定冠詞。The earth goes around the sun. a blue sky, a new moon背一背：固定搭配 定冠詞 at the moment on the spot by t

14、he way on the increase in the way on the radio by the end of take the place of for the time being in the form of in the hope of on the other hand on the contrary on the whole 二、不定冠詞基本用法：1）泛指2）表數(shù)量“一”，與one 接近A Mr. Wang came to see you this morning.3）用來表示不確定的某一個，相當于“a certain, some”4）用在單數(shù)名詞前表示一類人或事物 A

15、bird has wings. 不定冠詞的選擇：a or an ?university European country one-eyed dog useful dictionaryaaaa hero hour honest boy honour aanananThere is _m in the word name.Tom needs _ X-ray examination of the lung.anan練一練： (改錯) In a fact, he even scared my classmates away when they came over to play or do homew

16、ork with me. 2. Finally, there was a sudden pull at the pole and fish was caught. aso/ as/ too/how+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)Its too difficult a book for us to read.She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. The teacher set _ problem that no one could solve it.A. so a difficult B. so difficult a C. such

17、difficult a D. such difficultB不定冠詞的位置It is generally believed that teaching is _ it is a science. A. an art much B. much an art as C. as an art much D. as much an art as D1) 用于兩件通常在一起的物品或同一人前a knife and fork a singer and dancer an iron and steel works 2) 抽象名詞的具體化等receive a good education have a side

18、 effect on a knowledge of English have a quick breakfast不定冠詞的特殊用法：shame, surprise, pleasure, honor, help, beauty, success, failureWould you like a second cup of tea?He has tried 3 times, and he asked to have a fourth try.4) 用于序數(shù)詞前，表示”又一”、“再一”5) 用在物質(zhì)名詞前，表示“一陣，一份，一場，一種”等They were caught in a heavy rai

19、n.a cold windThe car travels at 100 kilometers an hour.3) 表示“每一” 等頻率6) “a +most + 形容詞” 表示“很.”7) 用于專有名詞中的地名前，表示“一個.的地方”She is now a different China from what she was twenty years ago.The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks are working hard for a new Jiangsu.背一背：

20、固定搭配不定冠詞 as a result; as a matter of fact; in a word; all of a sudden; go out for a walk; have a look at take a break take a deep breath pay a visit to使用零冠詞常見的8種情況：三、零冠詞1)（第一次使用的）不可數(shù)名詞前，以及抽象名詞表示它的一般概念時Man needs air and water.Knowledge begins with practice.2) 專有名詞前不用冠詞，但由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前通常用定冠詞the。Lei Fen

21、g；the Peoples Republic of China3) 復(fù)數(shù)名詞泛指一類事物時On weekends, shopping malls are always crowded with people.4) 表示某人獨一無二的職位、頭銜的名詞在句子中充當表語、同位語、補足語等時，其前一般不用冠詞；但在句子中充當主語時，一般使用定冠詞the。In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States.5) turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞做表語時After graduation from college, he tur

22、ned teacher. 6) no such 修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時There is no such person in the room.7) as/though引起的倒裝句中，可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式放在句首時，其前不用冠詞。Child as he is, he knows a lot. 8) word表“消息”時Word came that their team had won. 1. This book tells the life story of John Smith, who left _ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16

23、. /2. Dr. Peter Spence, _ headmaster of the school, told us, “_ fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”/A練一練： (填空)1.名詞表達抽象概念go to school ; go to churchgo to bed; go to hospitalput sb. in prisonat school; in hospital; in bed; in prisonin church2. 交通方式by bus ; by train; by car; o

24、n footby air; by sea; by land背一背：固定搭配3.名詞并列出現(xiàn)day by day; step by stepyear after year ; experiment after experimentface to faceback to backside by sidefrom house to house背一背：固定搭配譯一譯：冠詞的有無意義不同1. at table at the table 在進餐在桌子旁邊2. out of question out of the question毫無疑問, 不成問題不可能(impossible)3. in front of

25、 in the front of 4. in charge of in the charge of 5. in possession of in the possession of 負責(zé)由負責(zé)占有歸所有補充：解題技巧選冠詞， 有技巧；邊翻譯，邊思考。既可數(shù)，又形單；特指the泛指a (an)。不可數(shù)常不填；具體化時加a (an)。特殊情況要牢記； 正確答案跑不了。1. The adobe dwellings(土坯房）built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _ most modern of

26、 architects and engineers. 2015課標II2. Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned _ farm, which looked almost abandoned. 2015廣東athe鏈接高考3. Now, years later, this river is one of _ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. 2014課標I 4. She apologized for the mistake and

27、 gave us a spare VIP room on _ top floor. 2014廣東 5. In the beginning, there was only _ very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always thinking that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today. 2013廣東thethea6. The “Chinese Dream”

28、is _ dream to improve peoples well-being and _ dream of harmony, peace and development. 2013福建 7. Animals are obviously _ lower form of life than _ man. 2013江西 8. It was _ cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across _ night sky. 2013山東 aaa/a the9. Marco Polo is said to have sailed on

29、_ Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in _ thirteenth century. 2013陜西 10. Four and _ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and _ break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar. 2013新課標II 11. India attained _ independence in 1947, after _long struggle. 2013新課標I卷 the theaaa/12. People develop

30、_ preference for a particular style of learning at _ early age and these preferences affect learning. 2013浙江 13. The parents were shocked by _ news that their son needed _ operation on his knee. 2013重慶 aan thean改錯1. Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. 2015課標Ithe2. I was alw

31、ays interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. 2015浙江a3. As result, the plants are growing somewhere. 2014課標Ia1、語法形式上的一致2、意義上一致3、就近原則 考什么？主謂一致 語法一致： 主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語用單數(shù)； 主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 名詞、代詞、不定式、動名詞、 從句等充當主語時，一般適用 語法一致原則。一. 語法一致1) A woman with two children _ (has/ have) come.比較：A woman and two

32、 children _ (has/ have) come. 2) The students as well as the teacher _ (was/ were) present at the meeting. 3) Nobody but Smith and John _ (was/ were) in the lab yesterday. haswerewashave一. 語法一致1. 名詞后面如果接有together with, along with, with, rather than, as well as, except, but等結(jié)構(gòu)時，應(yīng)排除上述結(jié)構(gòu)的干擾，使后面的謂語動詞取得與

33、真正主語的一致。一. 語法一致1) She is one of those women who _ (doesnt / dont) know anything about furniture. 2) She is the only one of those women who _ (doesnt/ dont) know anything about furniture. dontdoesnt2. “one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)后面的定語從句要求謂語動詞與復(fù)數(shù)名詞一致，但是“the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時，定從謂語動詞采用單數(shù)。一. 語法一致1) a pair of2) this

34、kind of / of this kind3) a number of 許多 the number of 的數(shù)目4) an average of 平均有 the average of 的平均數(shù)3. 和數(shù)目有關(guān)的of短語一. 語法一致5) a total of 總共有 the total of 的總數(shù)6) most of / the rest of 7) a lot of / a mass of / a great many/ plenty of 許多的特例：a quantity of / quantities of 一. 語法一致1) This kind of apple(s) _ (is

35、/ are) sour. 2) Apples of this kind _ ( is / are) sour. 3) A number of people _ (was/ were) injured. 4) The number of stamp-collectors _ (is/ are) growing rapidly. 5) An average of 3,000 letters _ (was/ were) received each month. 6) The average of letters received each month _ (is/ are) 3,000. werei

36、swereisisare一. 語法一致Between the hills _ (stands/ stand) a temple. stands4. 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，一定要找到句子真正的主語，但真正的難點在于你得能先辨認出來這是一個倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)！一. 語法一致1) To see _ to believe. 2) Childrens interfering in their parents right to remarry _ become a social problem. 3) What he says and does_ none of your business.ishasare5. 短語，分詞結(jié)

37、構(gòu)，不定式，從句做主語時，謂語動詞一般要求用單數(shù)。 一.語法一致1. The construction of the two new railway lines _(complete) by now. 2. That he doesnt like you _ none of my business.3. Lying and stealing _ wrong. 4. More than one student _ read Harry Porter.5.The teacher together with the students _ going to have a picnic next Sun

38、day.isarehasishas been completed填空練習(xí) 意義一致：有時要從意義著眼處理主謂一致問題。數(shù)學(xué)算式、集合名詞、疑問代詞、“the形容詞” 充當主語時，一般適用意義一致原則。二.意義一致1) The United States _ a developed country.2) Physics _ very interesting.isiswas built1. 有些名詞以s結(jié)尾, 意義卻為單數(shù): news, physics, politics, mathsThis works _ (build) in 1982. 2. 單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞: means, series,

39、 Chinese, sheep, deer, works, species二. 意義一致 The police_ making enquiries about the murder.are3. people, police, cattle是集合名詞，用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 1) Our class _ made up of twenty girls and thirty boys. 2)The class _ doing experiments.isare4. 集體名詞: family, class, team, group, public, audience, crowd, government 二.

40、意義一致 1) These trousers _ (need) cleaning. 2) This pair of trousers _ (be) mine.needis 5. 由兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞: trousers, pants, jeans, glasses, shorts 二. 意義一致1)The wounded _ all saved by the villagers at last. 6. 注意：有些結(jié)構(gòu)由表語來定：The 加形容詞表一類人，通常用復(fù)數(shù)，如果指一個人或抽象概念用單數(shù)主語從句werewas2)The wounded in the accident _ a poli

41、ceman.3) What we badly need _ doctors.are二. 意義一致 1) Ten years _（is/are) a moment in history. 2) A hundred miles _ (is/are) a long distance. 3) Ten thousand dollars _ (is/are) a big sum. 7. 表示時間距離錢數(shù)等度量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞可看作一個整體，謂語動詞用_。 單數(shù)isisis二.意義一致1) All I want _ (is/are) a cup of ice tea.2) All _ (was/were) present at the meeting. 8. all 指物多用單數(shù)，指人多用復(fù)數(shù)iswere二. 意義一致Each of them _ (has/have) bought a digital camera. 2) They each _ (h